摘要
改革开放以来,我国旅游扶贫工作取得了很大的成就。旅游扶贫促进了我国边远、民族、贫困地区经济社会的发展,提高了当地人民的生活水平。旅游扶贫对于缩小城乡差距、地区差距、民族之间发展的差距也起到了很重要的作用。但在旅游扶贫过程中,乡政府与村民自治组织在法理上的指导与被指导关系被扭曲为领导与被领导的关系,村民参与程度过低,政府与村民之间没有形成良好的合作关系,以致于有些地区虽然经济有了很大的发展,广大的群众却不能分享经济利益,自然环境遭到了破坏,乡村传统文化丧失。传统的旅游扶贫发展模式已很难持续下去。因此,当前寻找一条有别于传统的旅游扶贫发展模式的发展路径,对于我国旅游扶贫的发展将有着很重要的意义。
本文关于善治视野下的旅游扶贫发展路径选择的研究,是在我国旅游扶贫发展过程中问题不断升级的背景下进行的。文章首先对旅游扶贫的概念与发展历程进行概述;进而分析我国旅游扶贫存在的主要问题;在此基础之上,提出了我国旅游扶贫发展的新思路——善治,并指出了善治本土化的社会条件和善治理论应用于旅游扶贫的意义;最后,文章提出了善治视野下旅游扶贫发展的路径。
Since the reform and openness, pro-poor tourism work in China has made great achievements.It promotes economic and social development in remote, ethnic, poverty-stricken areas and improves local people's living standard in these areas. Pro-poor tourism also plays a very important role in narrowing urban-rural gap,regional disparity, and the gap of development between different peoples in China.But in the process, the leadership relationship in legal guidance between township governments and village self-government organizations has been distorted,the participation of villagers in poor areas are too low, and a good working relationship between the governments and the villagers in these areas don’t form,which result in that Although economics in some areas has made great progress, but the masses in these areas don’t share economic interests, local natural environment has been destroyed, the traditional cultures of the villages have lost.The traditional development model of pro-poor tourism find it difficult to continue.Therefore, it has a very important significance for the development of chinese pro-poor tourism for us to search for a development path which is different from the traditional model of pro-poor tourism.
In this paper, the study on the development path of pro-poor tourism in China from the view of good governance is carried out under the background that the issues in the development of tourism are escalating conducted.Firstly, outline the concept of pro-poor tourism and the course of its development;secondly,introduce the problems in the development of pro-poor tourism in China ;and then put forward a new idea for pro-poor tourism development in our country, named good governance, and point out the social conditions of the localization of good governance theory and the significance that the theory of good governance applies to the tourism to pro-poor tourism;finally, put forward the development path of pro-poor tourism under the vision of good governance.
引文
[1]肖星,李亚兵,侠佩旭.世纪甘庸旅游资源开发创新研究.旅游学刊,2003(6):107
[2]赵小芸.旅游投资在西部旅游扶贫中的效用分析.旅游学刊,2004(1):17
[3]杨雅莹.旅游扶贫战略的思考:[硕士学位论文].成都:西南师范大学,2005
[4]游佩媛.旅游扶贫模式研究——以北京郊区民俗村、贵州省巴拉河乡村旅游项目为例:硕士学位论文.北京:北京第二外国语大学,2006
[5]金花,王丽华.旅游规划学[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2003
[6] Matthew J.Walpole,Harold J.Goodwin.Local Economic Impacts of Dragon Tourism in Indonesia.Annals of Tourism Research.2000,27(3):559-576
