分布环境下的海量三维地形可视化关键技术研究
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摘要
三维地形可视化已经发展为计算机图形学的一个重要分支,它的应用逐渐涉及到GIS、虚拟现实、3D游戏等众多领域,是近年来国内外众多学者的研究热点之一。而以往三维地形可视化的研究主要是在单机的环境下进行,与之相应的提高地形渲染速度和可视化系统性能的技术与方法也多是基于单机环境的,但是三维地形数据的海量特性以及三维可视化系统的实时性和交互性特点,使得现有技术条件下单机系统的性能已经不能很好的满足目前主流应用的要求。
因此,考虑到目前作为主流的分布式多机并行调度与服务的蓬勃发展,本文通过对分布环境下的海量三维地形可视化中多项关键技术研究,探讨通过多台计算机在分布环境中并行协同处理,共同完成对海量地形数据有效存储调度;并根据视觉原理与场景本身特点有效地简化三维地形,减少图形系统实时处理的图形数量,最终实现海量三维地形可视化的实时性和交互性。主要内容包括:
1.针对海量地形高程数据特点,研究有利于分布环境下海量高程数据快速调度和处理的数据组织结构和存储方式,建立高效的数据组织模型以及相应的索引机制,实现对全球尺度的地形高程数据进行有效的管理和存储。
2.研究海量三维地形模型绘制中地形实时简化方法,在对比目前比较成功的地形简化算法的优缺点和适用范围基础上,建立地形简化模型,解决因地形局部发生变化而导致整体都要重新处理的问题。并对简化模型的进行测试,证明其可用性。
3.针对海量影像纹理数据的特点,结合海量地形高程数据组织方案,研究适合分布式环境下调度和处理的海量影像纹理数据的组织方式;研究针对海量影像纹理的映射技术,提出一种视点相关的基于误差的动态多分辨四叉树纹理映射方法,并予以试验验证。
4.探讨利用现有条件,综合应用并行调度技术,数据库管理技术、网络传输技术,通过局域网内多台计算机协同操作,建立一种适合于分布式网络结构的海量三维地形数据调度和处理模型,合理地进行存储与计算资源的分配;并依据该模型制定地形数据动态调度策略,达到海量三维地形数据的最大共享与利用。
5.应用上述一些研究和实验的成果,使用Direct3D图形组件库设计并初步建立一个分布式环境下的全球三维地形漫游试验演示系统,实现分布环境下海量地形实时、交互漫游;然后,根据相关应用数据对系统进行了性能测试,检验研究成果的可用性。依据以上研究内容,针对性地进行了方法创新,包括以下方面:
1.分布式环境下的海量地形高程数据、影像纹理数据多分辨率层次四叉树组织模型和相应索引机制
本研究旨在保证分布式环境负载平衡的前提下,探索出一种有利于海量地形数据快速调度、处理以及显示的数据组织结构和存储方式,并以此建立一个海量地形高程数据、纹理数据多分辨率层次四叉树组织模型,实现对全球尺度的海量地形数据进行有效的管理和存储。演示系统实验证明了该模型适合于分布式环境下地形数据的网络传输和多机协同处理,对具有一定的应用价值。
2.基于四叉树模型的海量三维地形局部自适应最优化简化算法(LaostModel模型)
该简化算法针对海量地形数据的组织与存储情况以及不同分辨率地形拼接处形易成裂缝等问题对其进行改进,根据视点以及局部地形粗糙程度动态地改变四叉树数据块分裂或合并状态,并实时调整块内不同四叉树节点处地形的显示层次,重点解决地形局部发生变化而导致整体都要重新处理的问题。模型应用效果良好,实现了海量地形数据流畅漫游,为今后的四叉树为基础的地形简化模型提供了很好的借鉴。
3.局域网环境下客户/服务模式的海量三维地形数据分布调度和处理模型
该模型以地形数据分块为基础充分发挥了客户、服务以及服务管理器的作用,采用了两阶段的通信模式以及非等待式的异步调度处理方式,提供了有效的地形数据管理,保证了数据调度服务协同处理与网络通讯负载平衡。应用上述调度和处理模型的三维地形数据的动态调度策略最终达到海量三维地形数据的最大共享与利用。通过演示系统的性能测试验证了该模型的可靠性和效率。
随着地形获取技术、网络技术、三维可视化技术的发展,分布环境下海量三维地形可视化关键技术的研究正不断地扩展其应用的领域,同时也更具有其研究的价值。
As an important branch of computer graphics, terrain 3D visualization gradually involves with GIS, Virtual Reality, 3D games, and many other fields, and has been one of the research focuses by many scholars in recent years. In the past, research on terrain 3D visualization is mainly in a single computer. Accordingly, the technologies and algorithms which are used to increase the rendering speed of 3D terrain and improve the performance of terrain 3D visualization system are also based on the environment of. However, the existing technology can not effectively meet the demand of real-time and interaction of 3D visualization system because of the huge amount of terrain data under a single computer.
