介质内100keV-2 MeV中子能谱测量技术研究
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摘要
在核工程的理论设计中,需要测量介质内低能区的中子积分实验数据;在反应堆的概念设计中,结构材料及组合装置内低能区的实验数据显得尤为重要;在核数据的编评中,目前已有的实验数据主要集中在高能段,而高精度的低能段中子实验积分数据目前非常缺乏。因此开展介质内低能段中子能谱测量技术的研究是非常必要的。
本论文研究包括以下几个方面:
1、考虑在介质内部测量100 keV—2 MeV的中子能谱,充分分析比较了当前各种典型的中子探测谱仪的优劣,最终选择含氢正比计数管作为介质内中子能谱测量的探测器。
2、分析以前的资料和数据,结合将要开展实验的实际情况制作了一个球形含氢正比计数管样管;利用球形含氢正比计数管样管内壁的~(235)U涂层发射的α粒子对计数管的坪曲线、倍增因子和能量分辨进行了测量,确定了工作电压。
3、计算了影响计数管响应函数的两个主要因素:壁效应和非均匀性电场,将计算结果输入到含氢正比计数管单能中子响应函数MC程序,利用该程序对不同能量的单能中子在计数管内的响应函数进行了计算。
4、利用高压倍加器中子发生器产生的D-D和D-T中子以及静电加速器中子源产生的50 keV—1400 keV的低能中子对计数管单能中子能量响应及计数管的中子各向异性进行了研究,并对计算的响应函数进行标定。利用计数管内壁的~(235)U镀层发射的α粒子和加速器产生的准单能中子,对测量系统进行了能量刻度。
5、研究了含氢正比计数管测量得到的反冲质子谱的解谱方法。用逆矩阵结合最小二乘法编写了解谱程序,利用该程序对测量到的反冲质子谱进行了解谱。分析了几个解得的准单能中子谱,分析结果表明研制的球形含氢正比计数管可以用于介质内2 MeV以下中子能谱测量。
Integral experimental data in low-energy neutron inner medium are essential to theoretical design in nuclear engineering. Experimental data in low energy neutron are very important to structure materials and assemblies for principle design of fission and fusion reactor. At present, evaluated nuclear data are mostly composed of high energy neutron data. High precision data for low energy neutron are scarce. So, some measurement techniques have been developed to measure 100 keV-2 MeV neutron in medium in this paper.
Five aspects of the measurement technique for 100 keV-2 MeV neutron in medium were investigated as listed below:
1. Taken into account neutron field to be measured in medium and low energy of the neutron, performance of some neutron spectrometry were comprehensively compared and analyzed, spherical proton recoil proportional counter has been candidate as the detector to acquire neutron spectra.
2. Based on the further experiment, a spherical proton recoil proportional counter was developed by analyzing distributed data and papers. Energy resolution and volt performance of counter were tested, by using alpha particle emitted by ~(235)U coated at inner wall of spherical proton recoil proportional counter as calibration.
3. Wall effects and non-uniformity electric filed effects were calculated with Srim2003 and ANSYS10.0, respectively. The acquired data were inputted the MC code, which was used to simulate response function of counter for mono-energy neutron.
4. Several kinds of low mono-energetic neutrons induced by NS-200 neutron generator and 2.5 MeV proton accelerator were used to verify response function and anisotropy of spherical proton recoil proportional counter. Energy linearity of spectrometry was calibrated by Alpha particle from ~(235)U and mono-neutron from neutron generator.
5 Method of unfolding of pulse height spectra acquired was studied by spherical proton recoil proportional counter. The method of unfolding is based on the Least-squares and reverse-matrix method. The unfolded neutron spectra indicated that the spherical proton recoil proportional counter is capable of neutron measurement of (100 keV-2 MeV) neutron in medium.
