层状结构生物相容微胶囊的制备及其药物传输性能
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摘要
1991年，Decher等提出基于静电相互作用的层层自组装概念；1998年，M(o|¨)hwald等人将此技术应用于可去除的胶体颗粒，得到一种具有全新结构的微胶囊。本文通过层层自组装技术将聚电解质组装到胶体微粒上，去除胶体微粒模板后得到中空微胶囊，并探索了其在药物传输体系中的应用。首先利用无机沉淀法合成聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)掺杂的碳酸钙胶体微粒(CaCO_3(PSS))，在其表面层层组装PSS和聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐(PAH)。用乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)溶去碳酸钙后，得到内部填充PSS的微胶囊。这种微胶囊对带正电荷的小分子药物、荧光探针和大分子多糖具有强烈的自沉积效应，而排斥带负电荷的分子。以PSS／PAH微胶囊为药物载体，研究了抗癌药物柔红霉素(DNR)和阿霉素(DOX)的药物投料浓度、离子强度和温度等条件对药物在微胶囊内沉积的影响。定量分析结果表明，在更高的药物初始浓度、更高的盐浓度下可将更多的药物包埋到微胶囊中(在药物投料浓度为1mg／mL时，DNR和DOX在微胶囊内的浓度分别达到29.6mg／mL和32.0mg／mL。)。由于微胶囊中预先包埋的PSS会释放出来，去核后在微胶囊表面额外组装聚电解质则导致药物包埋效率的降低。研究了不同层数的微胶囊对DNR和DOX的控释性能，药物自微胶囊中的释放在最初四小时内遵循扩散控制的释放机理。
为制备生物相容性更好的微胶囊，采用天然多糖在碳酸钙微粒表面层层自组装，然后去核。碳酸钙模板的合成是在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)存在下通过硝酸钙与碳酸钠反应得到。通过热失重分析得出CMC在CaCO_3(CMC)中的含量为5.3％。将两种生物相容性多糖壳聚糖和海藻酸钠依次组装在CaCO_3(CMC)模板表面。Zeta-电位分析揭示了壳聚糖和海藻酸钠在碳酸钙表面的层层增长。将囊壁用戊二醛交联之后，微胶囊的稳定性显著提高。这样制备的壳聚糖／海藻酸钠微胶囊可自发包埋带正电荷的小分子物质如罗丹明6G。微胶囊的体外细胞培养显示出其具有良好的生物相容性。
采用包埋DOX的微胶囊进行体外细胞培养和体内动物试验。完全由多糖制备的微胶囊通过在CMC掺杂的CaCO_3微粒表面层层组装带相反电荷的壳聚糖和海藻酸钠，采用戊二醛交联囊壁，然后用EDTA去核。如此得到的微胶囊含有带负电的CMC，其在微胶囊中可能呈自由状态，或与第一层过量的壳聚糖形成络合物。这种微胶囊对带正电的DNR和DOX显示出强烈的富集效应，在药物投料浓度为1mg／mL时，两种药物在微胶囊内的浓度分别达到83.7mg/mL和88.6mg/mL。激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)和透射电镜(TEM)揭示了药物在微胶囊内均匀分布。被包埋的药物可以重新释放出来，并在起始阶段遵循扩散控制释放机理。采用包埋DOX的微胶囊进行动物试验，通过相差显微镜、CLSM和TEM等显微技术和吖啶橙、Hoechst33342和四氧化锇等染色方法证明载药微胶囊能够有效诱导HepG2肝癌细胞的凋亡。将HepG2肝癌细胞种植到BALB／c／nu裸鼠右前肢腋下产生肿瘤，采用载药微胶囊进行治疗。经4周体内培养，结果显示包埋的DOX(抑制率40.3％)比游离的DOX(抑制率30.6％)具有更好的治疗效果。
本文进一步合成了两端带有氨基的PEG，以其作为间隔基，将叶酸接枝到聚电解质微胶囊表面，利用叶酸和细胞表面的叶酸受体的特异识别作用，实现叶酸修饰微胶囊对肝癌细胞的特异性黏附，并初步评价了叶酸修饰微胶囊包埋阿霉素后对人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长抑制作用。
The Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly based on electrostatic interaction was initially introduced by Decher and co-workers in 1991. Later on, the technique was applied onto decomposable colloidal particles by Mohwald, Caruso, Donath and co-workers, followed by core removal to produce hollow microcapsules. We applied this novel strategy to incorporate and release anti-cancer drugs of daunorubicin (DNR) and doxorubicin (DOX) in preformed microcapsules. Oppositely charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were assembled onto PSS doped-CaCO_3 colloidal particles in a LbL manner to yield core-shell particles. After removal of the carbonate cores by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hollow microcapsules with entrapped PSS were fabricated, which showed spontaneous loading ability of positively charged DNR and DOX. The drug loading was confirmed qualitatively by observations under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning force microscopy (SEM). Quantification of the drug loading was performed under different conditions, revealing that a larger amount of drugs could be incorporated at higher drug feeding concentrations and higher salt concentrations. The DNR and DOX concentration in the microcapsule interiors can reach to 29.6mg/mL and 32.0 mg/mL, respectively, with a drug feeding concentration of 1mg/mL. However, putting additional polyelectrolyte layers on the microcapsules after core removal resulted in weaker drug loading efficiency due to the loss of PSS during assembly. The drug release behaviors from the microcapsules with different layer numbers were studied too, revealing a diffusion controlled release mechanism at the initial stage (4h).