Thus, considering the vigorous development of distributed parallel scheduling and services at present, the research on the major technologies of 3D visualization of massive terrain under distributed environment is carried out. Through the cooperatively parallel processing of many computers in a distributed environment, the scheduling and storage of massive terrain data could be performed effectively. 3D terrain should be simplified effectively according to vision principle and the own characteristics of scenes, and the real-time and interaction of 3D visualization of massive terrain is realized ultimately by reducing the number of graphics on real-time processing of the graphics system. Generally speaking, the main contents are as follows:
1. According to the characteristics of massive terrain elevation data, a data organizational structure and storage model was studied, which is favor of rapid processing and scheduling of massive elevation data under distributed environment. Through establishing a Quadtree-based non-uniform resolution organization method which supports the efficient data block partition as well as the index mechanism for elevation data, the effective management and storage for the global terrain elevation data was accomplished.
2. By studying real-time LoD algorithms for dynamic rendering of massive 3D terrain, a local adaptive optimization simplified terrain model (LaostModel) using Quadtree for massive terrain was established, which is used to solve the problem that whole terrain need to reprocess because of partial changes in some algorithms. The availability of the LaostModel algorithm was proved by system testing.
3. According to the characteristics of massive image data and the organization methods of massive terrain elevation data, the data organizational structure and storage mode for massive image texture data was discussed, which should support the data scheduling and processing organization under distributed environment. And with it, a pyramid-pattern structure for global image texture data was realized. The other research content is texture mapping technology for massive image data.
4. On the base of discussing parallel scheduling technology, database management technology, network technology, and so on, a data scheduling and processing model for massive terrain was expounded, which is suitable for distributed network architecture and supports cooperation of many computers within LAN. Also, dynamic scheduling strategy for terrain data is given, which is based on the above model and supports real-time rendering of massive 3D terrain.
5. By using the models and methods introduced in this paper, a prototype system of global terrain 3D visualization within LAN was developed with Direct3D graphics components. Then, the performance testing for the prototype system was done for trying out the usability of the above research achievements.
According to the above five aspects, the innovation in methods and techniques of this research were presented:
i. The Quadtree-based multi-resolution organization model and index mechanism for massive terrain elevation and image texture data under distributed environment.
Through studying data organizational structure and storage mode which support scheduling, processing and display of massive terrain data under distributed environment, a Quadtree-based multi-resolution organization model for massive terrain elevation and image texture data was established, with which the global terrain elevation data can be managed and stored effectively. It has been proved that the above model is suitable for network transmission and parallel processing for massive terrain data by the testing of prototype system.
ii. The Quadtree-based local adaptive optimization simplified terrain algorithm for massive terrain (namely. LaostModel).
According to organizational structure and storage mode of massive terrain elevation data, the LaostModel algorithm dynamically split or merges Quadtree data block according to viewpoint as well as the degree of roughness of local terrain, which also solves a lot of other problems, such as, the crack problem caused by different resolution grid mosaic of terrain, the problem that whole terrain need to reprocess because of partial changes. The different level terrain is display by real-timely adjusting the different Quadtree nodes in a data block with the LaostModel algorithm. Testing of prototype system shows that the model fits satisfactorily and offers a useful reference for further studying.
iii. The data scheduling and processing model for massive terrain based on client / service mode in LAN.
Bringing customers, services, and service management into full play and using a two-stage mode of communication as well as non-wait-asynchronous scheduling approach, the above model provides effective management to massive terrain data and ensures cooperative processing of data dispatch services and load balancing of network communications. Also, dynamic scheduling strategy based on the above model achieves the maximum sharing and utilizing of massive terrain data. Testing of prototype system had validated the reliability and efficiency of the model.