[7] Taylor J E.Tourism to the Cook Islands retrospecttive prospective.Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Adminstration Quality.2001(2):70-81
[8]澹丰霞.旅游扶贫与农村社区变迁—以河南二郎庙村为例:[硕士学位论文].郑州:郑州大学,2006
[9]彭敏,付华.浅析旅游扶贫之含义.农村经济,2007(5)
[10] Wall,G.Perspective on the Tourism in Selected Balinese Villages.Annals of Tourism Research.1996,23(1):123-137
[11] Gurung,H.Enviromental Management of Moutain in Nepal.Report on study conducted for Economics Social Commission for the Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP),Bangkok.New York:United Nations(ST/ESCAP/959) .1991
[12]赵伟兵.旅游扶贫的风险性及对策研究:[硕士学位论文].南宁:广西大学,2003
[13]澹姆斯·罗西瑙.没有政府的治理.南昌:江西人民出版社,2001:5
[14]俞可平.治理与善治.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000
[15]俞可平.治理与善治.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000:87-95
[16] [英]鲍勃·杰索普.治理的兴起及其失败的风险:以经济发展为例的论述.国际社会科学,1998(3)
[17] [美]查尔斯·福克斯.后现代公共行政——话语指向.中国人民大学出版社,2001
[18]俞可平:治理与善治.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000
[19][20]殷国俊,马京奎.我国非政府组织发展状况.中国统计,2005(12)
[21]刘保国.关于加强农业社会化服务体系建设的思考.荆门大学学报,1994(2)
[22]陈林.乡村治理的新思路.决策咨询,2001(9)
[23]郑敬高,于雪艳.治理理论视野下发展村民自治的路径选择.科学发展观与建设社会主义新农村,1557-1558
[24]李惠斌,杨雪冬.社会资本与社会发展.北京:社会科学文献出版,2000:3
[25]李惠斌,杨雪冬.社会资本与社会发展.北京:社会科学文献出版,2000:380
[26] [美]罗伯特·普特南.使民主运转起来.南昌:江西人民出版社,2001
[27]曲洪志,刘伟亮.论文化建设与社会稳定.社会主义研究,2006(5)
[28]柳锦铭.建设社会主义新农村,提升农村社会资本的路径选择.中国农机化, 2007(6):14-17
[1]韦力,赵涛,张中强.对旅游扶贫工作的几点建议.商场现代化,2005(45)
[2]李刚,徐虹.影响我国可持续旅游扶贫效益的因子分析.旅游学刊,2006(9)
[3]丁焕峰.国内旅游扶贫研究述评.旅游学刊,2004(3)
[4]吴忠君.论旅游扶贫.广西师范人学学报(哲学社会科学版),1996(4):18-21
[5]郑本法,郑宇新.甘肃旅游扶贫开发研究,1999(4):44-47
[6]谭芳,黄林华.广西百色市的旅游扶贫.广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版) .2000:68-69
[7]李永文,陈玉英.旅游扶贫及其对策研究.北京第二外国语学院学报,2002(4):74-78
[8]李嘉,朱创业,刘玲等.四川苍溪县旅游扶贫开发的实践研究.国土与自然资源研究, 2005(4)
[9]陈秀琼,黄金火.略论生态旅游开发中的社区参与.华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2003(3):38-42
[10]钟国平.英西、连南旅游扶贫可持续发展研究.华南师范大学,2003(6)
[11]万青.乡村旅游探论.许昌学院学报,2004(6):27-29
[12]张伟,张建国.外旅游与消除贫困问题研究评述.旅游学刊,2005(1):90-96
[13]程占红.生态旅游社区从事旅游业者的行为特征研究--以芦芽山自然保护区为例.山西大学学报(自然科学版),2001,24(2):159-163
[14]周玲强,黄祖辉.我国乡村旅游可持续发展问题与对策研究.经济地理, 2004,24(4):572-576
[15]李春萌.浅论少数民族地区旅游开发中民族文化的保护.中共济南市委党校学报, 2004(1):83-85
[16]袁正新,杨世俊.论旅游对民俗的影响及其对策--以张家界土家族文化为例.边疆经济与文化,2006(6)
[17]陈丹丹,吴必虎.旅游发展对目的地景观的影响.中国园林,2006(7)
[18]张波.旅游对接待地社会文化的消极影响.云南师范大学学报,2004(2)
[19]韦力,赵涛,张中强.对旅游扶贫工作的几点建议.商场现代化,2005(45)
[20]刘向明,杨智敏.对我国“旅游扶贫”的几点思考.经济地理,2002(2)
[21]朱明芳.旅游扶贫的可行性研究工作.桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,1999(3)
[22]冯学刚.皖西地区旅游开发扶贫探讨.经济地理,1999,14(2):111-115
[23]操建华.旅游业对中国农村和农民的影响的研究.中国社会科学院研究生院,2002
[24]曹新向,丁圣彦.政府在旅游扶贫开发中的行为研究.许昌学院学报, 2003,22(2):60 - 64
[25]郭清霞.旅游扶贫PPT战略及其特征--以湖北省为例.湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(5):110-113
[26]杨颖.旅游扶贫的机会成本:[硕士学位论文].沈阳:东北财经大学,2003
[27]曹新向,丁圣彦.政府在旅游扶贫开发中的行为研究.许昌学院学报,2003(2)
[28]梁莹.善治视野中我国公民的行政参与:[硕士学位论文].苏州:苏州大学,2004
[29] [英]鲍勃·杰索普.治理的兴起及其失败的风险:以经济发展为例的论述.国际社会科学杂志(中文版),1999(2)
[30]刘向明,杨智敏.对我国旅游扶贫的几点思考.经济地理,2002,22(2):241- 244
[31]刘益,陈烈,旅游扶贫及其开发模式研究.热带地理,2004(4)
[32]周歆红.关注旅游扶贫的核心问题.旅游学刊,2002 ,17(1):17-21.
