数字电视调制器方案的设计与实现
摘要
高清晰度数字电视(HDTV)技术是当前最先进的图象压缩编码技术和数字通信技术的结合。数字电视相关产品代表了今后几年甚至几十年内消费类电子产品市场的一个不可忽视的发展方向。
调制器是数字电视传输系统中的台端设备，是整个数字电视传输系统不可或缺的关键设备。设计得当的调制器具有良好的性能和低廉的成本，对于占领市场具有重要的意义。
本文给出了一种数字电视调制器的FPGA实现方案。探讨了该方案所涉及的几个关键问题。
本文的结构安排如下：
第一章介绍了数字电视的发展现状，并简要介绍了DVB-C传输体系，为后面方案的介绍做好了准备。
第二章给出了调制器的实现方案。方案设计的重点在于方案的灵活性，使之能够对不同的传输体制具有尽量好的适应性和可移植性。随后根据实现方案对前端接口进行了分析介绍。
第三章分析了调制器中所用到的数字锁相环。锁相环在本方案中作为前后速率的协调器起着重要的作用。调制器中对锁相环所提出的要求相对简单，本章主要根据调制器这个应用环境对锁相环进行简要的分析。
第四章分析了调制器末端用于采样转换的内插器。内插在调制器中的应用为方案良好的适应性提供了保证。
第五章给出了变带宽预均衡的实现方案。变带宽预均衡是变符号串传输必然要解决的问题，本章在分析的基础上给出了简单的实现方法，并且通过实践证明有效。
第六章对全文进行了总结与讨论。
HDTV (High Definition Television) technology integrates the most advanced image compressed encoding technology and the digital communication technology. The DTV-related products represent the developing trend in the consumer electronic market in the coming years.
The structure of this paper is arranged as follows:
The first chapter introduces the development of the DTV. The DVB-C transmission system is also introduced for the convenience of further introduction.
Chapter 2 provides the implementation scheme of DTV modulator. The design of the scheme is mainly in consideration of good adaptability for variable transmission systems.
Chapter 3 introduces the digital phase-locked-loop used in the modulator scheme. The digital PLL is of great importance in the control of the whole system. Since the performance request for the PLL in modulator is relatively loose, this chapter simply discusses the aspects according to the performance request.
Chapter 4 is mainly about interpolator used as sample rate converter. The used of interpolator makes the adaptability of the modulator scheme come true.
Chapter 5 presents a novel approach to implement the sample rate variable pre-equalizer in the modulator. Pre-equalizer is an option in the design of modulator, but it is always used in order to improve the quality of the IF-signal. Sample rate variable is a must for the pre-equalizer in this scheme. Analysis shows that the implementation of such pre-equalizer can be very simple and effective.
Chapter 6 concludes the whole paper and provides some discussion.
调制器是数字电视传输系统中的台端设备，是整个数字电视传输系统不可或缺的关键设备。设计得当的调制器具有良好的性能和低廉的成本，对于占领市场具有重要的意义。
本文给出了一种数字电视调制器的FPGA实现方案。探讨了该方案所涉及的几个关键问题。
本文的结构安排如下：
第一章介绍了数字电视的发展现状，并简要介绍了DVB-C传输体系，为后面方案的介绍做好了准备。
第二章给出了调制器的实现方案。方案设计的重点在于方案的灵活性，使之能够对不同的传输体制具有尽量好的适应性和可移植性。随后根据实现方案对前端接口进行了分析介绍。
第三章分析了调制器中所用到的数字锁相环。锁相环在本方案中作为前后速率的协调器起着重要的作用。调制器中对锁相环所提出的要求相对简单，本章主要根据调制器这个应用环境对锁相环进行简要的分析。
第四章分析了调制器末端用于采样转换的内插器。内插在调制器中的应用为方案良好的适应性提供了保证。
第五章给出了变带宽预均衡的实现方案。变带宽预均衡是变符号串传输必然要解决的问题，本章在分析的基础上给出了简单的实现方法，并且通过实践证明有效。
第六章对全文进行了总结与讨论。
HDTV (High Definition Television) technology integrates the most advanced image compressed encoding technology and the digital communication technology. The DTV-related products represent the developing trend in the consumer electronic market in the coming years.
The structure of this paper is arranged as follows:
The first chapter introduces the development of the DTV. The DVB-C transmission system is also introduced for the convenience of further introduction.
Chapter 2 provides the implementation scheme of DTV modulator. The design of the scheme is mainly in consideration of good adaptability for variable transmission systems.
Chapter 3 introduces the digital phase-locked-loop used in the modulator scheme. The digital PLL is of great importance in the control of the whole system. Since the performance request for the PLL in modulator is relatively loose, this chapter simply discusses the aspects according to the performance request.
