大葱组织培养及其多倍体诱导的初步研究
|
摘要
本试验研究了大葱成熟胚组织培养的再生体系、秋水仙碱处理种子诱导多倍体对成活率及种芽变异形态的影响、组织培养与秋水仙碱相结合的诱导方法及存在的问题、诱导过程中愈伤组织的相关生理生化变化。主要结果如下:
1以大葱成熟胚为外植体建立再生体系,愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化、诱导生根的最佳培养基及激素配比分别为: MS+2,4-D2.0 mg/L+BA1.0 mg/L、MS+2,4-D0 mg/L+BA1.5 mg/L、MS培养基。
2秋水仙碱处理大葱种子进行多倍体诱导,研究了种子状态、浓度、时间、温度四个因素对出苗率的影响,从种子状态、浓度、时间三个方面对种子发芽后的形态进行了研究。试验表明,萌动种子的出苗率最低、致死率高、种芽的加粗变异率最高,处理时间对加倍效果的作用要大于浓度。经秋水仙碱处理得到了大量加粗变异的种芽,但是,由于受秋水仙碱的毒害,抑制根尖的生长,在后期的生长中逐渐干枯死亡。
3深入研究了组织培养与秋水仙碱相结合的多倍体诱导技术。
试验采用秋水仙碱加入培养基和秋水仙碱溶液浸泡两种方法处理愈伤组织,从而筛选出最佳的诱导方法和最佳的秋水仙碱处理浓度和时间。经染色体数目鉴定表明,这两种方法都能有效的诱导四倍体细胞(2n=4x=32)的产生(大葱为二倍体植物,正常染色体数为2n=2x=16)。但是,加入培养基法无论在诱导率上还是在操作上都优于液体浸泡法。其中以在培养基中加入0.08%秋水仙碱,处理4d的诱导效果较好,加倍率达26.0%。
研究发现,在愈伤组织多倍体诱导过程中,经秋水仙碱处理的愈伤组织,褐化现象极其严重、不定芽分化受阻、诱导率在后期培养过程中有下降的趋势。针对这一问题,试验改变愈伤组织的分化培养基(琼脂、蔗糖、2,4-D、BA),表明,在不添加2,4-D的基础上,适当提高蔗糖的浓度在一定程度上可以减缓褐化现象的发生(60 g/L)、提高芽分化率(40 g/L); BA浓度过高不利于芽分化,应选择适中的浓度,本试验BA浓度为1.5 mg/L时芽分化率较高;琼脂对褐化现象的改善及芽分化率的提高作用不明显。试验得到了2种嵌合体植株,一种为同时具有三倍体和二倍体细胞的植株,另一种为同时具有四倍体和二倍体细胞的植株。
对秋水仙碱处理前后大葱愈伤组织SOD、POD、CAT活性的变化进行了初步研究,探讨了多倍体诱导过程中的生理生化变化,研究表明,秋水仙碱处理后,POD、CAT活性变化规律相似,短时间处理,随浓度的增加酶活性增加;长时间处理,随浓度的增加呈先升后降。SOD活性的变化与POD、CAT有所不同,低浓度下活性变化趋缓、不明显,在相对较高浓度,长时间处理下则酶活性增加,这很可能是因为SOD对秋水仙碱的适应性较强,在POD、CAT不能适应条件变化时,SOD仍能保持较高的活性。
Four different parts were studied in this paper: the tissue culture of Welsh onion using mature embryos as explants; the influence on seeding rate and aberrance rate with the action of colchicines; the inducing methods and problems with the combination of tissue culture and colchicines; correlative physiological chages in the inducing progress.The main results are as follows.
1. An efficient generation system of Welsh onion was established in this experiment, using the mature embryos as explants. It resulted that the best hormone combination for callus induction was MS+2,4-D2.0 mg/L +BA1.0 mg/L and adventitious bud differented best in the medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0mg/L+BA 1.5mg/L. It also showed that adventitious bud could grow well in the medium MS and develop complete plants.
2. Seeds were induced using colchicines. The different influences on seeding rate by seed condition ,concentration , periods, temperature were studied. The actions of condition ,concentration , periods to seed aberrance rate were also different. As far as the duding seeds are concerned,it has the lowest seeding rate, the upmost aberrance rate. The induction effect of periods was better than concentration. A great many of aberrance buds were acquired. But ,because of the hurt of colchicines, the growth of root was restrained. Consequently the buds was dying gradually.
3. The combination of tissue culture and colchicines was researched deeply. Callus were treated by two methods: adding colchicines into medium and dipping callus in colchicines solution. It resulted that the two methods both could induce tetraploid cells. But the former method is better than the latter one,not only inducing rate but also in the operation progress . Adding 0.08% colchicines into medium 4d could gain the upmost inducing rate 26.0%.
In the progress of inducing ,the dying rate of callus was every serious, the growth of adventitious buds were restrained, and the inducing rate would drop in the upper cultivation. To the question, we changed the growth condition of callus(agar,sucrose,2,4-D,BA). It resulted that appropriate increase of sucrose(60g/L) without 2,4-D could reduce dying rate and increase budding rate(40g/L. The experiment acquired two kinds of deviant plants:one with nomal cells and trinalploid cells,the other one with nomal cells and tetraploid cells.
The changes of enzyme SOD,POD,CAT after treatments were studied .It resulted that the activity of POD and CAT had simlar changes.In short times, with the increase of concentration, the activity was improved; in longer time, with the increase of concentration, the activity was improved first then dropped. But SOD is very different from POD and CAT. In short times, the activity of SOD changed unconspicuously. In longer times , the activity of SOD was increased. The reason is that the adaptability of SOD is better than POD and CAT. SOD could keep stronger activity in adverse conditions.
