生物炭在黄土高原典型土壤中的改良作用
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摘要
黄土高原地区是我国乃至世界水土流失最严重地区，当地的农业生产和生态环境建设面临着土壤肥力有限、水分短缺、侵蚀严重等诸多限制。适合当地气候、土壤特征的土壤改良技术的引入是解决这些问题的重要出路。生物炭施用对土壤性状和植物生长等的影响研究成为当前农业和生态环境领域研究热点问题，其对土壤肥力、水分状况以及植物生长的改良促进作用在许多研究中得到证实。
本研究采用室内土柱培养试验和田间原位测定的研究方法，通过2010年到2012年内的4次取样测定，系统地研究了不同施用量（0、4、8、16g/kg）下生物炭（锯末炭）对黄土高原0-10cm和10-20cm层次土壤（塿土、黑垆土、黄绵土、沙黄土、风沙土）pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、土壤碳组分、土壤容重、团聚体、土壤水分等指标的影响效果。同时通过室内人工模拟降雨试验研究了经过18个月培养期后生物炭施用对土壤侵蚀效果。本论文取得的主要进展如下：
1、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤pH和CEC的影响效果和过程。生物炭施用对土壤pH值影响效果受到自身pH值和目标土壤pH值差异影响。在黄土高原碱性土壤中施用pH值相近或略低的生物炭不会提高土壤pH值，还可起到降低土壤pH值效果。低pH值生物炭施用量的提高，有助于进一步降低黄土高原典型土壤pH值，为植物生长创造良好立地条件。生物炭施用可对质地较轻、肥力较低的风沙土产生显著且稳定的提高土壤CEC效果，对塿土、黑垆土、黄绵土、沙黄土的土壤CEC的影响效果则不稳定。高的生物炭施用量对土壤CEC的提高一般显示有更好的作用效果。两年的试验试验内，生物炭施用后土壤CEC未显示出逐渐升高的效果，生物炭自身氧化作用在短期内未能有效促进土壤肥力状况改善。
2、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤微生物量碳含量以及有机碳、重液分组测定的影响。生物炭施用可以对黄土高原土壤的微生物状况起到一定的影响作用，培养试验和田间试验均表明生物炭对微生物碳量的影响主要表现为增加效果，尤其是较长培养时间后效果更加明显。在土壤类型上，生物炭施用对风沙土土壤微生物碳量的增加效果最明显，其次为沙黄土和黄绵土，影响较弱的为黑垆土和塿土。生物炭施用后会影响到土壤中有机碳以及重液分组后重组有机碳含量测定，使得常规的重铬酸钾外加热法测定土壤有机碳量在短期内显著提高，由于生物炭自身稳定性以及密度不均一性，生物炭施用土壤经重液分组法测定所得土壤有机无机复合体含量，不适合用作该类土壤的肥力和土壤改良效果评价指标。
3、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤容重、团聚体结构的影响效果和过程。生物炭施用对黄土高原5种典型土壤容重表现了一定的降低的趋势：在土壤类型上，仅有风沙土在一定条件下表现了显著的降低效果；在生物炭施用量上，高的生物炭使用量是降低土壤容重的条件。生物炭施用对干筛土壤团聚体组分未产生明显作用，但在一定程度上可以影响土壤团聚体的稳定性，具体表现为：生物炭施用对土壤质地较粘土壤（塿土和黑垆土）团聚体稳定性的促进效果较好，且增加作用出现较早，而对质地较轻土壤（黄绵土和沙黄土）则仅在较长时期后（两年）体现一定的增加趋势。
4、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤水分性质的影响效果和过程。在本研究生物炭施用梯度下，生物炭仅对风沙土的持水能力体现较好的提高效果，高的生物炭施用量下更加明显，对于塿土、黑垆土、黄绵土和沙黄土则作用效果不明显。生物炭施用对土壤饱和导水率未起到稳定增加效果，且对风沙土的饱和导水率有降低趋势，高生物炭施用量下降低趋势更明显，这有利于风沙土地区有限降水的表层截留，利于作物生长。
5、采用人工模拟降雨试验，研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤的抗蚀性的影响。生物炭施用可对土壤产流时间起到微弱的延迟作用。在容重相同的初次风干土直接降雨过程中，生物炭施用不会起到减少地表径流作用；而由于生物炭对土壤团聚体稳定性的提高作用，初次降雨径流量的增加并未引起泥沙产量相应增加。生物炭施用对土壤收缩的降低效果，使得二次降雨过程中土壤结构优于空白处理，土壤入渗能力提高。二次降雨中，生物炭施用对粉粒和砂粒含量较高的黑垆土、黄绵土和沙黄土3种土壤均体现了较好的减流减沙效果。生物炭施用可对黄土高原典型土壤的抗蚀性起到促进作用。
通过黄土高原五种土壤多种指标分析发现，生物炭施用一般对质地较差、肥力水平较低土壤的改良效果较好；对塿土、黑垆土等粘性较强土壤则作用效果有限，且不稳定。同时在本研究所用的较低生物炭施用量下，生物炭的影响效果总体有限，多数指标表现为更高的施用量下效果更好，需要结合考虑增加生物炭施用量或辅以其他技术措施来促进生物炭的土壤改良效果。短期内，生物炭施用对土壤性状的影响效果不大，需要建立长期监测体系，来进一步评价生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤理化性质的影响过程和作用效果。
Loess Plateau is the most serious soil erosion region in the world. The localagricultural production and ecological restoration has been limited in some extent by poorsoil fertility, water shortages, and serious erosion. The improvement effects of biocharapplication on soil properties and plant growth has become a new research focus.