Chapter 4 is mainly about interpolator used as sample rate converter. The used of interpolator makes the adaptability of the modulator scheme come true.
Chapter 5 presents a novel approach to implement the sample rate variable pre-equalizer in the modulator. Pre-equalizer is an option in the design of modulator, but it is always used in order to improve the quality of the IF-signal. Sample rate variable is a must for the pre-equalizer in this scheme. Analysis shows that the implementation of such pre-equalizer can be very simple and effective.
Chapter 6 concludes the whole paper and provides some discussion.
引文
[1] 黄劲，“有线电视新业务——数字电视”，中国有线电视，2003年第12期，Page(s)40-44．
[2] 杨延宁等，“数字电视视频标准基本参数的诠释”，中国有线电视，2003年第12期， Page(s)74-76．
[3] 刘修文，《数字电视有限传输技术》，电子工业出版社，2002年9月．
[4] DVB web sites: htrp://www.dvb.org, http://www.etsi.org
[5] ATSC web site: http://www.atsc.org
[6] European Broadcasting Union, "Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB); Framing strcture,channel coding and modulation for cable system", EN 300429 v1.2.1 (1998-04)
[7] ETSI, "Digital Video Broadcasting Framing strcture,channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television"
[8] ATSC, "ATSC Standard:Digital Television Standard, Revision B,with Amendment 1" ,ATSC Doc.A/53B,7~(th). August 2001.
[9] S.Nakahara, et al, "Digital transmission scheme for ISDB-T and reception characteristics of digital terrestrial television broadcasting system in Japan" ,IEEE Trans.Consumer Electronics,March, 1999.
[10] M.Uehara, et al, "Transmission scheme for terrestrial ISDB system" ,IEEE.Comsumer Electronics,vol.45,1999,pp. 101-106.
[11] 张建民等，“数字电视现行三种标准的比较”，世界广播电视，2000年9月，第14卷第9期．
[12] 徐孟侠，“数字电视的进展以及对中国发展数字电视的建议”，《电视技术》2001年第4期，pp4～11
[13] 国家广电总局，《我国有线电视向数字化过渡时间表》，2003年7月．
[14] 樊昌信等，《通信原理》第四版，国防工业出版社，1995年10月．
[15] John G Proakis, Digital communication,4~(th).Edition.McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc
[16] Lsilogic Datasheet, "L64767 SMATV QAM Encoder Datasheet" ,Apr. 1999.
[17] Lsilogic Datasheet, "L64777 DVB QAM Datasheet" ,Jun.2000.
[18] Scientific Atlanta product spec, Model D9752/D9390 Advanced Modulator, Nov.2002
[19] Scientific Atlanta product spec, QUASAR MKII Modulator.
[20] Analog Device Datasheet, "CMOS 200 MHz Quadrature Digital Upconverter" AD9856, Rev. B"
[21] Analog Device Datasheet, "CMOS 200 MSPS 14-Bit Quadrature Digital upconverter:AD9857, Rev. B"
[22] 杨小牛等，《软件无线电原理与应用》，电子工业出版社，2001年1月．
[23] 宗孔德等，《多抽样率信号处理》，清华大学出版社，1996．
[24] Philips standard, "The 12C Specification,Version 2.1" ,Jan.2000.
[25] European Standard EN 50083-9, "Cabled distribution systems for television, sound and interactive multimedia signals ;Part 9: Interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and similar
professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2 transport streams", Mar. 1997.
[26] Cypress Datasheet, "HOTLink~(TM) Transmitter/Receiver:CY7B923/CY7B933", Apr.5th.1999.
[27] Ray Schouten, "A Whitepaper on SRAM FPGA security"
[28] 刘晓明等，“用单片机实现SRAM工艺FPGA的加密应用”，单片机及嵌入式系统应用，2003年9月．
[29] Thomas Wollinger and Christof Paar, "How Secure Are FPGAs in Cryptographic Applications? ", 13th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications-FPL 2003, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1-3, 2003
[30] John McCollum, "Integrated Circuit Security in Military and Commercial Systems"
[31] Actel document, "Design Security in Nonvolatile Flash and Antifuse FPGAs", http://www.actel.com
[32] Jhong Sam Lee & Leonard E.Miller, "CDMA System Engineering Handbook" ,Artech House,Inc.
[33] International Standard, ISO/IEC 13818-1,Nov. 13th, 1994.
[34] Reto Brader, "Effects of Packet Interval Variation", Pixelmetrix Application Note-AN106.
[35] European Telecommunications Standards Institute/European Broadcasting Union,ETR 290 "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);Measurement guidelines for DVB systems", May. 1997.