1以大葱成熟胚为外植体建立再生体系,愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化、诱导生根的最佳培养基及激素配比分别为: MS+2,4-D2.0 mg/L+BA1.0 mg/L、MS+2,4-D0 mg/L+BA1.5 mg/L、MS培养基。
2秋水仙碱处理大葱种子进行多倍体诱导,研究了种子状态、浓度、时间、温度四个因素对出苗率的影响,从种子状态、浓度、时间三个方面对种子发芽后的形态进行了研究。试验表明,萌动种子的出苗率最低、致死率高、种芽的加粗变异率最高,处理时间对加倍效果的作用要大于浓度。经秋水仙碱处理得到了大量加粗变异的种芽,但是,由于受秋水仙碱的毒害,抑制根尖的生长,在后期的生长中逐渐干枯死亡。
3深入研究了组织培养与秋水仙碱相结合的多倍体诱导技术。
试验采用秋水仙碱加入培养基和秋水仙碱溶液浸泡两种方法处理愈伤组织,从而筛选出最佳的诱导方法和最佳的秋水仙碱处理浓度和时间。经染色体数目鉴定表明,这两种方法都能有效的诱导四倍体细胞(2n=4x=32)的产生(大葱为二倍体植物,正常染色体数为2n=2x=16)。但是,加入培养基法无论在诱导率上还是在操作上都优于液体浸泡法。其中以在培养基中加入0.08%秋水仙碱,处理4d的诱导效果较好,加倍率达26.0%。
研究发现,在愈伤组织多倍体诱导过程中,经秋水仙碱处理的愈伤组织,褐化现象极其严重、不定芽分化受阻、诱导率在后期培养过程中有下降的趋势。针对这一问题,试验改变愈伤组织的分化培养基(琼脂、蔗糖、2,4-D、BA),表明,在不添加2,4-D的基础上,适当提高蔗糖的浓度在一定程度上可以减缓褐化现象的发生(60 g/L)、提高芽分化率(40 g/L); BA浓度过高不利于芽分化,应选择适中的浓度,本试验BA浓度为1.5 mg/L时芽分化率较高;琼脂对褐化现象的改善及芽分化率的提高作用不明显。试验得到了2种嵌合体植株,一种为同时具有三倍体和二倍体细胞的植株,另一种为同时具有四倍体和二倍体细胞的植株。
对秋水仙碱处理前后大葱愈伤组织SOD、POD、CAT活性的变化进行了初步研究,探讨了多倍体诱导过程中的生理生化变化,研究表明,秋水仙碱处理后,POD、CAT活性变化规律相似,短时间处理,随浓度的增加酶活性增加;长时间处理,随浓度的增加呈先升后降。SOD活性的变化与POD、CAT有所不同,低浓度下活性变化趋缓、不明显,在相对较高浓度,长时间处理下则酶活性增加,这很可能是因为SOD对秋水仙碱的适应性较强,在POD、CAT不能适应条件变化时,SOD仍能保持较高的活性。
Four different parts were studied in this paper: the tissue culture of Welsh onion using mature embryos as explants; the influence on seeding rate and aberrance rate with the action of colchicines; the inducing methods and problems with the combination of tissue culture and colchicines; correlative physiological chages in the inducing progress.The main results are as follows.
1. An efficient generation system of Welsh onion was established in this experiment, using the mature embryos as explants. It resulted that the best hormone combination for callus induction was MS+2,4-D2.0 mg/L +BA1.0 mg/L and adventitious bud differented best in the medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0mg/L+BA 1.5mg/L. It also showed that adventitious bud could grow well in the medium MS and develop complete plants.
2. Seeds were induced using colchicines. The different influences on seeding rate by seed condition ,concentration , periods, temperature were studied. The actions of condition ,concentration , periods to seed aberrance rate were also different. As far as the duding seeds are concerned,it has the lowest seeding rate, the upmost aberrance rate. The induction effect of periods was better than concentration. A great many of aberrance buds were acquired. But ,because of the hurt of colchicines, the growth of root was restrained. Consequently the buds was dying gradually.
3. The combination of tissue culture and colchicines was researched deeply. Callus were treated by two methods: adding colchicines into medium and dipping callus in colchicines solution. It resulted that the two methods both could induce tetraploid cells. But the former method is better than the latter one,not only inducing rate but also in the operation progress . Adding 0.08% colchicines into medium 4d could gain the upmost inducing rate 26.0%.
In the progress of inducing ,the dying rate of callus was every serious, the growth of adventitious buds were restrained, and the inducing rate would drop in the upper cultivation. To the question, we changed the growth condition of callus(agar,sucrose,2,4-D,BA). It resulted that appropriate increase of sucrose(60g/L) without 2,4-D could reduce dying rate and increase budding rate(40g/L. The experiment acquired two kinds of deviant plants:one with nomal cells and trinalploid cells,the other one with nomal cells and tetraploid cells.
The changes of enzyme SOD,POD,CAT after treatments were studied .It resulted that the activity of POD and CAT had simlar changes.In short times, with the increase of concentration, the activity was improved; in longer time, with the increase of concentration, the activity was improved first then dropped. But SOD is very different from POD and CAT. In short times, the activity of SOD changed unconspicuously. In longer times , the activity of SOD was increased. The reason is that the adaptability of SOD is better than POD and CAT. SOD could keep stronger activity in adverse conditions.