In this study, five typical soil types (Lou soil, Dark Loessial soil, Loessal soil,Shahuang soil, Aeolian sandy soil) spread across the Loess Plateau and one type of biochar(made from sewdust) were chosen as the test materials for the incubation and fieldexperiments. Biochar was mixed with the soils at the rates of0、4、8、16g/kg.0-10cm and10-20cm layers were sampled separately four times in the experiment period fromNovember2010to November2012. Soil pH, CEC, organic carbon content, bulk density,soil aggregates, soil water properties were characterized. Simulation rainfall experimentwas done with the soil incubated with18months to indicate the effect of biocharapplication on soil erodibiltiy. The main research findings are shown as follows:
(1) Effects of biochar application on soil pH and CEC were determinated. Impacts ofbiochar application on soil pH were influenced by the basic properties of biochar and theamended soil. The pH of the alkaline soils in the Loess Plateau would not be increased bythe application of biochar with lower pH value. The results of the incubation experimentshowed that biochar application has the potential abilitiy to restrict soil salinization processin some extent, the restrct effcet would be better in the Aeolian sandy soil with low ferlity.Biochar appliction didn’t increase soil CEC significantly in all the five soils in theexperiment. The steady increasing effcet on soil CEC was only shown in the Aeolian sandysoil with lower fertility. The higher biochar application rate would get higher soil CEC. Inthe two years experiment period, the oxidation of biochar didn’t effectively promote soilCEC increasing.
(2) Effects of biochar application on soil microbial biomass canbon, soil organiccarbon and soil density fraction were determinated. Biochar application would increase soilmicrobial biomass carbon content. The results were shown in both the incuabtion and fieldexperiment and were more significant in the longer experiment period. The increasingeffect of soil microbial biomass by biochar application was much better in the Aeoliansandy soil, followed by the Shahuang soil, Loessal soil and Lou soil, Dark loessial soil.The determined soil orgnic carbon contents in the soil and the hervy fraction were bothincreased significantly by biochar application. Because that biochar contains some part ofheavy fraction, soil organo-mineral complex content, which was determined by heavydensity fraction and dichromate oxidation (external heat applied) method, couldn’t be usedas the indice to show the soil improvement effect of biochar application.
