运动中多目标追踪下多特征刺激对视觉选择性注意影响的研究
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摘要
视觉选择性注意属于注意领域研究中的一个子领域。伴随着20世纪60年代认知心理学的兴起,视觉选择性注意开始由纯心理学注意研究转向与其它学科相结合进行综合研究。近年来,认知心理学与神经心理学、医学、计算机科学等结合进一步促进了综合性认知科学的发展,这也为注意领域的研究提供了必要的理论与方法基础。在计算机科学领域,从事计算机图像信息处理的研究者对人类视觉注意机制给予了广泛关注。他们将心理学和信息处理科学这两大学科的研究内容融会贯通,初步形成了一些切实可行的技术方案。自20世纪中后期开始,侧重于注意特点的视觉选择性注意研究比较多见。而在体育运动领域,我国对该方面的研究并不多,直到最近几年才有研究者开始涉足运动中的视觉选择性注意问题。由此看来,运动中的视觉选择性注意问题将是今后科学研究的热点问题之一。本研究分三部分,第一部分为理论研究,在该部分首先对相关概念、选择性注意已有理论及研究范式进行了细致分析与概述,指出已有研究的主要议题及存在问题,从而进一步提出本研究的目的；第二部分为实验部分,通过多目标追踪实验,验证视觉追踪过程中影响视觉选择性注意的特征因素,如数量、颜色等,实验结果证实(1)客体物理属性会对视觉选择性注意产生影响；(2)伴随小球数量的增加,被试的反应时间相应延长,说明客体的个数对被试反应时影响显著；(3)颜色变化也会影响被试的反应时间,但在反应态度方面无显著差异；(4)改变运动速度会影响被试在视觉追踪过程中的注意判断。速度越快,追踪正确率越低。第三部分在上述实验基础上,综合分析影响视觉选择性注意的因素,旨在探讨视觉选择性注意的加工方式。
Visual selective attention is a field belonging to attention study. With the rise of cognitive psychology in 1960s, the study of visual selective attention began to integrate with other subjects from the angle of simple psychology. Recent years, cognitive psychology related to other subjects such as neural psychology, medical science and computer science, which proved to be helpful to the development of all-around cognitive science. In the field of computer science, researchers who engaged to the information processing of computer image paid more attention to the mechanism of visual selective attention. They digested psychology to information processing to come into being feasible methods. After 20th century, more and more studies of visual selective attention pias to the attentional specialties. In sports field, native researches about this were not familiar, only a few people involved into it. Thus this can be seen, visual selective attention within the sport realm will be the most important topic for discussion. The study consists of three parts. The first part is theory study which summarizes related notion, part selective attentional theory and research model. On this condition, we point out hot spot in this field and our study intention. The second part investigated physical property such as feature (number, color etc.). We used multiple-object-tracking paradigm to discuss this matter in dynamic visual selective attention. The results showed:(1) object features can effect the visual selective attention; (2) with the increase of ball number, the reaction time is also delayed; (3) color change can also influence the tracking performance; (4)Speed changing even can influence the attentional judgment in visual tracking. The faster the speed is, the lower the tracking accuracy. At the basis of experimentation, we analyzed all factors which affect the performance in visual selective attention.
Visual selective attention is a field belonging to attention study. With the rise of cognitive psychology in 1960s, the study of visual selective attention began to integrate with other subjects from the angle of simple psychology. Recent years, cognitive psychology related to other subjects such as neural psychology, medical science and computer science, which proved to be helpful to the development of all-around cognitive science. In the field of computer science, researchers who engaged to the information processing of computer image paid more attention to the mechanism of visual selective attention. They digested psychology to information processing to come into being feasible methods. After 20th century, more and more studies of visual selective attention pias to the attentional specialties. In sports field, native researches about this were not familiar, only a few people involved into it. Thus this can be seen, visual selective attention within the sport realm will be the most important topic for discussion. The study consists of three parts. The first part is theory study which summarizes related notion, part selective attentional theory and research model. On this condition, we point out hot spot in this field and our study intention. The second part investigated physical property such as feature (number, color etc.). We used multiple-object-tracking paradigm to discuss this matter in dynamic visual selective attention. The results showed:(1) object features can effect the visual selective attention; (2) with the increase of ball number, the reaction time is also delayed; (3) color change can also influence the tracking performance; (4)Speed changing even can influence the attentional judgment in visual tracking. The faster the speed is, the lower the tracking accuracy. At the basis of experimentation, we analyzed all factors which affect the performance in visual selective attention.
引文
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[36]王健,朱祖祥(1997).视觉注意选择性的认知心理学理论研究进展.应用心理学,3(1),58-64.
[37]Eriksen, C W, Murphy, T(1987). Movement of attentional focus across the visual field:Acritical look at the evidence. Perception and Psychophysics,42(3),299-305.
[38]Larberge, D & Brown, V (1989). Theory of attentional operation in shape identification. Psychological Review,96(2),101-124.
[39]周义斌,张学民等(2006).空间方位及SOA对视觉选择性注意的影响.心理学探新,3：35-38.
[40]陈文峰,焦书兰(2005).选择性注意中的客体与空间因素.心理科学,28(2)：395-397.
[41]Posner, M I (ed.) (2004). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention. New York: Guilford Press,13-28.
[42]Shulman, G L, Remington, R W & Mclean, J P (1979). Moving attention through visual space. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,5,522-526.
[43]Remington, R.W (1980). Attention and Saccadic Eye Movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,6(4),726-744.
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