引文
1. 曹孜义,刘国民.实用植物组织培养技术教程[M].甘肃:甘肃科学出版社,1996
2. 陈 俊,李登科,李太宝等.诱导葡萄多倍体研究[J].果树科学,1995,12 (3):151-155
3. 陈柏君,高山林,卞云云.黄芩组织培养同源四倍体的诱导[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(1):9
4. 陈世儒,黄菊辉.大蒜离体快繁及脱毒[J].园艺学报,1991,18(8):245-250
5. 陈素萍,王莉,宋秀清.党参多倍体的研究[J].中草药,1991,22 (5):224
6. 丛斌,赵建华,张不方.秋水仙素对小麦根尖细胞亚显微结构的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,1997,15(4):299-303
7. 崔红,丁群星,桂耀林等.2,4-D 对甘薯体细胞胚胎发生的调控[J],植物学通报,1999,16(4):411-415
8. 杜先明,郑素秋.小白菜多倍体诱变试验[J].湖南农学院学报,1995,21(1):25～29
9. 杜先明,郑素秋.小白菜多倍体诱变试验[J].湖南农学院学报,1995,21(1):25-29
10. 房超,张兴平.西瓜多倍体育种新方法――利用组织培养诱导四倍体西瓜[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,1996,(4):7-9
11. 郭启高,宋明,梁国鲁.植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展[J].生物学通报,2000, 35 (2):8-10
12. 郭启高,宋明,杨天秀等.西瓜子叶组织培养中四倍体的产生及鉴定[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(4):298-300
13. 郭启高,宋明.西瓜试管苗中四倍体鉴定方法研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000, 22(3):261-263
14. 郭启高,张钟灵,周虹等.秋水仙碱诱导生姜多倍体的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(5):400-402
15. 郭清泉,郑思乡,杨瑞芳等.莲多倍体研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,1997,23(1):26-29
16. 韩礼星,赵改荣,李玉红等.猕猴桃多倍体诱导研究[J].果树科学,1998,15(2):273～276
17. 何欢乐,蔡润,潘俊松.甜瓜不定胚再生植株的染色体数目变异[J].遗传,2002,24(2):166-170
18. 何立珍,周朴华.黄花菜同源四倍体与二倍体形态及细胞遗传学分析[J].湖南农学院学报,1994,20(4):332-337
19. 黄济明.百合的组织培养和试管内诱发多倍体试验[J].园艺学报,1983,10(2): 125-127
20. 李天艳,李文信.国内外西瓜品种选育概况及趋势[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,1994,(1):10-12
21. 李志勇,罗焕亮,郭勇.大蒜愈伤组织诱导条件的优化[J].华南农业大学学报,1999,20(4):54-58
22. 连雪斌.兰州白合多倍体诱导试验报告[J].甘肃农业科技,1995,6:14-15
23. 梁凤山,罗耀武.多倍体及其在农业生产中的应用[J].杂粮作物,1999,19 (2): 20-23
24. 刘惠吉,曹寿椿,王华等.南农矮脚黄四倍体不结球白菜新品种的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1990,13(2):33～40
25. 刘惠吉,王华,华明义等.四倍体耐寒黑菜的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1994,17(2):118～120
26. 刘惠吉,王华,肖守华等.四倍体白菜热优 2 号的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1992,15(4):39-44
27. 刘文革.无籽少籽西瓜研究进展[J].北方园艺,1999,(2):35-37
28. 刘选明,周朴华,何立珍等.应用细胞工程技术选育四倍体龙牙百合的研究[J].生物工程学报 12(增刊),1996,193-303
29. 刘学岷,李贵夕.2n 配子在大白菜育种上的应用[J].华北农学报,1998,13(2):102-105
30. 刘艳俊,田丽霞,赵述定等.诱导番茄同源四倍体的研究[J].山西农业大学学报,1991,11(2):118～120
31. 罗耀武,乔子靖,朱子英等.人工诱变获得四倍体玫瑰香葡萄的研究[J].园艺学报,1997,24(2):125-128
32. 马国斌,王呜,郑学勤.甜瓜组织培养再生植株中的四倍体变异[J].园艺学报, 1999,26 (2):128-130
33. 马焕普.果树花芽分化与激素的关系[J].植物生理学通讯,1987,23(1):1
34. 穆春华.大葱组织培养与种质亲缘关系分析[C]. 山东农业大学硕士研究生论文,2002 年 6 月
35. 牛维和,徐玉冰,刘继红.诱导君子兰多倍体的研究初报[J].园艺学报,1986,13(1):61～63
36. 乔传卓.崔熙.药用植物多倍体的作用[J].中药科技,1981,(4):40-41
37. 裘文达.园艺植物组织培养[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1986
38. 任 清,罗耀武,柳术杰等.人工诱变四倍体玫瑰香葡萄的遗传稳定性研究[J].园艺学报,2000,27 (4):285-286
39. 王长泉,张文胜,李雅志等.苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究[J].果村科学,1999,16(2):104～109
40. 王长泉,张文胜,李雅志等.苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究[J].果树科学,1999,16 (2):104-109
41. 王鸿鹤,葛欣,徐启江等.秋水仙碱诱导重瓣大岩桐多倍体的研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1999,7 (3 ):237-242
42. 王锦秀,李健,王立英等.构祀同源四倍体诱导新方法初报[J].宁夏农林科技.1998,6:1-4
43. 王子欣.四倍体大白菜的选育[J].华北农学报,1992,3:32-35
44. 徐培文,马伟青.大蒜组织培养材料染色体倍性变化的研究[J].山东农业科学,1998(5):30-31
45. 于继庆,张元国,陈桂英等.四倍体芦笋选育技术研究[J].山东农业科学,1995((3):43～45
46. 于继庆,张元国,陈桂英等.四倍体芦笋选育技术研究[J].山东农业科学,1995(3):43-45
47. 张承妹,陆家安.黄瓜组织培养与诱导四倍休再生植株[J].上海农业学报,1995, 11 (3):31-36
48. 张建军,殷丽青,张伟萍等.莳菜四倍体的特征及田间耐热性[J].上海农业学报,1998,14(2):35-40
49. 张俊莲.当归愈伤组织的再分化及植株再生[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1995,30(4):293-297.