With the development of the technologies, such as terrain data acquisition, networks communication, 3D visualization, the research on the major technologies of 3D visualization of massive terrain under distributed environment is expanding its application domains and is worthy to be intensively investigated further.
因此,考虑到目前作为主流的分布式多机并行调度与服务的蓬勃发展,本文通过对分布环境下的海量三维地形可视化中多项关键技术研究,探讨通过多台计算机在分布环境中并行协同处理,共同完成对海量地形数据有效存储调度;并根据视觉原理与场景本身特点有效地简化三维地形,减少图形系统实时处理的图形数量,最终实现海量三维地形可视化的实时性和交互性。主要内容包括:
1.针对海量地形高程数据特点,研究有利于分布环境下海量高程数据快速调度和处理的数据组织结构和存储方式,建立高效的数据组织模型以及相应的索引机制,实现对全球尺度的地形高程数据进行有效的管理和存储。
2.研究海量三维地形模型绘制中地形实时简化方法,在对比目前比较成功的地形简化算法的优缺点和适用范围基础上,建立地形简化模型,解决因地形局部发生变化而导致整体都要重新处理的问题。并对简化模型的进行测试,证明其可用性。
3.针对海量影像纹理数据的特点,结合海量地形高程数据组织方案,研究适合分布式环境下调度和处理的海量影像纹理数据的组织方式;研究针对海量影像纹理的映射技术,提出一种视点相关的基于误差的动态多分辨四叉树纹理映射方法,并予以试验验证。
4.探讨利用现有条件,综合应用并行调度技术,数据库管理技术、网络传输技术,通过局域网内多台计算机协同操作,建立一种适合于分布式网络结构的海量三维地形数据调度和处理模型,合理地进行存储与计算资源的分配;并依据该模型制定地形数据动态调度策略,达到海量三维地形数据的最大共享与利用。
5.应用上述一些研究和实验的成果,使用Direct3D图形组件库设计并初步建立一个分布式环境下的全球三维地形漫游试验演示系统,实现分布环境下海量地形实时、交互漫游;然后,根据相关应用数据对系统进行了性能测试,检验研究成果的可用性。依据以上研究内容,针对性地进行了方法创新,包括以下方面:
1.分布式环境下的海量地形高程数据、影像纹理数据多分辨率层次四叉树组织模型和相应索引机制
本研究旨在保证分布式环境负载平衡的前提下,探索出一种有利于海量地形数据快速调度、处理以及显示的数据组织结构和存储方式,并以此建立一个海量地形高程数据、纹理数据多分辨率层次四叉树组织模型,实现对全球尺度的海量地形数据进行有效的管理和存储。演示系统实验证明了该模型适合于分布式环境下地形数据的网络传输和多机协同处理,对具有一定的应用价值。
2.基于四叉树模型的海量三维地形局部自适应最优化简化算法(LaostModel模型)
该简化算法针对海量地形数据的组织与存储情况以及不同分辨率地形拼接处形易成裂缝等问题对其进行改进,根据视点以及局部地形粗糙程度动态地改变四叉树数据块分裂或合并状态,并实时调整块内不同四叉树节点处地形的显示层次,重点解决地形局部发生变化而导致整体都要重新处理的问题。模型应用效果良好,实现了海量地形数据流畅漫游,为今后的四叉树为基础的地形简化模型提供了很好的借鉴。
3.局域网环境下客户/服务模式的海量三维地形数据分布调度和处理模型
该模型以地形数据分块为基础充分发挥了客户、服务以及服务管理器的作用,采用了两阶段的通信模式以及非等待式的异步调度处理方式,提供了有效的地形数据管理,保证了数据调度服务协同处理与网络通讯负载平衡。应用上述调度和处理模型的三维地形数据的动态调度策略最终达到海量三维地形数据的最大共享与利用。通过演示系统的性能测试验证了该模型的可靠性和效率。
随着地形获取技术、网络技术、三维可视化技术的发展,分布环境下海量三维地形可视化关键技术的研究正不断地扩展其应用的领域,同时也更具有其研究的价值。
As an important branch of computer graphics, terrain 3D visualization gradually involves with GIS, Virtual Reality, 3D games, and many other fields, and has been one of the research focuses by many scholars in recent years. In the past, research on terrain 3D visualization is mainly in a single computer. Accordingly, the technologies and algorithms which are used to increase the rendering speed of 3D terrain and improve the performance of terrain 3D visualization system are also based on the environment of. However, the existing technology can not effectively meet the demand of real-time and interaction of 3D visualization system because of the huge amount of terrain data under a single computer.
