无源光网络及其光子网格应用的关键技术研究
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摘要
随着带宽密集型应用，如互动视频和多媒体业务的普及，网络带宽需求不断增长，波分复用无源光网络（WDM-PON）被视为实现下一代光接入网很有潜力的备选方案之一。WDM-PON提供给每一个用户专用的波长带宽，并具有灵活带宽管理能力。本论文的前半部分将涉及到WDM-PON中三种技术：组播传送机制、保护切换机制和可调FP-LD自激励技术。后半部分，我们提出将波分复用光接入网与网格应用相结合，利用光接入网来连接广泛分布在网络中丰富的计算资源，作为网格应用的虚拟计算平台，形成所谓的“光子网格”系统，以实现大规模科学、工程或商业网格计算应用。网格应用可以是大数据量的简单汇聚传输，也可以是一组相互关联任务集的复杂执行。由于光子网格系统涉及到许多不同种类异构的网格资源和网络资源，这些资源发生故障似乎不可避免。本论文也研究了在实时的光子网格系统中资源容错的调度技术，最大化网格应用的可靠性。
具体研究工作可分为以下几个方面：
1．光组播传送机制
在WDM-PON系统中，光组播传送机制是在光物理层上建立一对多的光路径，这不仅降低了网络层中电的网络处理器或路由器的处理负载，还可以达到较高的处理速率。本论文提出两种新颖的光组播传送机制：
1）基于波长反射器的动态波长偏射机制。该机制结构简单，在每一个波长通道中配置一个波长反射器，选择性叠加组播数据。在OLT处完成动态、快速、有效的组播重配置操作，对所有ONU完全透明，管理方便。而且ONU采用重调制机制，避免了使用光源和有色器件，大大降低网络成本和设备复杂度。
2）基于集成的DPMZM的射频信号控制机制。通过简单的打开或关闭每一个波长通道中施加在DPMZM一个驱动臂上的射频控制信号，可以实现动态、灵活的组播传送技术，也便于集中式管理。由于下行单播和组播信号分别承载于同一波长通道中的不同子载频，这不仅消除了可能的瑞利反射效应，而且不需要射频信号的相位精确匹配，容易控制，大大降低了配置成本和系统实现的复杂度。
2．自动保护切换机制具有自动保护切换功能的WDM-PON系统可以避免由于光线链路故障而导致的巨大数据损失，增强了PON体系结构的生存性能。本论文设计并实验演示了两种新颖的自动保护切换机制，一个应用在单PON结构中，另一个适用于双PON系统：
1）单PON系统中集中式控制的智能保护切换机制。它同时监控着工作路径和保护路径上的光功率，并对两路检测结果进行逻辑判断，这使得该保护切换机制能够应用在更加实际的操作环境中，实现有效的保护切换操作。根据功率检测单元记录的检测结果，可以具体了解哪一根光纤链路发生故障，这有利于实现快速的故障修复。ONU采用重调制技术，结构简单、成本低廉。
2）双PON系统中分布式控制的互保护机制。它能够提供1+1下行保护和1:1上行保护能力，并利用邻近PON中的光纤链路和RN处的AWG同时保护馈入光纤和分布光纤的链路故障。相比于其他的保护结构，该双PON体系结构使用的额外的保护光纤数量最少，波长资源利用率最高。
3．上行多波长共享PON系统设计及其应用基于我们设计的可调FP-LD自激励模块，提出了一种新颖的UMWS-PON系统方案，实现了上行多波长共享和灵活调度，大大提升了上行传输能力，并提出将光接入网与网格应用相结合，实现大数据量文件的资源调度算法。本研究工作涉及到三个方面：
1）可调自激励FP-LD模块的输出及传输性能：实验研究了单模激励的边模抑制比，波长和功率稳定性，可调谐范围等。实验测量了1.25Gbit/s上行数据的误码率传输性能。
2）上行波长共享的性能增益及波长通道切换延迟对网络性能的影响：仿真实验结果表明，在ONU业务负载的异构性较大或通道切换时间较小的情况下，提出的UMWS-PON的性能优势变得更加明显。
3）将光接入网UMWS-PON与网格应用相结合，实现大数据量文件的资源调度算法：分析及建模大文件汇聚的数学问题，提出“最大文件优先和首次合适优先机制”算法，有效地提升PON系统的吞吐率和最小化文件汇聚的完成时间。
4．光子网格系统中的资源容错调度技术光子网格一直被视为支持大规模分布式计算应用很有潜力的虚拟计算平台。本研究工作分别针对网络链路故障和网格资源故障，提出了两种资源容错调度算法：
1）基于光链路保护的可靠性驱动调度算法。提出的调度算法在满足DAG应用实时性要求的前提下，试图用一种成本有效的方式不断迭代地提升应用的可靠性。仿真实验结果表明，该算法在应用可靠性、网络资源利用率等方面都取得良好的性能，并对DAG应用最晚完成时间要求具有一定的自适应性。特别是在应用有着较高的实时性要求时，该算法可以给光子网格系统带来更多的性能增益。
2）基于网格资源保护的容错性调度算法。采用主、备保护方法，将一个计算任务的两个拷贝同时分配到两个不同的网格资源节点上。这大大提升了应用的可靠性，并且仿真表明在可利用的网络资源较多的情况下，引入的调度长度开销也较小。
论文最后，总结了主要的研究成果及其创新点，提出了还有待进一步研究的问题。
The bandwidth-intensive applications, such as interactive video and multimediaservices, have further increased the demand of bandwidth. Thus wavelength divisionmultiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) is viewed as a promising candidate torealize the next generation optical access networks due to its dedicated bandwidth for eachsubscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The first half of this thesis willcover three technologies in a WDM-PON, including multicast overlay scheme, automaticprotection switching scheme and tunable Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) self-seedingscheme. In the second half of the thesis, WDM optical network is utilized as a promisingvirtual computing environment, which connects widely distributed computing resources tosupport large-scale scientific, engineering or commercial computing applications. It is socalled “optical Grid” system. Grid applications may range from the simple transfer of alarge data set to the complex