(3) Effects of biochar application on soil bulk density and soil aggregates weredeterminated. Biochar application showed the trend to decrease the soil bulk density, whilethe significant decreasing effect only shown in Aeolian sandy soil. Biochar applicationdidn’t influece the soil aggreagate distribution in the air-drying sieving. However, biocharapplication showed the improvement effect on soil aggregates stability. The improvementeffects were shown more obviously and earlier in the Lou soil and Dark loessial soil, whilein the Shahuang soil and Loessal soil the increasing tendency was shown n the secondexperiment year.
(4) Effects of biochar application on soil water properties were determinated. Biocharapplication didn’t significantly influence the soil water hold capacity and soil saturatedhydraulic conductivity in Lou soil, Dark loessial soil, Shahuang soil and Loessal soil. Butit can increase the soil water hold capacity and decrease saturated hydraulic conductivity ofAeolian sandy soil with coarse-texture and amounts of macropores. The influence effectwas better when higher biochar application rate was used. The decreased soil hydraulicconductivity by biochar application in the sandy soils was benefit to store the rainfall in thesurface layer and supply the plant growth.
(5) Effects of biochar application on soil erosion in two kinds of rainfall event weredeterminated by simulation rainfall experiment. The results showed that biocharapplication can weakly delay the time to runoff. In the first rainfall event with air-dryingsoil, the runoff amount wasn’t decreased in the biochar amended soils. Becaused of the increased soil stability, the sediment amount were not incrased. The restrain effect ofbiochar applicaion on soil shrinkage lead to the better soil structure and was conducive tothe increase of soil infiltration. The second rainfall event showed that soil erosion chouldbe decreased by biochar application in Dark loessial soil, Shahuang soil and Loessal soil.Biochar application could increase soil stability and decrease soil erosion in the LoessPlateau.
From the study, we found that biochar appliation has the better improvement effect onthe coarse-texture and unfertility soils. The improvement effect was limited with thebiochar application rate of the study, and higher biohcar application rate had the tendencyto get better improvement effect. Higher application rate of biochar or application withother materials would get better soil amendment effect in the Loess Plateau. In therelatively short experiment period, biochar application didn’t show the steadyimprovement effect. Long period montoring system should be set up to assess the influenceprocess and comprehensively assess biochar application effects on soil properties.