50. 张淑爱,齐与枢,魏宝发等.用秋水仙素诱导葡萄试管苗获得多倍体[J].中国果树,1989,(3):28-30
51. 张松,张启沛.大葱花蕾培养再生植株的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1994, 25(3):277-282
52. 张松,张启沛.利用大葱幼叶进行组织培养微繁的研究[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2):161-165
53. 张松.葱属植物组织培养研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报,1996,27(3):361-366
54. 张新忠,李敬仁.大蒜组织培养中胚状体的发生[J].试验生物学报,1983,16(3):241-243
55. 张兴翠,周昌华,殷家明.药用百合的多倍体诱导及快速繁殖[J].西南农业人学学报,2003,25(1):15-17
56. 郑海柔 大蒜叶片愈伤组织的幼苗诱导[J]. 上海农业科技,1990,1: 33
57. 郑海柔 沈敏健 大蒜球状体形态发生中的细胞组织学研究[J]. 上海农业学报,1998, 14(1): 33-38
58. 郑思乡,李利良,甘红霞.芦笋多倍体诱导及其离体培养的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1996,1:22-23
59. 郑思乡,罗慧敏,董延瑜等.组织培养在兰麻多倍体研究中的应用初报[J].湖南农业大学学报,1995,21 (4):361-365
60. 周嘉裕, 卿人韦, 兰利琼等.辣椒离体细胞多倍体的诱导研究[J].四川大学学报, 2002 ,39(4):746-749
61. 周力,高和平,杨万成等.秋水仙素在辣椒诱变育种中的应用初探[J].中国蔬菜,1995(5):22～24
62. 周朴华,何立珍,刘选明.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究[J].中国农业科学,1995,28(1):49-55
63. Adelberg J W, Rhodes B B, Skorupska H T. Generation tetraploid melonsin tissue culture[J]. Hortscience,1990,25,192
64. Akitsu Nagasawa, John J. Finer. Development of morphogenic suspension cultures of garlic(Allium stavium L.) [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 1998, 15: 183-187
65. B.Bohanec, M.Jakse, Alihz Ihan etc. Studies of gynogenesis in onion(Allium cepa L.) induction procedures and genetic analysis of regenerants[J]. Plant Science, 1995,104:215-224
66. B.Campion and C.Alloni Induction of Haploid plants in onion (Allium cepa L.) by in vitro culture of unpollinated ovules[J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1990, 20:1-6
67. C. C. Eady, C. E. Lister. A comparison of four selective agents for use with Allium cepa L. immature embryos and immature embryo-derived cultures[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 18:117-121
68. C. C. Eady, R.C.Butler, Y.Suo. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryo cultures of onion (Allium cepa L.) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 18: 111-116
69. C. C. Eady, Towards the transformation of onions (Allium cepa) [J]. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultureal Science, 1995, 23: 239-250
70. Cardi T, Iannamico V, D'Ambrosio F,etal. In vitro regeneration and cytological characterization of shoots from leaf explants of three accessions of Solanum commersonii[J]. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture,1993,34(1):107-114
71. Cardi T, Puite KJ, Ramulu KS, etal Production of somatic hybrids between frost-tolerant Solanum commersonii and S. tuberosum: protoplast fusion, regeneration and isozyme analysis[J]. Am Potato J ,1993,70: 753-764
72. Chung-cheng Lu. Somatic embryo genesis and plant regeneration in diploid Allium fitulosum ×Allium cepe L. F1 hybrid onions[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1989, 7: 696-708
73. Colin Charles Eady, Carolyn Elizabeth Lister, Yuying Suo et al, Transient expression of uidA constructs in in vitro onion(Allium cepa L.) cultures following particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated DNA delivery[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 15: 958-962
74. D.L, Dunstan and K.C.Short. Improved growth of tissue culture of theonion, Allium cepe[J]. Physi Plant, 1977, 4: 70-72
75. D.L.Dunstan and K.C.Short. Shoot production from onion tissue cultures[J]. Sci. Hort , 1978, 9: 99-110
76. Elizabeth E.Hansen, John Fhubstenbeger, and Gregory C.Phillips. Regeneration of shoots from cell suspension-derived protoplasted of Allium cepe[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1995, 15: 8-11
77. Ezura H, Amagai H, Oosawa K. Efficient production of tetraploid in regenerated plants, a universal phenomenon,in tissue culture of melon[J]. Plant Science,1992,85:209-213
78. Flick C. E.. Organogenes is In: Handbook of Plant Cell culture[M]. Macmillam Co. New York. 1983
79. Gregory C. Phillips and Kent J.Luteyn. Effects of Auxins on onion tissue cultures[J]. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,1983, 108(6): 948-953
80. Hirotoshi Shuto, Toshionori Abe and Takeo Sasahara. In vitro propagation of plants root apex-derives calli in Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottlek) and garlic (Allium stavium L.) [J]. Japan J. Breed. 1993, 43: 349-354
81. I.J.Puddephat, H.T.Robinson, B.M.Smith and J.Lynn. Influence of stlck plant pretreatment on gynogenic embryo induction from flower buds of onion. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1999, 57: 145-148
82. Imai F,Aida R. High frequency of tetraploidy in Agrobacterium-mediated transformants regenerated from tuber discs of diploid potato lines[J]. Plant Cell Report.1993,12(6):299-302
83. J.Dabrowshi, M.Dabshi and D.Kozak. The influence of some growth regulations on regeneration of lily bulbs in vitro[J]. Acta Hort, 1992, 325: 537-539
84. J.M.Myers, P.W.Simon. Continuous callus production and regeneration of garlic (Allium stavium L.) using root segments from shoot top-derived plantlets[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 720-730
85. J.M.Myers, P.W.Simon. Regeneration of garlic callus as affected by clonal variation, plant growth regulators and culture conditions over time[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1999, 19: 32-36
86. Jaa M,Van Tuyl .The use of oryzaline as alternative for colchicines in in-vitro chromosome doubling of Cilium and nerine[J].Horticulture Acta,1992, 325:625-630.