[36] Clifford E. Cummings, "Synthesis and Scripting Techniques for Designing Multi-Asynchronous Clock Designs" , SNUG-2001 San Jose, CA
[37] Cypress document, "Are Your PLDs Metastable?" ,Mar.6th,1997. http://www.cypress.com.
[38] 万心平等，《锁相技术》，西安电子科技大学出版社，1989．
[39] 胡华春等，《数字锁相环路原理与应用》，上海科学技术出版社，1990年10月．
[40] 陈世伟，《锁相环路原理及应用》，兵器工业出版社，1990年6月．
[41] 郑继禹，《锁相同步理论》，重庆大学出版社，1991年4月．
[42] Floyd M.Gardner, "Interpolation in digital modems——Part Ⅰ:Fundamentals" ,IEEE Trans. On Comm.,vol.41 ,pp. 501-507,Mar. 1993.
[43] Lars Erup,Floyd M.Gardner,Robert A.Harris, "Interpolation in digital modems——Part Ⅱ:Implementation and performance" ,IEEE Trans. On Comm.,vol41,pp.998-1008,Jun. 1993.
[44] Gennaro Evangelista, "Design of Digital Systems for Arbitrary Sampling Rate Conversion", EURASIP SIGNAL PROCESSING
[45] E. B. Hogenauer, "An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech and Sign. Proc., vol. 29, pp. 155-162, Apr. 1981.
[46] Andreas Senst,et al, "Rate Conversion for Arbitrary Sampling Rate in the Transmit Path of Arbitral Transceiver" , IEEE Trans.Comm., vol. 61, pp. 692-702, Jun. 2001.
[47] Tim Hentschel,Matthias Henker, Gerhard Fettweis, "Sample Rate Conversion in Software Radio Terminals"
[48] Erik Meijering and Michael Unser, "A Note on Cubic Convolution Interpolation" ,IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,vol. 12,no.4,Apr.2003,pp.477-479.
[49] Sophocles J. Orfanidis,Introduction to Signal Processing,Prentice Hall International,Inc. 1996.
[50] John H.Mathews and Kurtis D.Fink, Numerical Methods Using MATLAB,3rd.Edition.Prentice
Hall,2001.
[51] Proakis J G Digital Communications.3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.152-232,648.
[52] Harris F. Implementing waveform shaping filters to pre-equalize gain and phase distortion of the analog signal processing path in DSP based modems. In: IEEE Comm Society. Proc. of Military Communications Conference, MILCOM'94, vol.2. Fort Monmouth, USA: IEEE, 1994. 633-638.
[53] Kambanellas A, Giannakis G B. Modulo pre-equalization of nonlinear communication channels. In: IEEE Signal Processing Society. Proc. of Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, SPAWC'99. Annapolis, USA: IEEE, 1999.46-49.
[2] 杨延宁等，“数字电视视频标准基本参数的诠释”，中国有线电视，2003年第12期， Page(s)74-76．
[3] 刘修文，《数字电视有限传输技术》，电子工业出版社，2002年9月．
[4] DVB web sites: htrp://www.dvb.org, http://www.etsi.org
[5] ATSC web site: http://www.atsc.org
[6] European Broadcasting Union, "Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB); Framing strcture,channel coding and modulation for cable system", EN 300429 v1.2.1 (1998-04)
[7] ETSI, "Digital Video Broadcasting Framing strcture,channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television"
[8] ATSC, "ATSC Standard:Digital Television Standard, Revision B,with Amendment 1" ,ATSC Doc.A/53B,7~(th). August 2001.
[9] S.Nakahara, et al, "Digital transmission scheme for ISDB-T and reception characteristics of digital terrestrial television broadcasting system in Japan" ,IEEE Trans.Consumer Electronics,March, 1999.
[10] M.Uehara, et al, "Transmission scheme for terrestrial ISDB system" ,IEEE.Comsumer Electronics,vol.45,1999,pp. 101-106.
[11] 张建民等，“数字电视现行三种标准的比较”，世界广播电视，2000年9月，第14卷第9期．
[12] 徐孟侠，“数字电视的进展以及对中国发展数字电视的建议”，《电视技术》2001年第4期，pp4～11
[13] 国家广电总局，《我国有线电视向数字化过渡时间表》，2003年7月．
[14] 樊昌信等，《通信原理》第四版，国防工业出版社，1995年10月．
[15] John G Proakis, Digital communication,4~(th).Edition.McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc
[16] Lsilogic Datasheet, "L64767 SMATV QAM Encoder Datasheet" ,Apr. 1999.
[17] Lsilogic Datasheet, "L64777 DVB QAM Datasheet" ,Jun.2000.
[18] Scientific Atlanta product spec, Model D9752/D9390 Advanced Modulator, Nov.2002
[19] Scientific Atlanta product spec, QUASAR MKII Modulator.