Biocompatible multilayer microcapsules were fabricated by LbL self-assembly of natural polysaccharides onto CaCO_3 particles, following with core removal. The micron-sized CaCO_3 particles were synthesized by reaction between Ca(NO_3)_2 and Na_2CO_3 solutions in the existence of carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC). The incorporated amount of CMC in the CaCO_3 particles was found to be 5.3wt% by thermogravimetric analysis. Two biocompatible polysaccharides, chitosan and sodium alginate were alternately deposited onto the CaCO_3(CMC) templates to obtain hollow microcapsules. Regular oscillation of surface charge as detected by zeta potential demonstrated that the assembly proceeded surely in an LbL manner. The stability of the microcapsules was effectively improved by crosslinking of chitosan with
glutaraldehyde. The chemical reaction was verified by infrared spectroscopy. The microcapsules thus fabricated could be spontaneously filled with positively charged low molecular weight substances such as rhodamine 6G and showed good biocompatibility as detected by in vitro cell culture. DNR and DOX can be effectively encapsulated into the fabricated (CMC)/(chitosan/alginate)_5 microcapsules. The drug concentration can be as high as 83.7 mg/mL and 88.6mg/mL for DNR and DOX, respectively, with the drug feeding concentration of 1mg/mL. The entrapped drugs can be released again in a diffusion controlled manner in the initial stage (～2h).
The DOX loaded microcapsules were further used to treat tumor by in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal experiments. The microcapsules composed of totally polysaccharides were fabricated by deposition of oppositely charged chitosan and alginate onto CMC doped CaCO_3 colloidal particles in an LbL fashion, followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and decomposition of the cores by EDTA. The as-prepared microcapsules contain negatively charged CMC, which may either in a free state or most possibly coupled with the excess chitosan of the first layer. They showed strong ability to accumulate the positively charged DOX with a factor of tens to hundreds, i.e. the drug concentration within the microcapsules was hundreds times higher than the feeding concentration. CLSM and TEM observed homogeneous distribution of the drug. In vitro experiment showed that the encapsulated drug can effectively induce the apoptosis of HepG2 tumor cells, as evidenced by various microscopy techniques after acridine orange, Hoechst 33342 and osmium tetraoxide staining, respectively. By seeding the HepG2 hepatoma cells into BALB/c/nu mice, tumors were created for the experimental studies. The results showed that the encapsulated DOX had better efficacy than that of the free drug in terms of tumor inhibition in a 4 week in vivo culture period.
For the purpose of targeted delivery of microcapsules onto cancer cells, folic acids (FA) were immobilized onto polyelectrolyte microcapsules through the linkage of diamino terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The FA modified microcapsules can selectively adsorb onto SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells via folate receptor mediated specific recognition. DOX loaded FA modified microcapsules had better inhibition efficacy to HepG2 cells than that of the free drug in the same culture period.
为制备生物相容性更好的微胶囊，采用天然多糖在碳酸钙微粒表面层层自组装，然后去核。碳酸钙模板的合成是在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)存在下通过硝酸钙与碳酸钠反应得到。通过热失重分析得出CMC在CaCO_3(CMC)中的含量为5.3％。将两种生物相容性多糖壳聚糖和海藻酸钠依次组装在CaCO_3(CMC)模板表面。Zeta-电位分析揭示了壳聚糖和海藻酸钠在碳酸钙表面的层层增长。将囊壁用戊二醛交联之后，微胶囊的稳定性显著提高。这样制备的壳聚糖／海藻酸钠微胶囊可自发包埋带正电荷的小分子物质如罗丹明6G。微胶囊的体外细胞培养显示出其具有良好的生物相容性。
采用包埋DOX的微胶囊进行体外细胞培养和体内动物试验。完全由多糖制备的微胶囊通过在CMC掺杂的CaCO_3微粒表面层层组装带相反电荷的壳聚糖和海藻酸钠，采用戊二醛交联囊壁，然后用EDTA去核。如此得到的微胶囊含有带负电的CMC，其在微胶囊中可能呈自由状态，或与第一层过量的壳聚糖形成络合物。这种微胶囊对带正电的DNR和DOX显示出强烈的富集效应，在药物投料浓度为1mg／mL时，两种药物在微胶囊内的浓度分别达到83.7mg/mL和88.6mg/mL。激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)和透射电镜(TEM)揭示了药物在微胶囊内均匀分布。被包埋的药物可以重新释放出来，并在起始阶段遵循扩散控制释放机理。采用包埋DOX的微胶囊进行动物试验，通过相差显微镜、CLSM和TEM等显微技术和吖啶橙、Hoechst33342和四氧化锇等染色方法证明载药微胶囊能够有效诱导HepG2肝癌细胞的凋亡。将HepG2肝癌细胞种植到BALB／c／nu裸鼠右前肢腋下产生肿瘤，采用载药微胶囊进行治疗。经4周体内培养，结果显示包埋的DOX(抑制率40.3％)比游离的DOX(抑制率30.6％)具有更好的治疗效果。
本文进一步合成了两端带有氨基的PEG，以其作为间隔基，将叶酸接枝到聚电解质微胶囊表面，利用叶酸和细胞表面的叶酸受体的特异识别作用，实现叶酸修饰微胶囊对肝癌细胞的特异性黏附，并初步评价了叶酸修饰微胶囊包埋阿霉素后对人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长抑制作用。
The Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly based on electrostatic interaction was initially introduced by Decher and co-workers in 1991. Later on, the technique was applied onto decomposable colloidal particles by Mohwald, Caruso, Donath and co-workers, followed by core removal to produce hollow microcapsules. We applied this novel strategy to incorporate and release anti-cancer drugs of daunorubicin (DNR) and doxorubicin (DOX) in preformed microcapsules. Oppositely charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were assembled onto PSS doped-CaCO_3 colloidal particles in a LbL manner to yield core-shell particles. After removal of the carbonate cores by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hollow microcapsules with entrapped PSS were fabricated, which showed spontaneous loading ability of positively charged DNR and DOX. The drug loading was confirmed qualitatively by observations under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning force microscopy (SEM). Quantification of the drug loading was performed under different conditions, revealing that a larger amount of drugs could be incorporated at higher drug feeding concentrations and higher salt concentrations. The DNR and DOX concentration in the microcapsule interiors can reach to 29.6mg/mL and 32.0 mg/mL, respectively, with a drug feeding concentration of 1mg/mL. However, putting additional polyelectrolyte layers on the microcapsules after core removal resulted in weaker drug loading efficiency due to the loss of PSS during assembly. The drug release behaviors from the microcapsules with different layer numbers were studied too, revealing a diffusion controlled release mechanism at the initial stage (4h).
Biocompatible multilayer microcapsules were fabricated by LbL self-assembly of natural polysaccharides onto CaCO_3 particles, following with core removal. The micron-sized CaCO_3 particles were synthesized by reaction between Ca(NO_3)_2 and Na_2CO_3 solutions in the existence of carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC). The incorporated amount of CMC in the CaCO_3 particles was found to be 5.3wt% by thermogravimetric analysis. Two biocompatible polysaccharides, chitosan and sodium alginate were alternately deposited onto the CaCO_3(CMC) templates to obtain hollow microcapsules. Regular oscillation of surface charge as detected by zeta potential demonstrated that the assembly proceeded surely in an LbL manner. The stability of the microcapsules was effectively improved by crosslinking of chitosan with
glutaraldehyde. The chemical reaction was verified by infrared spectroscopy. The microcapsules thus fabricated could be spontaneously filled with positively charged low molecular weight substances such as rhodamine 6G and showed good biocompatibility as detected by in vitro cell culture. DNR and DOX can be effectively encapsulated into the fabricated (CMC)/(chitosan/alginate)_5 microcapsules. The drug concentration can be as high as 83.7 mg/mL and 88.6mg/mL for DNR and DOX, respectively, with the drug feeding concentration of 1mg/mL. The entrapped drugs can be released again in a diffusion controlled manner in the initial stage (～2h).
The DOX loaded microcapsules were further used to treat tumor by in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal experiments. The microcapsules composed of totally polysaccharides were fabricated by deposition of oppositely charged chitosan and alginate onto CMC doped CaCO_3 colloidal particles in an LbL fashion, followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and decomposition of the cores by EDTA. The as-prepared microcapsules contain negatively charged CMC, which may either in a free state or most possibly coupled with the excess chitosan of the first layer. They showed strong ability to accumulate the positively charged DOX with a factor of tens to hundreds, i.e. the drug concentration within the microcapsules was hundreds times higher than the feeding concentration. CLSM and TEM observed homogeneous distribution of the drug. In vitro experiment showed that the encapsulated drug can effectively induce the apoptosis of HepG2 tumor cells, as evidenced by various microscopy techniques after acridine orange, Hoechst 33342 and osmium tetraoxide staining, respectively. By seeding the HepG2 hepatoma cells into BALB/c/nu mice, tumors were created for the experimental studies. The results showed that the encapsulated DOX had better efficacy than that of the free drug in terms of tumor inhibition in a 4 week in vivo culture period.
For the purpose of targeted delivery of microcapsules onto cancer cells, folic acids (FA) were immobilized onto polyelectrolyte microcapsules through the linkage of diamino terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The FA modified microcapsules can selectively adsorb onto SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells via folate receptor mediated specific recognition. DOX loaded FA modified microcapsules had better inhibition efficacy to HepG2 cells than that of the free drug in the same culture period.
引文
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