87. Janer E.A.Seabrook. In vitro propagation and bulb formation of garlic[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1994, 74: 155-158
88. Kahaner, Rancillac M. and Tayssendier Dela Serve B. Long term multiplication of onion (Allium cepa L.) by byclic shoot regeneration in vitro[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992, 28: 281-288
89. Kil Sun Yoo. Promotion of in vitro leaf growth of inner scales excised from dormant onion bulbs[J]. Hort. Science, 1990, 25(2): 228-229
90. Kunitake H, Nakashima T,Mori K,etal. Somaclonal and chromosoma effects of genotype, ploidyand culture duration in Asparagus officinalia L[J], Euphytica, 1992,102:309-316
91. M. Langens-Gwrrits and T.Hol. Dormancy breaking in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro: effects on growth after planting[J]. Acta Hort. 1997, 430: 429-436
92. M.Ayabe S.Sumi. Establishment of a novel tissue culture method, stem-disc culture, and its practical application to micropropagation of garlic (Allium stavium L.) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 773-779
93. M.Jakse. B.Bohanec and A.Ihkan. Effect of media components on the gynogenic regeneration of onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars and analysis of regenerants[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1996, 15: 934-938
94. M.Langens-Gwrrits er al. Bulb growth in lily regeneration in vitro[J]. Acta Hort. 1997, 430: 267-273
95. Maarren W. P. C. van Rossum, et al. Adventitious regeneration from tulip, Lily and apple explants at different oxygen levels[J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 153: 141-145
96. Maggioni L, Cordi C, Fogher C. Callus induction pliody level and plant regeneration on vitro garlic (Allium stavium L.) cultures. Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 1989, 43(4): 251-254
97. Magrgulis L. Colchicine sensitive microtubules[J].Int Rev Cytol, l973, 34:333-361
98. Mailies Rauber Jurgen Grunewaldt. In vitro regeneration in Allium species[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1988,7: 426-429
99. Maja Ravnikar, Jana Zel, Igor Plaper, and Alenka Spacapan. Jasmonic acid stimulates shoot and bulb formation of garlic in vitro[J]. Journal ofPlant Growth Regulation, 1993, 12: 73-77
100. Martin Fellner and Pavel Havranek. Isolation of Allium pollen protoplasts[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992, 29: 275-279
101. Michael E. Compton, D. J. Gray, G. W. Elmstrom. Identification of tetraploid regenerants from cotyledons of diploid watermelon cultured in vitro[J]. Euphytica,1996,87(3):165-172
102. Milton J. Constantin. Chromosomal instability in cell and tissue cultures and regeneration plants[J]. Environmental Borany, 1981, 21: 359-363
103. More john L C. Resistance of rose microtubule polymerization to colchicines results from a low-affinity interaction of colchine and tubulin[J]. Planta,1987a,170:230-241
104. Muhammad Shahidul Haque, Tamikichi Wada and Kazumi Hattori. High frequency shoot regeneration and plantlet formation from root of garlic[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1997, 50: 83-89
105. Nagasawa A, Finer J. Development of morphogenic suspension cultures of garlic (Allium stavium L.) [J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1988, 15(2): 183-187
106. Nair RR, Ravindran P N. Induced polyploid in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) [J]. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops,1992,1(2):151-153
107. Remi Kahane, Michel Rrancillac and Bernard Teyssendier de la Serve. Long-term multiplication of onion (Allium cepa L.) by cyclic shrro regeneration in vitro[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992, 28: 281-288
108. Remi Kahanne, Bwen ES Teyssendier de la. Serve and Michel Rancillac. Bulbing in long-day onion cultured in vitro: comparision between sugar feeding and light inducton[J]. Annals of Botany, 1992, 69: 551-555
109. Rhodes B B, Skorupska H T. Explant origin effects the frequence of tetraploid plants from tissue culture of melons[J]. Hortscience, 1994,29:689-692.
110. S. Waara,L. Pijnacker,M. A. Ferwerda,etal A cytogenetic and phenotypic characterization of somatic hybrid plants obtained after fusion of two different dihaploid clones of potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) [J].Theor Appl Genet, 1992,85(4):470-479
111. S.Chanprame, T.M.Kuo et. Soluble carbohydrate content of soybean[Glycine max (L.) Merr] somatic and zygotic embryos during development.in Vitro cell[J]. Dev. Biol. Plant, 1998, 34: 64-68
112. Shuto H., Abe T. and Yamagata T. In vitro propagation of plants from root apex-derived calli in Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottle) and galic (A. sarivum L.) [J]. Japan J. Breed. 1993, 43: 349-354