[20] Analog Device Datasheet, "CMOS 200 MHz Quadrature Digital Upconverter" AD9856, Rev. B"
[21] Analog Device Datasheet, "CMOS 200 MSPS 14-Bit Quadrature Digital upconverter:AD9857, Rev. B"
[22] 杨小牛等，《软件无线电原理与应用》，电子工业出版社，2001年1月．
[23] 宗孔德等，《多抽样率信号处理》，清华大学出版社，1996．
[24] Philips standard, "The 12C Specification,Version 2.1" ,Jan.2000.
[25] European Standard EN 50083-9, "Cabled distribution systems for television, sound and interactive multimedia signals ;Part 9: Interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and similar
professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2 transport streams", Mar. 1997.
[26] Cypress Datasheet, "HOTLink~(TM) Transmitter/Receiver:CY7B923/CY7B933", Apr.5th.1999.
[27] Ray Schouten, "A Whitepaper on SRAM FPGA security"
[28] 刘晓明等，“用单片机实现SRAM工艺FPGA的加密应用”，单片机及嵌入式系统应用，2003年9月．
[29] Thomas Wollinger and Christof Paar, "How Secure Are FPGAs in Cryptographic Applications? ", 13th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications-FPL 2003, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1-3, 2003
[30] John McCollum, "Integrated Circuit Security in Military and Commercial Systems"
[31] Actel document, "Design Security in Nonvolatile Flash and Antifuse FPGAs", http://www.actel.com
[32] Jhong Sam Lee & Leonard E.Miller, "CDMA System Engineering Handbook" ,Artech House,Inc.
[33] International Standard, ISO/IEC 13818-1,Nov. 13th, 1994.
[34] Reto Brader, "Effects of Packet Interval Variation", Pixelmetrix Application Note-AN106.
[35] European Telecommunications Standards Institute/European Broadcasting Union,ETR 290 "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);Measurement guidelines for DVB systems", May. 1997.
[36] Clifford E. Cummings, "Synthesis and Scripting Techniques for Designing Multi-Asynchronous Clock Designs" , SNUG-2001 San Jose, CA
[37] Cypress document, "Are Your PLDs Metastable?" ,Mar.6th,1997. http://www.cypress.com.
[38] 万心平等，《锁相技术》，西安电子科技大学出版社，1989．
[39] 胡华春等，《数字锁相环路原理与应用》，上海科学技术出版社，1990年10月．
[40] 陈世伟，《锁相环路原理及应用》，兵器工业出版社，1990年6月．
[41] 郑继禹，《锁相同步理论》，重庆大学出版社，1991年4月．
[42] Floyd M.Gardner, "Interpolation in digital modems——Part Ⅰ:Fundamentals" ,IEEE Trans. On Comm.,vol.41 ,pp. 501-507,Mar. 1993.
[43] Lars Erup,Floyd M.Gardner,Robert A.Harris, "Interpolation in digital modems——Part Ⅱ:Implementation and performance" ,IEEE Trans. On Comm.,vol41,pp.998-1008,Jun. 1993.
[44] Gennaro Evangelista, "Design of Digital Systems for Arbitrary Sampling Rate Conversion", EURASIP SIGNAL PROCESSING
[45] E. B. Hogenauer, "An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech and Sign. Proc., vol. 29, pp. 155-162, Apr. 1981.
[46] Andreas Senst,et al, "Rate Conversion for Arbitrary Sampling Rate in the Transmit Path of Arbitral Transceiver" , IEEE Trans.Comm., vol. 61, pp. 692-702, Jun. 2001.
[47] Tim Hentschel,Matthias Henker, Gerhard Fettweis, "Sample Rate Conversion in Software Radio Terminals"
[48] Erik Meijering and Michael Unser, "A Note on Cubic Convolution Interpolation" ,IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,vol. 12,no.4,Apr.2003,pp.477-479.
[49] Sophocles J. Orfanidis,Introduction to Signal Processing,Prentice Hall International,Inc. 1996.
[50] John H.Mathews and Kurtis D.Fink, Numerical Methods Using MATLAB,3rd.Edition.Prentice
Hall,2001.
[51] Proakis J G Digital Communications.3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.152-232,648.
[52] Harris F. Implementing waveform shaping filters to pre-equalize gain and phase distortion of the analog signal processing path in DSP based modems. In: IEEE Comm Society. Proc. of Military Communications Conference, MILCOM'94, vol.2. Fort Monmouth, USA: IEEE, 1994. 633-638.
[53] Kambanellas A, Giannakis G B. Modulo pre-equalization of nonlinear communication channels. In: IEEE Signal Processing Society. Proc. of Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, SPAWC'99. Annapolis, USA: IEEE, 1999.46-49.