本论文研究包括以下几个方面:
1、考虑在介质内部测量100 keV—2 MeV的中子能谱,充分分析比较了当前各种典型的中子探测谱仪的优劣,最终选择含氢正比计数管作为介质内中子能谱测量的探测器。
2、分析以前的资料和数据,结合将要开展实验的实际情况制作了一个球形含氢正比计数管样管;利用球形含氢正比计数管样管内壁的~(235)U涂层发射的α粒子对计数管的坪曲线、倍增因子和能量分辨进行了测量,确定了工作电压。
3、计算了影响计数管响应函数的两个主要因素:壁效应和非均匀性电场,将计算结果输入到含氢正比计数管单能中子响应函数MC程序,利用该程序对不同能量的单能中子在计数管内的响应函数进行了计算。
4、利用高压倍加器中子发生器产生的D-D和D-T中子以及静电加速器中子源产生的50 keV—1400 keV的低能中子对计数管单能中子能量响应及计数管的中子各向异性进行了研究,并对计算的响应函数进行标定。利用计数管内壁的~(235)U镀层发射的α粒子和加速器产生的准单能中子,对测量系统进行了能量刻度。
5、研究了含氢正比计数管测量得到的反冲质子谱的解谱方法。用逆矩阵结合最小二乘法编写了解谱程序,利用该程序对测量到的反冲质子谱进行了解谱。分析了几个解得的准单能中子谱,分析结果表明研制的球形含氢正比计数管可以用于介质内2 MeV以下中子能谱测量。
Integral experimental data in low-energy neutron inner medium are essential to theoretical design in nuclear engineering. Experimental data in low energy neutron are very important to structure materials and assemblies for principle design of fission and fusion reactor. At present, evaluated nuclear data are mostly composed of high energy neutron data. High precision data for low energy neutron are scarce. So, some measurement techniques have been developed to measure 100 keV-2 MeV neutron in medium in this paper.
Five aspects of the measurement technique for 100 keV-2 MeV neutron in medium were investigated as listed below:
1. Taken into account neutron field to be measured in medium and low energy of the neutron, performance of some neutron spectrometry were comprehensively compared and analyzed, spherical proton recoil proportional counter has been candidate as the detector to acquire neutron spectra.
2. Based on the further experiment, a spherical proton recoil proportional counter was developed by analyzing distributed data and papers. Energy resolution and volt performance of counter were tested, by using alpha particle emitted by ~(235)U coated at inner wall of spherical proton recoil proportional counter as calibration.
3. Wall effects and non-uniformity electric filed effects were calculated with Srim2003 and ANSYS10.0, respectively. The acquired data were inputted the MC code, which was used to simulate response function of counter for mono-energy neutron.
4. Several kinds of low mono-energetic neutrons induced by NS-200 neutron generator and 2.5 MeV proton accelerator were used to verify response function and anisotropy of spherical proton recoil proportional counter. Energy linearity of spectrometry was calibrated by Alpha particle from ~(235)U and mono-neutron from neutron generator.
5 Method of unfolding of pulse height spectra acquired was studied by spherical proton recoil proportional counter. The method of unfolding is based on the Least-squares and reverse-matrix method. The unfolded neutron spectra indicated that the spherical proton recoil proportional counter is capable of neutron measurement of (100 keV-2 MeV) neutron in medium.
引文
[1]丁大钊,叶春堂,赵志祥等.中子物理学—原理、方法与应用(上册).北京:原子能出版社,2001
[2]春雷主编.核武器概论.原子能出版社,1998
[3]复旦大学,清华大学,北京大学合编.原了核物理实验方法(上册).原子能出版社,1985.
[4]复旦大学,清华大学,北京大学合编.原子核物理实验方法(下册).原子能出版社,1986.
[5]97/98 EG&G ORTEC:Modular Pulse - Processing Electronics and semiconductor Radiation Detector.