execution of a collection of interdependent tasks. Especially,we for the first time introduce the optical Grid applications into WDM optical accessnetworks to realize massive data aggregations. However, for such a system involvingmany heterogeneous computing and network resources, faults seem to be inevitable. Thisthesis will also address the issue of maximizing grid application availability in real-timeoptical Grid systems through resource-fault-tolerant scheduling techniques.
We will briefly discuss our works in the following sub-topics.
1. Multicast Overlay Scheme in WDM-PONs
Multicast overlay scheme in WDM-PONs can be realized by establishing one-to-many light paths on the optical layer, and thus reduces the loading of the electronicnetwork processors or routers on the network layer and achieves much higher processingspeed. In this thesis, we have proposed our two feasible schemes to overlay multicasttransmission onto the existing point-to-point traffic in a WDM-PON.
1）In the first approach, by using a dynamic wavelength reflector in each WDM channel,OLT selectively enable the multicast data imposed on the corresponding downstreamunicast carrier. Several different configrations of the wavelength reflector are presented, which is composed of some mature and simple devices. The reconfigurablemulticast control is centralized in the OLT and is transparent to all ONUs. No lightsource is needed in the ONUs by employing re-modulation technique.
2）The second approach uses a dual-parallel MZM in each wavelength channel togenerate the optical sidebands for multicast DPSK data modulation. The downstreamNRZ unicast data is carried on the optical baseband carrier, which will be reused forthe upstream NRZ data at the respective ONU. By simply switching the RF controlsignal on or off, the centralized multicast function can be reconfigured dynamically. Asthe upstream signal and the multicast signal are carried on different subcarriers, thoughon the same fiber path, the Rayleigh backscattering effect is much alleviated.
2. Protection Switching Schemes in WDM-PONs
A survivable WDM-PON architecture which provides automatic protection switching(APS) capability can avoid enormous loss in data and business due to fiber cuts. We willpropose and demonstrate two novel survivable WDM-PON architectures:
1）Centrally-controlled intelligent protection scheme in a single WDM-PON: Bymonitoring the optical power of each channel on both the working and protection paths,the proposed scheme can perform an effective protection switching with the aid of theproposed logic decision unit in more practical operation scenarios. The scheme candeal with both the feeder fiber and the distribution fiber failures.
2）Cross-protection dual-PON-based architecture with colorless ONUs: It can provide1+1protection for downstream traffic and1:1protection for upstream data againstboth feeder fiber and distribution fiber failures by using the fiber links and AWGs ofthe neighboring WDM-PON. It has the minimum number of extra protection fibers,much improved wavelength utilization and better transmission performance comparedwith the other existing protection schemes.