本研究采用室内土柱培养试验和田间原位测定的研究方法，通过2010年到2012年内的4次取样测定，系统地研究了不同施用量（0、4、8、16g/kg）下生物炭（锯末炭）对黄土高原0-10cm和10-20cm层次土壤（塿土、黑垆土、黄绵土、沙黄土、风沙土）pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、土壤碳组分、土壤容重、团聚体、土壤水分等指标的影响效果。同时通过室内人工模拟降雨试验研究了经过18个月培养期后生物炭施用对土壤侵蚀效果。本论文取得的主要进展如下：
1、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤pH和CEC的影响效果和过程。生物炭施用对土壤pH值影响效果受到自身pH值和目标土壤pH值差异影响。在黄土高原碱性土壤中施用pH值相近或略低的生物炭不会提高土壤pH值，还可起到降低土壤pH值效果。低pH值生物炭施用量的提高，有助于进一步降低黄土高原典型土壤pH值，为植物生长创造良好立地条件。生物炭施用可对质地较轻、肥力较低的风沙土产生显著且稳定的提高土壤CEC效果，对塿土、黑垆土、黄绵土、沙黄土的土壤CEC的影响效果则不稳定。高的生物炭施用量对土壤CEC的提高一般显示有更好的作用效果。两年的试验试验内，生物炭施用后土壤CEC未显示出逐渐升高的效果，生物炭自身氧化作用在短期内未能有效促进土壤肥力状况改善。
2、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤微生物量碳含量以及有机碳、重液分组测定的影响。生物炭施用可以对黄土高原土壤的微生物状况起到一定的影响作用，培养试验和田间试验均表明生物炭对微生物碳量的影响主要表现为增加效果，尤其是较长培养时间后效果更加明显。在土壤类型上，生物炭施用对风沙土土壤微生物碳量的增加效果最明显，其次为沙黄土和黄绵土，影响较弱的为黑垆土和塿土。生物炭施用后会影响到土壤中有机碳以及重液分组后重组有机碳含量测定，使得常规的重铬酸钾外加热法测定土壤有机碳量在短期内显著提高，由于生物炭自身稳定性以及密度不均一性，生物炭施用土壤经重液分组法测定所得土壤有机无机复合体含量，不适合用作该类土壤的肥力和土壤改良效果评价指标。
3、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤容重、团聚体结构的影响效果和过程。生物炭施用对黄土高原5种典型土壤容重表现了一定的降低的趋势：在土壤类型上，仅有风沙土在一定条件下表现了显著的降低效果；在生物炭施用量上，高的生物炭使用量是降低土壤容重的条件。生物炭施用对干筛土壤团聚体组分未产生明显作用，但在一定程度上可以影响土壤团聚体的稳定性，具体表现为：生物炭施用对土壤质地较粘土壤（塿土和黑垆土）团聚体稳定性的促进效果较好，且增加作用出现较早，而对质地较轻土壤（黄绵土和沙黄土）则仅在较长时期后（两年）体现一定的增加趋势。
4、研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤水分性质的影响效果和过程。在本研究生物炭施用梯度下，生物炭仅对风沙土的持水能力体现较好的提高效果，高的生物炭施用量下更加明显，对于塿土、黑垆土、黄绵土和沙黄土则作用效果不明显。生物炭施用对土壤饱和导水率未起到稳定增加效果，且对风沙土的饱和导水率有降低趋势，高生物炭施用量下降低趋势更明显，这有利于风沙土地区有限降水的表层截留，利于作物生长。
5、采用人工模拟降雨试验，研究了生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤的抗蚀性的影响。生物炭施用可对土壤产流时间起到微弱的延迟作用。在容重相同的初次风干土直接降雨过程中，生物炭施用不会起到减少地表径流作用；而由于生物炭对土壤团聚体稳定性的提高作用，初次降雨径流量的增加并未引起泥沙产量相应增加。生物炭施用对土壤收缩的降低效果，使得二次降雨过程中土壤结构优于空白处理，土壤入渗能力提高。二次降雨中，生物炭施用对粉粒和砂粒含量较高的黑垆土、黄绵土和沙黄土3种土壤均体现了较好的减流减沙效果。生物炭施用可对黄土高原典型土壤的抗蚀性起到促进作用。
通过黄土高原五种土壤多种指标分析发现，生物炭施用一般对质地较差、肥力水平较低土壤的改良效果较好；对塿土、黑垆土等粘性较强土壤则作用效果有限，且不稳定。同时在本研究所用的较低生物炭施用量下，生物炭的影响效果总体有限，多数指标表现为更高的施用量下效果更好，需要结合考虑增加生物炭施用量或辅以其他技术措施来促进生物炭的土壤改良效果。短期内，生物炭施用对土壤性状的影响效果不大，需要建立长期监测体系，来进一步评价生物炭施用对黄土高原典型土壤理化性质的影响过程和作用效果。
Loess Plateau is the most serious soil erosion region in the world. The localagricultural production and ecological restoration has been limited in some extent by poorsoil fertility, water shortages, and serious erosion. The improvement effects of biocharapplication on soil properties and plant growth has become a new research focus.