113. Sijun Zheng, Betty Henken, Eri Sofiari, et al. Effect of cytokinins and lines on plant regeneration from long-term callus and suspention cultures of Allium cepa L[J]. Euyphycica, 1999, 108: 83-90
114. Si-Jun Zheng, Ludmila Khrustaleva, Betty Henken, et al, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Allium cepa L.:the production of transgenic onions and shallots[J]. Molecular Breeding, 2001, 7: 101-115
115. T.Kondo, H.Hasegawa, M.Suzuki. Transformation and regeneration of garlic (Allium sarivum L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2000, 19:989-993
116. Wagdy A.Sawahel Stable genetic transformation of garlic plants using particle bombardment[J]. Cellular& Molecular Biology Letters, 2002, 7: 49-59
117. Yamada .Y. Tissue culture studies on cereals in applied and fundamerital aspects of plant cell[J]. Tissue and Organ culture (J, Recinert and Y. P. S. Bajajets.) 1997:144-160
118. Yasseen Mohamed-Yasseen, Walter E. Splittstoesser and Richard E.Litz. In vitro shoot proliferation and production of sets from garlic and shallow[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1994, 36: 243-247
119. Yun Ma, Hong-long Wang, Cun-Jin Zhang. High rate of virus free plantlet regeneration via garlic scape-tip culture[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1994, 14: 65-68
120. Zhang X P, Rhodes B B, Adelberg J W. Shoot regeneration from immature cotyledons of watermelon. Cucurbit Gentics Coop.Rpt[J].1994,17:111-115
2. 陈 俊,李登科,李太宝等.诱导葡萄多倍体研究[J].果树科学,1995,12 (3):151-155
3. 陈柏君,高山林,卞云云.黄芩组织培养同源四倍体的诱导[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(1):9
4. 陈世儒,黄菊辉.大蒜离体快繁及脱毒[J].园艺学报,1991,18(8):245-250
5. 陈素萍,王莉,宋秀清.党参多倍体的研究[J].中草药,1991,22 (5):224
6. 丛斌,赵建华,张不方.秋水仙素对小麦根尖细胞亚显微结构的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,1997,15(4):299-303
7. 崔红,丁群星,桂耀林等.2,4-D 对甘薯体细胞胚胎发生的调控[J],植物学通报,1999,16(4):411-415
8. 杜先明,郑素秋.小白菜多倍体诱变试验[J].湖南农学院学报,1995,21(1):25～29
9. 杜先明,郑素秋.小白菜多倍体诱变试验[J].湖南农学院学报,1995,21(1):25-29
10. 房超,张兴平.西瓜多倍体育种新方法――利用组织培养诱导四倍体西瓜[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,1996,(4):7-9
11. 郭启高,宋明,梁国鲁.植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展[J].生物学通报,2000, 35 (2):8-10
12. 郭启高,宋明,杨天秀等.西瓜子叶组织培养中四倍体的产生及鉴定[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(4):298-300
13. 郭启高,宋明.西瓜试管苗中四倍体鉴定方法研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000, 22(3):261-263
14. 郭启高,张钟灵,周虹等.秋水仙碱诱导生姜多倍体的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(5):400-402
15. 郭清泉,郑思乡,杨瑞芳等.莲多倍体研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,1997,23(1):26-29
16. 韩礼星,赵改荣,李玉红等.猕猴桃多倍体诱导研究[J].果树科学,1998,15(2):273～276
17. 何欢乐,蔡润,潘俊松.甜瓜不定胚再生植株的染色体数目变异[J].遗传,2002,24(2):166-170
18. 何立珍,周朴华.黄花菜同源四倍体与二倍体形态及细胞遗传学分析[J].湖南农学院学报,1994,20(4):332-337
19. 黄济明.百合的组织培养和试管内诱发多倍体试验[J].园艺学报,1983,10(2): 125-127
20. 李天艳,李文信.国内外西瓜品种选育概况及趋势[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,1994,(1):10-12
21. 李志勇,罗焕亮,郭勇.大蒜愈伤组织诱导条件的优化[J].华南农业大学学报,1999,20(4):54-58
22. 连雪斌.兰州白合多倍体诱导试验报告[J].甘肃农业科技,1995,6:14-15
23. 梁凤山,罗耀武.多倍体及其在农业生产中的应用[J].杂粮作物,1999,19 (2): 20-23
24. 刘惠吉,曹寿椿,王华等.南农矮脚黄四倍体不结球白菜新品种的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1990,13(2):33～40
25. 刘惠吉,王华,华明义等.四倍体耐寒黑菜的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1994,17(2):118～120
26. 刘惠吉,王华,肖守华等.四倍体白菜热优 2 号的选育[J].南京农业大学学报,1992,15(4):39-44
27. 刘文革.无籽少籽西瓜研究进展[J].北方园艺,1999,(2):35-37
28. 刘选明,周朴华,何立珍等.应用细胞工程技术选育四倍体龙牙百合的研究[J].生物工程学报 12(增刊),1996,193-303
29. 刘学岷,李贵夕.2n 配子在大白菜育种上的应用[J].华北农学报,1998,13(2):102-105
30. 刘艳俊,田丽霞,赵述定等.诱导番茄同源四倍体的研究[J].山西农业大学学报,1991,11(2):118～120
31. 罗耀武,乔子靖,朱子英等.人工诱变获得四倍体玫瑰香葡萄的研究[J].园艺学报,1997,24(2):125-128
32. 马国斌,王呜,郑学勤.甜瓜组织培养再生植株中的四倍体变异[J].园艺学报, 1999,26 (2):128-130
33. 马焕普.果树花芽分化与激素的关系[J].植物生理学通讯,1987,23(1):1
34. 穆春华.大葱组织培养与种质亲缘关系分析[C]. 山东农业大学硕士研究生论文,2002 年 6 月
35. 牛维和,徐玉冰,刘继红.诱导君子兰多倍体的研究初报[J].园艺学报,1986,13(1):61～63
36. 乔传卓.崔熙.药用植物多倍体的作用[J].中药科技,1981,(4):40-41
37. 裘文达.园艺植物组织培养[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1986
38. 任 清,罗耀武,柳术杰等.人工诱变四倍体玫瑰香葡萄的遗传稳定性研究[J].园艺学报,2000,27 (4):285-286
39. 王长泉,张文胜,李雅志等.苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究[J].果村科学,1999,16(2):104～109
40. 王长泉,张文胜,李雅志等.苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究[J].果树科学,1999,16 (2):104-109
41. 王鸿鹤,葛欣,徐启江等.秋水仙碱诱导重瓣大岩桐多倍体的研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1999,7 (3 ):237-242
42. 王锦秀,李健,王立英等.构祀同源四倍体诱导新方法初报[J].宁夏农林科技.1998,6:1-4
43. 王子欣.四倍体大白菜的选育[J].华北农学报,1992,3:32-35
44. 徐培文,马伟青.大蒜组织培养材料染色体倍性变化的研究[J].山东农业科学,1998(5):30-31
45. 于继庆,张元国,陈桂英等.四倍体芦笋选育技术研究[J].山东农业科学,1995((3):43～45
46. 于继庆,张元国,陈桂英等.四倍体芦笋选育技术研究[J].山东农业科学,1995(3):43-45
47. 张承妹,陆家安.黄瓜组织培养与诱导四倍休再生植株[J].上海农业学报,1995, 11 (3):31-36
48. 张建军,殷丽青,张伟萍等.莳菜四倍体的特征及田间耐热性[J].上海农业学报,1998,14(2):35-40
49. 张俊莲.当归愈伤组织的再分化及植株再生[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1995,30(4):293-297.
