金属基、硼基一维微纳米材料的制备与表征
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摘要
一维微纳米材料是指在空间有两维限域并处于微／纳米尺度的材料，包括微纳米级的管、线、棒、带及同轴微纳米电缆等。这类材料因其在介观物理领域及构造纳米器件方面独特的应用而受到国内外许多研究小组的广泛关注。由于一维体系是可用于有效的电子输运和光激发的最小的微结构，被认为是纳米级装置的功能和集成的关键所在，因此，如何合理控制材料的定向生长，进而实现对其尺寸、维度、组成、晶体结构乃至物性的调控，对于深入研究结构与物性的关联、并最终实现按照人们的意愿设计合成功能材料以及开发和应用纳米器件有着重要的意义。本论文在金属基和硼基一维微纳米材料的合成新方法及形成机制、所得新型微纳米材料的功能性等方面进行了有益的探索。
发展了以直链淀粉为模板和还原剂的铂粒子组装一维纳米结构的水热制备新技术，对其组成、结构及铂纳米粒子的组装机理进行了探讨，利用电化学循环伏安技术(CV)和微分脉冲技术(DPV)研究了铂纳米粒子一维组装修饰的玻碳电极在多巴胺(DA)和抗坏血酸(AA)同时检测方面的应用，并与普通裸玻碳电极进行了比较，结果表明，这两种物质在裸玻碳电极上的氧化峰完全重叠而难以辨别，而在纳米铂修饰电极上却能够很清晰地表现出两个完全分开的氧化峰；以二价铜盐和抗坏血酸为原料，发展了无模板、无表面活性剂条件下制备铜纳米线的水热合成新方法，对其组成和晶体结构进行了表征，通过对铜纳米线生长过程的研究提出了选定条件下铜纳米线的生长模式。
金属磷酸盐是一类集生物相容和可降解性、高效催化性、良好顺／反磁性能等多种优良性能于一身的功能性材料，但由于其本身的脆性较高，限制了它们在实际中的应用，针对这一不足，发展了以抗坏血酸和淀粉为包覆物碳源，一步法制备以金属磷酸盐为芯、含碳化合物为壳的磷酸铁／碳纳米电缆和磷酸钴／碳纳米电缆的水热合成技术，对其组成、形貌和结构进行了表征，通过对纳米电缆制备过程的跟踪提出了选定条件下金属磷酸盐／碳纳米电缆的生长模式，系统地研究了各种反应条件对产物形貌、尺寸和结构的影响，找到了获得形貌、尺寸均一的金属磷酸盐／碳纳米电缆的最佳制备条件。
硼酸是新近为人们所发现的一种具有优良润滑性能的新型固体润滑剂，有关其一维结构的制备方法和性能研究鲜有报道，本研究建立了一种极其简易的利用硼砂水解制备超长硼酸微米纤维的新方法，对其组成、结构和生长机理进行了探讨，系统地研究了各种反应条件对硼酸纤维形貌的影响，在原子力显微镜(AFM)轻敲模式下研究了硼酸纤维的表面粗糙状态，利用原子力／横向力显微镜(AFM／LFM)接触模式下获得的摩擦力图像和力——距离曲线对其微摩擦性能进行了初步研究，并将其与另一种传统的固体润滑剂——云母——的微摩擦性能进行了比较。
One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanostructures include micro/nanowires,micro/nanotubes, micro/nanobelts and coaxial micro/nanocables, whose lateraldimensions fall anywhere in the range of micro/nanometers. They have attractedcomprehensive attention due to their unique application in mesoscopic physics and thefabrication of nanodevices. Being the minimum units that can be used in effectiveelectron transportation and photons excitation, 1D nanostructures are considered as thekey of the assembly and functionalization of nanodevices. Consequently, how toprecisely control the anisotropic growth in nanoscale and further to realize theregulation of their sizes, dimensinalities, compositions, crystal structures and even theproperties may serve as a powerful tool for the research of the relationship between thestructures and properties of materials and may have signality in the exploitation offunctional materials and nanodevices. In this dissertation, valuable explorations havebeen carried out on the synthesis strategy of metal-based and boron-basedmicro/nanomaterials as well as their formation mechanisms and the functionalities ofas-prepared 1D micro/nanostructures.