[6]Sehour A,Sens J C.Nucl.Instr.Meth.,1999 Vol A420
[7]Cruzate,J.A.;Gregori,B.N.;Papadopulos,S.B.et al.,10th international Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association-IRPA,Hiroshima,Japon
[8]赵文容,勾成.原子能科学技术,1981,Vol3
[9]Kuijers L,et al.Nucl.Sci.Eng.,1977,Vol144
[10]McElroy W N,et al.Nucl.Sci.Eng.,1972,Vol48
[11]吴松茂,宋玲根.原子核物理,1987,9(1)
[12]R.J.Maqueda,Cris W.Barnes,S.S.Han,et al.,Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.68,No.1,January 1997
[13]Sekimoto H,et al.Nucl.Instr.Meth.,1981,Vol189,pp469
[14]安力,陈渊,郭海萍等.,兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2006,41
[15]安力,陈渊,王新华等.,核科学与技术,2006,2(3&4)
[16]P.W.Benjamin C.D.Kemshall J.Redfearn.AWRE Report NR2/64(1964)
[17]P.W.Benjamin C.D.Kemshall J.Redfearn.A High Resolution Spherical Proportional Counter,Nuclear Instruction and methods 59(1968)
[18]K.Knauf W.Vorbrugg.,The response of a cylindrical proton recoil proportional counter to neutrons impinging perpendicularly to its axis Nuclear Instruction and methods in Physics Research A305(1991)
[19]J.C.Nunes,R.T.Faught,Co mmisioning of a proton-recoil spectrometer,Radiation Protection Bosimetry,Vol.87,No.4,pp.251-260(2000)
[20]M.Benmosbah,J.E.Groetz,P.Crovisier etal.,A comprehensive study of a wide energy range proportional counter neutron spectrometer.Proceedings of Science International workshop on Fast Neutron Detectors and Applications,FNDA 2006
[21]H.Ing,T.Clifford,T.Mclean,etal.,Radiation Protection Dosimetry,Vol.70,Nos.1-4 pp.273-278(1997)ROSPEC-A simple reliable high resolution neutron spectrometer.
[22]Kurt Knauf,Jurgen Wittstock.Neutron spectrometry with proton recoil proportional counter at the research and measurement reactor.PTB-Report ISSN 031-6666 ISBN 3-88314-686-2,1987
[23]M.Weyrauch,K.Knauf,.Absolution Neutron Fluence Determination with a Spherical Proton Recoil Proportional Counter.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,Vol.44,pp.97-99(1992)
[24]R.Birch,H.J.Delafield,C.A.Parks,Measurement of the Neutron Spectrum inside the Containment of a PWR.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,Vol.23,pp.281-284(1988)
[25]徐钟济.蒙特卡罗方法.上海科学技术出版社,1985.
[26]裴鹿成,张孝泽.蒙特卡罗方法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用.科学出版社,1980.
[27]朱本仁.蒙特卡罗方法引论.山东大学出版社,1987.
[28]许淑艳.蒙特卡罗方法在实验核物理中的应用.原子能出版社,1996.
[29]N.Takeda,K.kudo,H.Toyokawa,etal.,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res.A 422(1999)
[30]M.Hashimoto,K.Satio,H.Ando,PNC TN9410 98-061 1998
[31]K.Knauf,M.Weurauch,F.Simon,etal.,SPHERE-A Program Package for Calculating the Neutron Response of Spherical Proton Recoil Proportional Counters,PTB-6.42-98-1(1998),
[32]L.S.Waters,Ed.MCNPX-Uers' s manual,version 2.5.0,Los Alamos National Laboratory report.LA-CP-05-0369(2005)
[33]K.Weise,M.Weyranch,K.Knauf,Neutron response of a spherical proton recoil proportional counter,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res.A309(1991),
[34]J.F.Ziegier,etal.,The stopping and range of Ions in solids.New york:Pergamon press.1996
[35]J.F.Janni,Atom.Data Nucl.Data Tables 27(1982)341,
[36]邓凡平,等.ANSYS10.0有限元分析自学手册.北京:人民邮电出版社2007
[37]Richard B.Firestone,Virginia S.Shirley,Table of Isotopes.1996
[38]G.Pichenot,S.Guldbakke,B.Asselineau,Characterisation of spherical recoil proton proportional counters used for neutron spectrometer,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res A 476(2002)
[39]Richard Babut,Vincent Gressier,Monte Carlo Simulation of the Response Energy of Distribution of Proton Recoil Proportional Counters,International Workshop on Fast Neutron Detectors,FNDA 2006
[40]王新华,陈渊,郭海萍.原子能科学技术,39(3)2005
[41]马鸿昌,李际周.加速器单能中子源常用数据手册.北京:原子能出版社
[42]Kurt Knauf,Christian Heimann,Norman Kaldune,etal,.Spectrometry in a Mixed Neutron-Photon Filed,a Filed Experiment within the Framework of the AHE Project using a Liquid Scintillation Counter and Spherical Proton Recoil Proportional Counters,PTB-Report-6.42-97-2,1997.