50. 张淑爱,齐与枢,魏宝发等.用秋水仙素诱导葡萄试管苗获得多倍体[J].中国果树,1989,(3):28-30
51. 张松,张启沛.大葱花蕾培养再生植株的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1994, 25(3):277-282
52. 张松,张启沛.利用大葱幼叶进行组织培养微繁的研究[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2):161-165
53. 张松.葱属植物组织培养研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报,1996,27(3):361-366
54. 张新忠,李敬仁.大蒜组织培养中胚状体的发生[J].试验生物学报,1983,16(3):241-243
55. 张兴翠,周昌华,殷家明.药用百合的多倍体诱导及快速繁殖[J].西南农业人学学报,2003,25(1):15-17
56. 郑海柔 大蒜叶片愈伤组织的幼苗诱导[J]. 上海农业科技,1990,1: 33
57. 郑海柔 沈敏健 大蒜球状体形态发生中的细胞组织学研究[J]. 上海农业学报,1998, 14(1): 33-38
58. 郑思乡,李利良,甘红霞.芦笋多倍体诱导及其离体培养的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1996,1:22-23
59. 郑思乡,罗慧敏,董延瑜等.组织培养在兰麻多倍体研究中的应用初报[J].湖南农业大学学报,1995,21 (4):361-365
60. 周嘉裕, 卿人韦, 兰利琼等.辣椒离体细胞多倍体的诱导研究[J].四川大学学报, 2002 ,39(4):746-749
61. 周力,高和平,杨万成等.秋水仙素在辣椒诱变育种中的应用初探[J].中国蔬菜,1995(5):22～24
62. 周朴华,何立珍,刘选明.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究[J].中国农业科学,1995,28(1):49-55
63. Adelberg J W, Rhodes B B, Skorupska H T. Generation tetraploid melonsin tissue culture[J]. Hortscience,1990,25,192
64. Akitsu Nagasawa, John J. Finer. Development of morphogenic suspension cultures of garlic(Allium stavium L.) [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 1998, 15: 183-187
65. B.Bohanec, M.Jakse, Alihz Ihan etc. Studies of gynogenesis in onion(Allium cepa L.) induction procedures and genetic analysis of regenerants[J]. Plant Science, 1995,104:215-224
66. B.Campion and C.Alloni Induction of Haploid plants in onion (Allium cepa L.) by in vitro culture of unpollinated ovules[J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1990, 20:1-6
67. C. C. Eady, C. E. Lister. A comparison of four selective agents for use with Allium cepa L. immature embryos and immature embryo-derived cultures[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 18:117-121
68. C. C. Eady, R.C.Butler, Y.Suo. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryo cultures of onion (Allium cepa L.) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 18: 111-116
69. C. C. Eady, Towards the transformation of onions (Allium cepa) [J]. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultureal Science, 1995, 23: 239-250
70. Cardi T, Iannamico V, D'Ambrosio F,etal. In vitro regeneration and cytological characterization of shoots from leaf explants of three accessions of Solanum commersonii[J]. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture,1993,34(1):107-114
71. Cardi T, Puite KJ, Ramulu KS, etal Production of somatic hybrids between frost-tolerant Solanum commersonii and S. tuberosum: protoplast fusion, regeneration and isozyme analysis[J]. Am Potato J ,1993,70: 753-764
72. Chung-cheng Lu. Somatic embryo genesis and plant regeneration in diploid Allium fitulosum ×Allium cepe L. F1 hybrid onions[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1989, 7: 696-708
73. Colin Charles Eady, Carolyn Elizabeth Lister, Yuying Suo et al, Transient expression of uidA constructs in in vitro onion(Allium cepa L.) cultures following particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated DNA delivery[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 15: 958-962
74. D.L, Dunstan and K.C.Short. Improved growth of tissue culture of theonion, Allium cepe[J]. Physi Plant, 1977, 4: 70-72
75. D.L.Dunstan and K.C.Short. Shoot production from onion tissue cultures[J]. Sci. Hort , 1978, 9: 99-110
76. Elizabeth E.Hansen, John Fhubstenbeger, and Gregory C.Phillips. Regeneration of shoots from cell suspension-derived protoplasted of Allium cepe[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1995, 15: 8-11
77. Ezura H, Amagai H, Oosawa K. Efficient production of tetraploid in regenerated plants, a universal phenomenon,in tissue culture of melon[J]. Plant Science,1992,85:209-213
78. Flick C. E.. Organogenes is In: Handbook of Plant Cell culture[M]. Macmillam Co. New York. 1983
79. Gregory C. Phillips and Kent J.Luteyn. Effects of Auxins on onion tissue cultures[J]. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,1983, 108(6): 948-953
80. Hirotoshi Shuto, Toshionori Abe and Takeo Sasahara. In vitro propagation of plants root apex-derives calli in Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottlek) and garlic (Allium stavium L.) [J]. Japan J. Breed. 1993, 43: 349-354
81. I.J.Puddephat, H.T.Robinson, B.M.Smith and J.Lynn. Influence of stlck plant pretreatment on gynogenic embryo induction from flower buds of onion. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1999, 57: 145-148
82. Imai F,Aida R. High frequency of tetraploidy in Agrobacterium-mediated transformants regenerated from tuber discs of diploid potato lines[J]. Plant Cell Report.1993,12(6):299-302
83. J.Dabrowshi, M.Dabshi and D.Kozak. The influence of some growth regulations on regeneration of lily bulbs in vitro[J]. Acta Hort, 1992, 325: 537-539
84. J.M.Myers, P.W.Simon. Continuous callus production and regeneration of garlic (Allium stavium L.) using root segments from shoot top-derived plantlets[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 720-730
85. J.M.Myers, P.W.Simon. Regeneration of garlic callus as affected by clonal variation, plant growth regulators and culture conditions over time[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1999, 19: 32-36
86. Jaa M,Van Tuyl .The use of oryzaline as alternative for colchicines in in-vitro chromosome doubling of Cilium and nerine[J].Horticulture Acta,1992, 325:625-630.