3. Upstream Multi-Wavelength Shared PON
Providing cost-effective, smooth capacity upgrades while maintaining compatibilitywith existing PON standards will be of great concern for network operators. A novelUMWS-PON will be presented and demonstrated based on the proposed three possibleconfigurations of the tunable FP-LD self-seeding module at ONU. The PON not only upgrades easily upstream bandwidth capacity by introducing multiple wavelengths, butalso improves significantly bandwidth utilization by sharing all wavelength resources. Wealso study the impact of channel SL on the network performance. We for the first timeintroduce the optical Grid applications into optical access networks, more especially, intothe proposed UMWS-PON, to realize large data file aggregations. The Time-WavelengthCo-Allocation (TWCA) Problem is defined and an effective greedy approach to thisproblem is presented for the aggreagation applications. The simulations demonstrate thatthe performance is improved significantly by using our proposed “Longest File First-First-Fit first (LFF-FF)” algorithm.
4. DAG Applications in Optical Grids
Because optical grid systems generally involve many heterogeneous computing andnetwork resources, network or Grid resource faults seem to be inevitable. We haveproposed two resource-fault-tolerant scheduling schemes for optical Grid applications:
1）The first scheme focus only on optical link failures, the proposed Availability-DrivenScheduling (ADS) scheme improves the availability iteratively under the applicationdeadline requirements. Its performance advantages will be stated clearly in thecomparison with two other DAG scheduling schemes in different network scenarios.
2）The second one addresses the case of grid resource failures in optical Grids by using aprimary-backup approach. It allocates simultaneously two copies of each computationtask to two different Grid resources. Through simulation results, we can see that itimproves greatly application availability and induces less the overhead in schedulinglength when the more network resources are available.
In the end, a brief summary of all discussed topics in this thesis is given. The maincontributions of this thesis and several further studies or worth studies are pointed out atthis part.
具体研究工作可分为以下几个方面：
1．光组播传送机制
在WDM-PON系统中，光组播传送机制是在光物理层上建立一对多的光路径，这不仅降低了网络层中电的网络处理器或路由器的处理负载，还可以达到较高的处理速率。本论文提出两种新颖的光组播传送机制：
1）基于波长反射器的动态波长偏射机制。该机制结构简单，在每一个波长通道中配置一个波长反射器，选择性叠加组播数据。在OLT处完成动态、快速、有效的组播重配置操作，对所有ONU完全透明，管理方便。而且ONU采用重调制机制，避免了使用光源和有色器件，大大降低网络成本和设备复杂度。
2）基于集成的DPMZM的射频信号控制机制。通过简单的打开或关闭每一个波长通道中施加在DPMZM一个驱动臂上的射频控制信号，可以实现动态、灵活的组播传送技术，也便于集中式管理。由于下行单播和组播信号分别承载于同一波长通道中的不同子载频，这不仅消除了可能的瑞利反射效应，而且不需要射频信号的相位精确匹配，容易控制，大大降低了配置成本和系统实现的复杂度。
2．自动保护切换机制具有自动保护切换功能的WDM-PON系统可以避免由于光线链路故障而导致的巨大数据损失，增强了PON体系结构的生存性能。本论文设计并实验演示了两种新颖的自动保护切换机制，一个应用在单PON结构中，另一个适用于双PON系统：
1）单PON系统中集中式控制的智能保护切换机制。它同时监控着工作路径和保护路径上的光功率，并对两路检测结果进行逻辑判断，这使得该保护切换机制能够应用在更加实际的操作环境中，实现有效的保护切换操作。根据功率检测单元记录的检测结果，可以具体了解哪一根光纤链路发生故障，这有利于实现快速的故障修复。ONU采用重调制技术，结构简单、成本低廉。
2）双PON系统中分布式控制的互保护机制。它能够提供1+1下行保护和1:1上行保护能力，并利用邻近PON中的光纤链路和RN处的AWG同时保护馈入光纤和分布光纤的链路故障。相比于其他的保护结构，该双PON体系结构使用的额外的保护光纤数量最少，波长资源利用率最高。
3．上行多波长共享PON系统设计及其应用基于我们设计的可调FP-LD自激励模块，提出了一种新颖的UMWS-PON系统方案，实现了上行多波长共享和灵活调度，大大提升了上行传输能力，并提出将光接入网与网格应用相结合，实现大数据量文件的资源调度算法。本研究工作涉及到三个方面：
1）可调自激励FP-LD模块的输出及传输性能：实验研究了单模激励的边模抑制比，波长和功率稳定性，可调谐范围等。实验测量了1.25Gbit/s上行数据的误码率传输性能。
2）上行波长共享的性能增益及波长通道切换延迟对网络性能的影响：仿真实验结果表明，在ONU业务负载的异构性较大或通道切换时间较小的情况下，提出的UMWS-PON的性能优势变得更加明显。
3）将光接入网UMWS-PON与网格应用相结合，实现大数据量文件的资源调度算法：分析及建模大文件汇聚的数学问题，提出“最大文件优先和首次合适优先机制”算法，有效地提升PON系统的吞吐率和最小化文件汇聚的完成时间。