1D assemblies of Pt nanoparticles have been synthesized via a simplehydrothermal route using soluble starch as both template and reducing agent. Theformation mechanism of the product was studied in details. The electrochemicalbehaviors of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on the preparedone-dimensionally assembled Pt nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode werestudied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)techniques and showed satisfactory results for the simultaneous determination of DAand AA by resolving the overlapping voltammetric responses of DA and AA into twowell-defined voltammetric peaks. Ultralong copper submicron wires has been fabricated by a facile hydrothermal route under templateless and surfactantlessconditions. Vitamin C served as both the reductant and capping agent that can directthe growth of copper submicron wires. The crystallinity, purity, morphology, andstructure features of copper submicron wires were investigated and the growth mode ofthe copper submicron wires was proposed based on the tracking observation of thegrowth process.
Metal-phosphates have mainly been of interest due to their specificbiocompatibility and proper bio-degradation, catalytic properties, and excellenttrans/vis magnetic properties. However, their use is limited by their brittleness anddifficulty in reshaping post-fabrication. One method of overcoming this disadvantageis to incorporate the phosphates within a composite material, combining themechanical strength of glass with the pliability of a plastics component. In our study,uniform metal-phosphates/C coaxial nanocables with iron-phosphates (FePOs)nanowires and cobalt-phosphates (CoPOs) as cores and carbonaceous matter as shellswere synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using ascorbic acid and/orsoluble starch as carbon source. Phase, composition and structure characterizationwere carried out on the products and the influence of the reactant content, reactiontemperature, and reaction time on the formation of the nanocables was investigated.The formation mechanism of the nanocables was studied by monitoring the reactionprocess in details.
Boric acid has been recently discovered to be a new type of solid lubricant thatoffers extremely low friction efficient. By far, few reports on the synthesis andmicrotribological investigation of 1D boric acid nanostructures can be found in theliterature. Herein, an extremely facile synthesis route to ultralong boric acid submicronfibers was developed via the hydrolysis of borax. Phase, composition and structurecharacterization were carried out on the products. The formation mechanism of 1Dboric acid submicron structures was studied in details. Surface geometry of the boricacid submicron fibers was characterized by AFM in tapping mode and the lubricitywas investigated in comparison with the conventional solid lubricant mica by frictionimages and force-calibration curves using AFM/LFM in contact mode.
发展了以直链淀粉为模板和还原剂的铂粒子组装一维纳米结构的水热制备新技术，对其组成、结构及铂纳米粒子的组装机理进行了探讨，利用电化学循环伏安技术(CV)和微分脉冲技术(DPV)研究了铂纳米粒子一维组装修饰的玻碳电极在多巴胺(DA)和抗坏血酸(AA)同时检测方面的应用，并与普通裸玻碳电极进行了比较，结果表明，这两种物质在裸玻碳电极上的氧化峰完全重叠而难以辨别，而在纳米铂修饰电极上却能够很清晰地表现出两个完全分开的氧化峰；以二价铜盐和抗坏血酸为原料，发展了无模板、无表面活性剂条件下制备铜纳米线的水热合成新方法，对其组成和晶体结构进行了表征，通过对铜纳米线生长过程的研究提出了选定条件下铜纳米线的生长模式。
金属磷酸盐是一类集生物相容和可降解性、高效催化性、良好顺／反磁性能等多种优良性能于一身的功能性材料，但由于其本身的脆性较高，限制了它们在实际中的应用，针对这一不足，发展了以抗坏血酸和淀粉为包覆物碳源，一步法制备以金属磷酸盐为芯、含碳化合物为壳的磷酸铁／碳纳米电缆和磷酸钴／碳纳米电缆的水热合成技术，对其组成、形貌和结构进行了表征，通过对纳米电缆制备过程的跟踪提出了选定条件下金属磷酸盐／碳纳米电缆的生长模式，系统地研究了各种反应条件对产物形貌、尺寸和结构的影响，找到了获得形貌、尺寸均一的金属磷酸盐／碳纳米电缆的最佳制备条件。
硼酸是新近为人们所发现的一种具有优良润滑性能的新型固体润滑剂，有关其一维结构的制备方法和性能研究鲜有报道，本研究建立了一种极其简易的利用硼砂水解制备超长硼酸微米纤维的新方法，对其组成、结构和生长机理进行了探讨，系统地研究了各种反应条件对硼酸纤维形貌的影响，在原子力显微镜(AFM)轻敲模式下研究了硼酸纤维的表面粗糙状态，利用原子力／横向力显微镜(AFM／LFM)接触模式下获得的摩擦力图像和力——距离曲线对其微摩擦性能进行了初步研究，并将其与另一种传统的固体润滑剂——云母——的微摩擦性能进行了比较。