87. Janer E.A.Seabrook. In vitro propagation and bulb formation of garlic[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1994, 74: 155-158
88. Kahaner, Rancillac M. and Tayssendier Dela Serve B. Long term multiplication of onion (Allium cepa L.) by byclic shoot regeneration in vitro[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992, 28: 281-288
89. Kil Sun Yoo. Promotion of in vitro leaf growth of inner scales excised from dormant onion bulbs[J]. Hort. Science, 1990, 25(2): 228-229
90. Kunitake H, Nakashima T,Mori K,etal. Somaclonal and chromosoma effects of genotype, ploidyand culture duration in Asparagus officinalia L[J], Euphytica, 1992,102:309-316
91. M. Langens-Gwrrits and T.Hol. Dormancy breaking in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro: effects on growth after planting[J]. Acta Hort. 1997, 430: 429-436
92. M.Ayabe S.Sumi. Establishment of a novel tissue culture method, stem-disc culture, and its practical application to micropropagation of garlic (Allium stavium L.) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17: 773-779
93. M.Jakse. B.Bohanec and A.Ihkan. Effect of media components on the gynogenic regeneration of onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars and analysis of regenerants[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1996, 15: 934-938
94. M.Langens-Gwrrits er al. Bulb growth in lily regeneration in vitro[J]. Acta Hort. 1997, 430: 267-273
95. Maarren W. P. C. van Rossum, et al. Adventitious regeneration from tulip, Lily and apple explants at different oxygen levels[J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 153: 141-145
96. Maggioni L, Cordi C, Fogher C. Callus induction pliody level and plant regeneration on vitro garlic (Allium stavium L.) cultures. Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 1989, 43(4): 251-254
97. Magrgulis L. Colchicine sensitive microtubules[J].Int Rev Cytol, l973, 34:333-361
98. Mailies Rauber Jurgen Grunewaldt. In vitro regeneration in Allium species[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1988,7: 426-429
99. Maja Ravnikar, Jana Zel, Igor Plaper, and Alenka Spacapan. Jasmonic acid stimulates shoot and bulb formation of garlic in vitro[J]. Journal ofPlant Growth Regulation, 1993, 12: 73-77
100. Martin Fellner and Pavel Havranek. Isolation of Allium pollen protoplasts[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992, 29: 275-279
101. Michael E. Compton, D. J. Gray, G. W. Elmstrom. Identification of tetraploid regenerants from cotyledons of diploid watermelon cultured in vitro[J]. Euphytica,1996,87(3):165-172
102. Milton J. Constantin. Chromosomal instability in cell and tissue cultures and regeneration plants[J]. Environmental Borany, 1981, 21: 359-363
103. More john L C. Resistance of rose microtubule polymerization to colchicines results from a low-affinity interaction of colchine and tubulin[J]. Planta,1987a,170:230-241
104. Muhammad Shahidul Haque, Tamikichi Wada and Kazumi Hattori. High frequency shoot regeneration and plantlet formation from root of garlic[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1997, 50: 83-89
105. Nagasawa A, Finer J. Development of morphogenic suspension cultures of garlic (Allium stavium L.) [J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1988, 15(2): 183-187
106. Nair RR, Ravindran P N. Induced polyploid in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) [J]. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops,1992,1(2):151-153
107. Remi Kahane, Michel Rrancillac and Bernard Teyssendier de la Serve. Long-term multiplication of onion (Allium cepa L.) by cyclic shrro regeneration in vitro[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992, 28: 281-288
108. Remi Kahanne, Bwen ES Teyssendier de la. Serve and Michel Rancillac. Bulbing in long-day onion cultured in vitro: comparision between sugar feeding and light inducton[J]. Annals of Botany, 1992, 69: 551-555
109. Rhodes B B, Skorupska H T. Explant origin effects the frequence of tetraploid plants from tissue culture of melons[J]. Hortscience, 1994,29:689-692.
110. S. Waara,L. Pijnacker,M. A. Ferwerda,etal A cytogenetic and phenotypic characterization of somatic hybrid plants obtained after fusion of two different dihaploid clones of potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) [J].Theor Appl Genet, 1992,85(4):470-479
111. S.Chanprame, T.M.Kuo et. Soluble carbohydrate content of soybean[Glycine max (L.) Merr] somatic and zygotic embryos during development.in Vitro cell[J]. Dev. Biol. Plant, 1998, 34: 64-68
112. Shuto H., Abe T. and Yamagata T. In vitro propagation of plants from root apex-derived calli in Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottle) and galic (A. sarivum L.) [J]. Japan J. Breed. 1993, 43: 349-354
113. Sijun Zheng, Betty Henken, Eri Sofiari, et al. Effect of cytokinins and lines on plant regeneration from long-term callus and suspention cultures of Allium cepa L[J]. Euyphycica, 1999, 108: 83-90
114. Si-Jun Zheng, Ludmila Khrustaleva, Betty Henken, et al, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Allium cepa L.:the production of transgenic onions and shallots[J]. Molecular Breeding, 2001, 7: 101-115
115. T.Kondo, H.Hasegawa, M.Suzuki. Transformation and regeneration of garlic (Allium sarivum L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2000, 19:989-993
116. Wagdy A.Sawahel Stable genetic transformation of garlic plants using particle bombardment[J]. Cellular& Molecular Biology Letters, 2002, 7: 49-59
117. Yamada .Y. Tissue culture studies on cereals in applied and fundamerital aspects of plant cell[J]. Tissue and Organ culture (J, Recinert and Y. P. S. Bajajets.) 1997:144-160
118. Yasseen Mohamed-Yasseen, Walter E. Splittstoesser and Richard E.Litz. In vitro shoot proliferation and production of sets from garlic and shallow[J]. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1994, 36: 243-247
119. Yun Ma, Hong-long Wang, Cun-Jin Zhang. High rate of virus free plantlet regeneration via garlic scape-tip culture[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1994, 14: 65-68
120. Zhang X P, Rhodes B B, Adelberg J W. Shoot regeneration from immature cotyledons of watermelon. Cucurbit Gentics Coop.Rpt[J].1994,17:111-115