4．光子网格系统中的资源容错调度技术光子网格一直被视为支持大规模分布式计算应用很有潜力的虚拟计算平台。本研究工作分别针对网络链路故障和网格资源故障，提出了两种资源容错调度算法：
1）基于光链路保护的可靠性驱动调度算法。提出的调度算法在满足DAG应用实时性要求的前提下，试图用一种成本有效的方式不断迭代地提升应用的可靠性。仿真实验结果表明，该算法在应用可靠性、网络资源利用率等方面都取得良好的性能，并对DAG应用最晚完成时间要求具有一定的自适应性。特别是在应用有着较高的实时性要求时，该算法可以给光子网格系统带来更多的性能增益。
2）基于网格资源保护的容错性调度算法。采用主、备保护方法，将一个计算任务的两个拷贝同时分配到两个不同的网格资源节点上。这大大提升了应用的可靠性，并且仿真表明在可利用的网络资源较多的情况下，引入的调度长度开销也较小。
论文最后，总结了主要的研究成果及其创新点，提出了还有待进一步研究的问题。
The bandwidth-intensive applications, such as interactive video and multimediaservices, have further increased the demand of bandwidth. Thus wavelength divisionmultiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) is viewed as a promising candidate torealize the next generation optical access networks due to its dedicated bandwidth for eachsubscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The first half of this thesis willcover three technologies in a WDM-PON, including multicast overlay scheme, automaticprotection switching scheme and tunable Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) self-seedingscheme. In the second half of the thesis, WDM optical network is utilized as a promisingvirtual computing environment, which connects widely distributed computing resources tosupport large-scale scientific, engineering or commercial computing applications. It is socalled “optical Grid” system. Grid applications may range from the simple transfer of alarge data set to the complex execution of a collection of interdependent tasks. Especially,we for the first time introduce the optical Grid applications into WDM optical accessnetworks to realize massive data aggregations. However, for such a system involvingmany heterogeneous computing and network resources, faults seem to be inevitable. Thisthesis will also address the issue of maximizing grid application availability in real-timeoptical Grid systems through resource-fault-tolerant scheduling techniques.
We will briefly discuss our works in the following sub-topics.
1. Multicast Overlay Scheme in WDM-PONs
Multicast overlay scheme in WDM-PONs can be realized by establishing one-to-many light paths on the optical layer, and thus reduces the loading of the electronicnetwork processors or routers on the network layer and achieves much higher processingspeed. In this thesis, we have proposed our two feasible schemes to overlay multicasttransmission onto the existing point-to-point traffic in a WDM-PON.
1）In the first approach, by using a dynamic wavelength reflector in each WDM channel,OLT selectively enable the multicast data imposed on the corresponding downstreamunicast carrier. Several different configrations of the wavelength reflector are presented, which is composed of some mature and simple devices. The reconfigurablemulticast control is centralized in the OLT and is transparent to all ONUs. No lightsource is needed in the ONUs by employing re-modulation technique.
2）The second approach uses a dual-parallel MZM in each wavelength channel togenerate the optical sidebands for multicast DPSK data modulation. The downstreamNRZ unicast data is carried on the optical baseband carrier, which will be reused forthe upstream NRZ data at the respective ONU. By simply switching the RF controlsignal on or off, the centralized multicast function can be reconfigured dynamically. Asthe upstream signal and the multicast signal are carried on different subcarriers, thoughon the same fiber path, the Rayleigh backscattering effect is much alleviated.