One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanostructures include micro/nanowires,micro/nanotubes, micro/nanobelts and coaxial micro/nanocables, whose lateraldimensions fall anywhere in the range of micro/nanometers. They have attractedcomprehensive attention due to their unique application in mesoscopic physics and thefabrication of nanodevices. Being the minimum units that can be used in effectiveelectron transportation and photons excitation, 1D nanostructures are considered as thekey of the assembly and functionalization of nanodevices. Consequently, how toprecisely control the anisotropic growth in nanoscale and further to realize theregulation of their sizes, dimensinalities, compositions, crystal structures and even theproperties may serve as a powerful tool for the research of the relationship between thestructures and properties of materials and may have signality in the exploitation offunctional materials and nanodevices. In this dissertation, valuable explorations havebeen carried out on the synthesis strategy of metal-based and boron-basedmicro/nanomaterials as well as their formation mechanisms and the functionalities ofas-prepared 1D micro/nanostructures.
1D assemblies of Pt nanoparticles have been synthesized via a simplehydrothermal route using soluble starch as both template and reducing agent. Theformation mechanism of the product was studied in details. The electrochemicalbehaviors of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on the preparedone-dimensionally assembled Pt nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode werestudied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)techniques and showed satisfactory results for the simultaneous determination of DAand AA by resolving the overlapping voltammetric responses of DA and AA into twowell-defined voltammetric peaks. Ultralong copper submicron wires has been fabricated by a facile hydrothermal route under templateless and surfactantlessconditions. Vitamin C served as both the reductant and capping agent that can directthe growth of copper submicron wires. The crystallinity, purity, morphology, andstructure features of copper submicron wires were investigated and the growth mode ofthe copper submicron wires was proposed based on the tracking observation of thegrowth process.
Metal-phosphates have mainly been of interest due to their specificbiocompatibility and proper bio-degradation, catalytic properties, and excellenttrans/vis magnetic properties. However, their use is limited by their brittleness anddifficulty in reshaping post-fabrication. One method of overcoming this disadvantageis to incorporate the phosphates within a composite material, combining themechanical strength of glass with the pliability of a plastics component. In our study,uniform metal-phosphates/C coaxial nanocables with iron-phosphates (FePOs)nanowires and cobalt-phosphates (CoPOs) as cores and carbonaceous matter as shellswere synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using ascorbic acid and/orsoluble starch as carbon source. Phase, composition and structure characterizationwere carried out on the products and the influence of the reactant content, reactiontemperature, and reaction time on the formation of the nanocables was investigated.The formation mechanism of the nanocables was studied by monitoring the reactionprocess in details.
Boric acid has been recently discovered to be a new type of solid lubricant thatoffers extremely low friction efficient. By far, few reports on the synthesis andmicrotribological investigation of 1D boric acid nanostructures can be found in theliterature. Herein, an extremely facile synthesis route to ultralong boric acid submicronfibers was developed via the hydrolysis of borax. Phase, composition and structurecharacterization were carried out on the products. The formation mechanism of 1Dboric acid submicron structures was studied in details. Surface geometry of the boricacid submicron fibers was characterized by AFM in tapping mode and the lubricitywas investigated in comparison with the conventional solid lubricant mica by frictionimages and force-calibration curves using AFM/LFM in contact mode.
引文
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