[43]Manfred Matzke.,Propagation of uncertainties in unfolding procedures,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res A 476(2002)230- 241,
[44]Manfred Matzke Unfolding of pulse height spectra:the HEPRO program system,PTB-Report PTB-N-19,PTB Braunschweig,1994
[45]Burrus,W.R.,Verbinski,V.V.,Fast neutron spectroscopy with thick organic scintillators,Nucl.Instr.and Methods 67(1969)
[46]Tichy M.,Bayesian approach to neutron spectrum adjustment,Nucl.Instr.and Methods 67(1969)
[47]Perey,F.G.,Least-Squares Dosimetry unfolding:the program STAY'SL,Report PTB-4.2-93-1,PTB Braunschweig,1933
[48]吴学超,冯正永.核物理实验数据处理.原子能出版社,1988
[49]贾沛璋.误差分析与数据处理.北京:国防工业出版社,1992.109-124.
[50]N.Takeda,K.kudo,T.Sugita,etal.,Monte Carlo simulation of ga mma-ray response functions for a proportional counter used for neutron measurement,Applied Radiation and Usotopes 53(2000)
[51]Dietrich Schlegel.,TARGET USER's MANUAL,PTB-6.41-98-1,1998
[52]江海燕.硼中子俘获治疗中细胞损伤的Monte Carlo模拟与分析.合肥工业大学,2004
[53]唐碧华.γ射线探测效率及响应函数的蒙特卡罗方法研究.四川大学,2006
[2]春雷主编.核武器概论.原子能出版社,1998
[3]复旦大学,清华大学,北京大学合编.原了核物理实验方法(上册).原子能出版社,1985.
[4]复旦大学,清华大学,北京大学合编.原子核物理实验方法(下册).原子能出版社,1986.
[5]97/98 EG&G ORTEC:Modular Pulse - Processing Electronics and semiconductor Radiation Detector.
[6]Sehour A,Sens J C.Nucl.Instr.Meth.,1999 Vol A420
[7]Cruzate,J.A.;Gregori,B.N.;Papadopulos,S.B.et al.,10th international Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association-IRPA,Hiroshima,Japon
[8]赵文容,勾成.原子能科学技术,1981,Vol3
[9]Kuijers L,et al.Nucl.Sci.Eng.,1977,Vol144
[10]McElroy W N,et al.Nucl.Sci.Eng.,1972,Vol48
[11]吴松茂,宋玲根.原子核物理,1987,9(1)
[12]R.J.Maqueda,Cris W.Barnes,S.S.Han,et al.,Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.68,No.1,January 1997
[13]Sekimoto H,et al.Nucl.Instr.Meth.,1981,Vol189,pp469
[14]安力,陈渊,郭海萍等.,兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2006,41
[15]安力,陈渊,王新华等.,核科学与技术,2006,2(3&4)
[16]P.W.Benjamin C.D.Kemshall J.Redfearn.AWRE Report NR2/64(1964)
[17]P.W.Benjamin C.D.Kemshall J.Redfearn.A High Resolution Spherical Proportional Counter,Nuclear Instruction and methods 59(1968)
[18]K.Knauf W.Vorbrugg.,The response of a cylindrical proton recoil proportional counter to neutrons impinging perpendicularly to its axis Nuclear Instruction and methods in Physics Research A305(1991)
[19]J.C.Nunes,R.T.Faught,Co mmisioning of a proton-recoil spectrometer,Radiation Protection Bosimetry,Vol.87,No.4,pp.251-260(2000)
[20]M.Benmosbah,J.E.Groetz,P.Crovisier etal.,A comprehensive study of a wide energy range proportional counter neutron spectrometer.Proceedings of Science International workshop on Fast Neutron Detectors and Applications,FNDA 2006
[21]H.Ing,T.Clifford,T.Mclean,etal.,Radiation Protection Dosimetry,Vol.70,Nos.1-4 pp.273-278(1997)ROSPEC-A simple reliable high resolution neutron spectrometer.