[33]杨雅莹.旅游扶贫战略的思考:[硕士学位论文].成都:西南师范大学,2005
[34]丁焕峰.国内旅游扶贫研究述评.旅游学刊,2004(3)
[35]梁莹.善治视野中我国公民的行政参与:[硕士学位论文].苏州:苏州大学,2004
[36]梁莹.治理、善治与法治.求实,2003(2)
[37]何增科.治理、善治与中国政治发展.中共福建省委党校学报,2002(3)
[38]魏涛.公共治理理论研究综述.资料通讯,2006(7-8)
[39]吴家庆,王毅.中国与西方治理理论之比较.湖南师范大学学报(社会科学),2007(2)
[40]俞可平.民主与陀螺.北京:北京大学出版社,2006
[41]刘汶.善治:贫困地区新农村建设的关键.广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(3)
[42]关海庭.20世纪中国政治发展史论.北京:北京大学出版社,2002
[43]徐勇.民主化进程中的政府主动性--对四川达川市村民自治示范活动的调查与思考.战略与管理,1997(3)
[44]王小岩,刘保国.试论现代化进程中乡村治理的路径选择.西北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(2)
[45]柳锦铭.建设社会主义新农村,提升农村社会资本的路径选择.中国农机化, 2007(6):14-17
[46]聂飞.社会资本视域下的第三部门与治理.理论前沿,2007(6)
[47]郑茂刚.乡村善治与和谐乡村--我国乡村治理目标选择与路径依赖.凯里学院学报, 2007(8)
[48] Zurick,D.N.Adventure Travel and Sustainable Tourism in the Peripheral Economy of Nepal.Annals of the Association of American Geographers.1992:82(4):608-628
[49] Zhang H Q,Chong K,Ap J. An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China.Tourism Management,1999,20(4):471-485
[50] Ashley C,Boyd C,Goodwin H.Pro-Poor Tourism:Putting Poverty at the Heart of the Tourism Agenda.Natural Resource Perspectives,Overseas Development Institute.2000(5)
[51] Ashley C,Roe D,Goodwin H.Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies:Making Tourism Work for the Poor.ODI,IIED and CRT,2001
[52] Mahony,K&Zyl,V.J.Practical Strategies for Pro-poor Tourism,Case Studies of Makuleke and Manyeleti Tourism Initiatives Z. PPT Working Paper No.2. 2001
[53] Deng J , Bauer T, Huang Y.Ecotourism, protected areas, and globalization: issues and prospects in China.ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism , 2003 , 2(1) : 17-32
[54] Goodwin H. Pro-Poor Tourism Opportunities for Sustainable Local Development . D + CDevelopment and Cooperation,2000(5):12-14.
[55] Jim C Y, Xu S S W.Stifled stakeholders and subdued participation: Interpreting local responsestoward Shimentai Nature Reserve in South ChinaJ . Environmental Management , 2002 , 30(3) : 327-341
[56] Toops S W. The tourism and handicraft industries in Xinjiang: development and ethnicity in a minority periphery.Humanities and Social Sciences ,1991 ,51(9):31-81
[57] Walsh E R, Swain M B.Creating modernity by touring paradise: domestic ethnic tourismin Yunnan, China ,. Tourism Recreation Research , 2004 , 29(2) : 59 - 68.
[58] Xiao H and Li L.Villagers’perceptions of traditions: some observations on thedevelopment of rural cultural tourism in China. Tourism Recreation Research , 2004 , 29(2) : 69 - 80
[59] Xu Gand Kruse C. Economic impact of tourismin ChinaZ.LewA A, YuL , Ap J , Guangrui. Tourism in China C. Binghamton, USA, Haworth Hospitality Press. 2002 ,: 83– 101
[60] Cevat Tosun. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management ,2000 ,21:613 - 633.
[61] Dallen J Timothy. Participatory Planning: A View of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research,1999 ,26 (2) :371-391
[62] A·V·Seaton. . Tourism--The state of the art . London:John, W illeyL td, 1995
[63] Robert·G·heady.“The common poor”problem in Tourism Landscapes . Annals of Tourism Resarch, 1994, (3): 596- 611
[64] PEARCE P L,MOSCARDO G,ROSS G F. TourismCommunity Relationships. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. ,1996
[65] FALLON L D,KRIWOKEN L K. Community involvement in tourism infrastructure-the case of the Strahan Visitor Centre,Tasmania.Tourism Management, 2003(24) :2892308
[66] REICHEL A,LOWENGART O,MILMAN A. Rural tourism in Israel: sevice quality and orientation. Tourism Management ,2000 ,21(5) :4512459
[67] SwainM B A comparison of state and private artisan production for
[68] tourismin Yunnan A . Tourism in China: geographic , political , and economic perspectives C . Boulder Colorado USA, Westview Press Inc. , 1995: 223 - 233.
[69] Caroline Ashely,Dilys Roe,Harold Goodwin. Pro-Poor Tourism Work for the Poor.ODI,IIED,and CRT.2001
[70] Nicolson,t.Culture,Tourism and Local Strategies Towards Development : Case Studies in the Philippines and Vietnam[Z].Research Report(R6578)submitted to ESCOR .London:DIFD.1997
[71] Cochrane,J.TOURISM and Conservation in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park,East Java[z].Hull:University of Hull.Mountain-Forum On-Line Library Document.1997