Thus, considering the vigorous development of distributed parallel scheduling and services at present, the research on the major technologies of 3D visualization of massive terrain under distributed environment is carried out. Through the cooperatively parallel processing of many computers in a distributed environment, the scheduling and storage of massive terrain data could be performed effectively. 3D terrain should be simplified effectively according to vision principle and the own characteristics of scenes, and the real-time and interaction of 3D visualization of massive terrain is realized ultimately by reducing the number of graphics on real-time processing of the graphics system. Generally speaking, the main contents are as follows:
1. According to the characteristics of massive terrain elevation data, a data organizational structure and storage model was studied, which is favor of rapid processing and scheduling of massive elevation data under distributed environment. Through establishing a Quadtree-based non-uniform resolution organization method which supports the efficient data block partition as well as the index mechanism for elevation data, the effective management and storage for the global terrain elevation data was accomplished.
2. By studying real-time LoD algorithms for dynamic rendering of massive 3D terrain, a local adaptive optimization simplified terrain model (LaostModel) using Quadtree for massive terrain was established, which is used to solve the problem that whole terrain need to reprocess because of partial changes in some algorithms. The availability of the LaostModel algorithm was proved by system testing.
3. According to the characteristics of massive image data and the organization methods of massive terrain elevation data, the data organizational structure and storage mode for massive image texture data was discussed, which should support the data scheduling and processing organization under distributed environment. And with it, a pyramid-pattern structure for global image texture data was realized. The other research content is texture mapping technology for massive image data.
4. On the base of discussing parallel scheduling technology, database management technology, network technology, and so on, a data scheduling and processing model for massive terrain was expounded, which is suitable for distributed network architecture and supports cooperation of many computers within LAN. Also, dynamic scheduling strategy for terrain data is given, which is based on the above model and supports real-time rendering of massive 3D terrain.
5. By using the models and methods introduced in this paper, a prototype system of global terrain 3D visualization within LAN was developed with Direct3D graphics components. Then, the performance testing for the prototype system was done for trying out the usability of the above research achievements.
According to the above five aspects, the innovation in methods and techniques of this research were presented:
i. The Quadtree-based multi-resolution organization model and index mechanism for massive terrain elevation and image texture data under distributed environment.
Through studying data organizational structure and storage mode which support scheduling, processing and display of massive terrain data under distributed environment, a Quadtree-based multi-resolution organization model for massive terrain elevation and image texture data was established, with which the global terrain elevation data can be managed and stored effectively. It has been proved that the above model is suitable for network transmission and parallel processing for massive terrain data by the testing of prototype system.
ii. The Quadtree-based local adaptive optimization simplified terrain algorithm for massive terrain (namely. LaostModel).
According to organizational structure and storage mode of massive terrain elevation data, the LaostModel algorithm dynamically split or merges Quadtree data block according to viewpoint as well as the degree of roughness of local terrain, which also solves a lot of other problems, such as, the crack problem caused by different resolution grid mosaic of terrain, the problem that whole terrain need to reprocess because of partial changes. The different level terrain is display by real-timely adjusting the different Quadtree nodes in a data block with the LaostModel algorithm. Testing of prototype system shows that the model fits satisfactorily and offers a useful reference for further studying.
iii. The data scheduling and processing model for massive terrain based on client / service mode in LAN.
Bringing customers, services, and service management into full play and using a two-stage mode of communication as well as non-wait-asynchronous scheduling approach, the above model provides effective management to massive terrain data and ensures cooperative processing of data dispatch services and load balancing of network communications. Also, dynamic scheduling strategy based on the above model achieves the maximum sharing and utilizing of massive terrain data. Testing of prototype system had validated the reliability and efficiency of the model.
With the development of the technologies, such as terrain data acquisition, networks communication, 3D visualization, the research on the major technologies of 3D visualization of massive terrain under distributed environment is expanding its application domains and is worthy to be intensively investigated further.
引文
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