In this study, five typical soil types (Lou soil, Dark Loessial soil, Loessal soil,Shahuang soil, Aeolian sandy soil) spread across the Loess Plateau and one type of biochar(made from sewdust) were chosen as the test materials for the incubation and fieldexperiments. Biochar was mixed with the soils at the rates of0、4、8、16g/kg.0-10cm and10-20cm layers were sampled separately four times in the experiment period fromNovember2010to November2012. Soil pH, CEC, organic carbon content, bulk density,soil aggregates, soil water properties were characterized. Simulation rainfall experimentwas done with the soil incubated with18months to indicate the effect of biocharapplication on soil erodibiltiy. The main research findings are shown as follows:
(1) Effects of biochar application on soil pH and CEC were determinated. Impacts ofbiochar application on soil pH were influenced by the basic properties of biochar and theamended soil. The pH of the alkaline soils in the Loess Plateau would not be increased bythe application of biochar with lower pH value. The results of the incubation experimentshowed that biochar application has the potential abilitiy to restrict soil salinization processin some extent, the restrct effcet would be better in the Aeolian sandy soil with low ferlity.Biochar appliction didn’t increase soil CEC significantly in all the five soils in theexperiment. The steady increasing effcet on soil CEC was only shown in the Aeolian sandysoil with lower fertility. The higher biochar application rate would get higher soil CEC. Inthe two years experiment period, the oxidation of biochar didn’t effectively promote soilCEC increasing.
(2) Effects of biochar application on soil microbial biomass canbon, soil organiccarbon and soil density fraction were determinated. Biochar application would increase soilmicrobial biomass carbon content. The results were shown in both the incuabtion and fieldexperiment and were more significant in the longer experiment period. The increasingeffect of soil microbial biomass by biochar application was much better in the Aeoliansandy soil, followed by the Shahuang soil, Loessal soil and Lou soil, Dark loessial soil.The determined soil orgnic carbon contents in the soil and the hervy fraction were bothincreased significantly by biochar application. Because that biochar contains some part ofheavy fraction, soil organo-mineral complex content, which was determined by heavydensity fraction and dichromate oxidation (external heat applied) method, couldn’t be usedas the indice to show the soil improvement effect of biochar application.
(3) Effects of biochar application on soil bulk density and soil aggregates weredeterminated. Biochar application showed the trend to decrease the soil bulk density, whilethe significant decreasing effect only shown in Aeolian sandy soil. Biochar applicationdidn’t influece the soil aggreagate distribution in the air-drying sieving. However, biocharapplication showed the improvement effect on soil aggregates stability. The improvementeffects were shown more obviously and earlier in the Lou soil and Dark loessial soil, whilein the Shahuang soil and Loessal soil the increasing tendency was shown n the secondexperiment year.
(4) Effects of biochar application on soil water properties were determinated. Biocharapplication didn’t significantly influence the soil water hold capacity and soil saturatedhydraulic conductivity in Lou soil, Dark loessial soil, Shahuang soil and Loessal soil. Butit can increase the soil water hold capacity and decrease saturated hydraulic conductivity ofAeolian sandy soil with coarse-texture and amounts of macropores. The influence effectwas better when higher biochar application rate was used. The decreased soil hydraulicconductivity by biochar application in the sandy soils was benefit to store the rainfall in thesurface layer and supply the plant growth.
(5) Effects of biochar application on soil erosion in two kinds of rainfall event weredeterminated by simulation rainfall experiment. The results showed that biocharapplication can weakly delay the time to runoff. In the first rainfall event with air-dryingsoil, the runoff amount wasn’t decreased in the biochar amended soils. Becaused of the increased soil stability, the sediment amount were not incrased. The restrain effect ofbiochar applicaion on soil shrinkage lead to the better soil structure and was conducive tothe increase of soil infiltration. The second rainfall event showed that soil erosion chouldbe decreased by biochar application in Dark loessial soil, Shahuang soil and Loessal soil.Biochar application could increase soil stability and decrease soil erosion in the LoessPlateau.
From the study, we found that biochar appliation has the better improvement effect onthe coarse-texture and unfertility soils. The improvement effect was limited with thebiochar application rate of the study, and higher biohcar application rate had the tendencyto get better improvement effect. Higher application rate of biochar or application withother materials would get better soil amendment effect in the Loess Plateau. In therelatively short experiment period, biochar application didn’t show the steadyimprovement effect. Long period montoring system should be set up to assess the influenceprocess and comprehensively assess biochar application effects on soil properties.
引文
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