[22]Kurt Knauf,Jurgen Wittstock.Neutron spectrometry with proton recoil proportional counter at the research and measurement reactor.PTB-Report ISSN 031-6666 ISBN 3-88314-686-2,1987
[23]M.Weyrauch,K.Knauf,.Absolution Neutron Fluence Determination with a Spherical Proton Recoil Proportional Counter.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,Vol.44,pp.97-99(1992)
[24]R.Birch,H.J.Delafield,C.A.Parks,Measurement of the Neutron Spectrum inside the Containment of a PWR.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,Vol.23,pp.281-284(1988)
[25]徐钟济.蒙特卡罗方法.上海科学技术出版社,1985.
[26]裴鹿成,张孝泽.蒙特卡罗方法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用.科学出版社,1980.
[27]朱本仁.蒙特卡罗方法引论.山东大学出版社,1987.
[28]许淑艳.蒙特卡罗方法在实验核物理中的应用.原子能出版社,1996.
[29]N.Takeda,K.kudo,H.Toyokawa,etal.,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res.A 422(1999)
[30]M.Hashimoto,K.Satio,H.Ando,PNC TN9410 98-061 1998
[31]K.Knauf,M.Weurauch,F.Simon,etal.,SPHERE-A Program Package for Calculating the Neutron Response of Spherical Proton Recoil Proportional Counters,PTB-6.42-98-1(1998),
[32]L.S.Waters,Ed.MCNPX-Uers' s manual,version 2.5.0,Los Alamos National Laboratory report.LA-CP-05-0369(2005)
[33]K.Weise,M.Weyranch,K.Knauf,Neutron response of a spherical proton recoil proportional counter,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res.A309(1991),
[34]J.F.Ziegier,etal.,The stopping and range of Ions in solids.New york:Pergamon press.1996
[35]J.F.Janni,Atom.Data Nucl.Data Tables 27(1982)341,
[36]邓凡平,等.ANSYS10.0有限元分析自学手册.北京:人民邮电出版社2007
[37]Richard B.Firestone,Virginia S.Shirley,Table of Isotopes.1996
[38]G.Pichenot,S.Guldbakke,B.Asselineau,Characterisation of spherical recoil proton proportional counters used for neutron spectrometer,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res A 476(2002)
[39]Richard Babut,Vincent Gressier,Monte Carlo Simulation of the Response Energy of Distribution of Proton Recoil Proportional Counters,International Workshop on Fast Neutron Detectors,FNDA 2006
[40]王新华,陈渊,郭海萍.原子能科学技术,39(3)2005
[41]马鸿昌,李际周.加速器单能中子源常用数据手册.北京:原子能出版社
[42]Kurt Knauf,Christian Heimann,Norman Kaldune,etal,.Spectrometry in a Mixed Neutron-Photon Filed,a Filed Experiment within the Framework of the AHE Project using a Liquid Scintillation Counter and Spherical Proton Recoil Proportional Counters,PTB-Report-6.42-97-2,1997.
[43]Manfred Matzke.,Propagation of uncertainties in unfolding procedures,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phy.Res A 476(2002)230- 241,
[44]Manfred Matzke Unfolding of pulse height spectra:the HEPRO program system,PTB-Report PTB-N-19,PTB Braunschweig,1994
[45]Burrus,W.R.,Verbinski,V.V.,Fast neutron spectroscopy with thick organic scintillators,Nucl.Instr.and Methods 67(1969)
[46]Tichy M.,Bayesian approach to neutron spectrum adjustment,Nucl.Instr.and Methods 67(1969)
[47]Perey,F.G.,Least-Squares Dosimetry unfolding:the program STAY'SL,Report PTB-4.2-93-1,PTB Braunschweig,1933
[48]吴学超,冯正永.核物理实验数据处理.原子能出版社,1988
[49]贾沛璋.误差分析与数据处理.北京:国防工业出版社,1992.109-124.
[50]N.Takeda,K.kudo,T.Sugita,etal.,Monte Carlo simulation of ga mma-ray response functions for a proportional counter used for neutron measurement,Applied Radiation and Usotopes 53(2000)
[51]Dietrich Schlegel.,TARGET USER's MANUAL,PTB-6.41-98-1,1998
[52]江海燕.硼中子俘获治疗中细胞损伤的Monte Carlo模拟与分析.合肥工业大学,2004
[53]唐碧华.γ射线探测效率及响应函数的蒙特卡罗方法研究.四川大学,2006