2. Protection Switching Schemes in WDM-PONs
A survivable WDM-PON architecture which provides automatic protection switching(APS) capability can avoid enormous loss in data and business due to fiber cuts. We willpropose and demonstrate two novel survivable WDM-PON architectures:
1）Centrally-controlled intelligent protection scheme in a single WDM-PON: Bymonitoring the optical power of each channel on both the working and protection paths,the proposed scheme can perform an effective protection switching with the aid of theproposed logic decision unit in more practical operation scenarios. The scheme candeal with both the feeder fiber and the distribution fiber failures.
2）Cross-protection dual-PON-based architecture with colorless ONUs: It can provide1+1protection for downstream traffic and1:1protection for upstream data againstboth feeder fiber and distribution fiber failures by using the fiber links and AWGs ofthe neighboring WDM-PON. It has the minimum number of extra protection fibers,much improved wavelength utilization and better transmission performance comparedwith the other existing protection schemes.
3. Upstream Multi-Wavelength Shared PON
Providing cost-effective, smooth capacity upgrades while maintaining compatibilitywith existing PON standards will be of great concern for network operators. A novelUMWS-PON will be presented and demonstrated based on the proposed three possibleconfigurations of the tunable FP-LD self-seeding module at ONU. The PON not only upgrades easily upstream bandwidth capacity by introducing multiple wavelengths, butalso improves significantly bandwidth utilization by sharing all wavelength resources. Wealso study the impact of channel SL on the network performance. We for the first timeintroduce the optical Grid applications into optical access networks, more especially, intothe proposed UMWS-PON, to realize large data file aggregations. The Time-WavelengthCo-Allocation (TWCA) Problem is defined and an effective greedy approach to thisproblem is presented for the aggreagation applications. The simulations demonstrate thatthe performance is improved significantly by using our proposed “Longest File First-First-Fit first (LFF-FF)” algorithm.
4. DAG Applications in Optical Grids
Because optical grid systems generally involve many heterogeneous computing andnetwork resources, network or Grid resource faults seem to be inevitable. We haveproposed two resource-fault-tolerant scheduling schemes for optical Grid applications:
1）The first scheme focus only on optical link failures, the proposed Availability-DrivenScheduling (ADS) scheme improves the availability iteratively under the applicationdeadline requirements. Its performance advantages will be stated clearly in thecomparison with two other DAG scheduling schemes in different network scenarios.
2）The second one addresses the case of grid resource failures in optical Grids by using aprimary-backup approach. It allocates simultaneously two copies of each computationtask to two different Grid resources. Through simulation results, we can see that itimproves greatly application availability and induces less the overhead in schedulinglength when the more network resources are available.
In the end, a brief summary of all discussed topics in this thesis is given. The maincontributions of this thesis and several further studies or worth studies are pointed out atthis part.
引文
[1] I. Kaminow and T. Li,“Optical Fiber Telecommunications IVB,” San Diego: Academic Press,2002.
[2]“Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers2(VDSL2),” ITU-T RecommendationG.993.2,2006.
[3] R. E. Wagner, J. R. Igel, R. Whitman, M. D. Vaughn, A. B. Ruffin, and S. Bickham,“Fiber-basedbroadband-access deployment in the United States,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology,vol.24, pp.4526-4540,2006.
[4] C-H. Lee, W. V. Sorin, and B. Y. Kim,“Fiber to the home using a PON infrastructure,” IEEEJournal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, pp.4568-4583,2006.
[5] ITUT standard G.983.1.
[6] ITUT standard G.984.1.
[7] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.3ah. Availableonline: http://www.ieee802.org/3/ah/index.html.
[8] J. George,“FTTH design with the future in mind: optical infrastructure scalable to25yearbandwidth demands,” Digest FTTH conference, Session7D,2005.
[9] C. Dragone, C. A. Edwards, and R. C. Kistler,“Integrated optics N×N multiplexer on silicon,”IEEE Photonic Technology Letters, vol.4, pp.896-899,1991.
[10] Press Release of Novera Optics Inc."Novera optics expands Korea telecom engagement withnew30,000-line DWDM PON deployment in Q1/2007,” Availableonline: http://www.noveraoptics.com/news/index.php#turbolight.
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