风力机桨距及无功补偿器的自调整模糊控制研究
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摘要
随着能源危机的不断加剧,新能源发电成为迫切的需求。风力发电由于开发潜力大而得到了较快的发展,越来越多的风电机组投入并网运行。风电机组中的异步发电机在风能波动和电网发生扰动时需要吸收大量的无功功率,以维持机组的正常运行和电压稳定。采用并联无功补偿装置来提供无功,是改善风电机组输出功率和稳定电压的较好方法,静止无功发生器SVG是FACTS中较好的补偿装置,研究SVG的控制策略,使其在风电机组需要无功时能提供较好的无功补偿,这对风电机组的运行和电压性能的调节具有重要的意义。
本文首先研究了SVG的基本工作原理和工作方式,通过推导建立了其数学模型,并对主要参数进行了选择。研究了基于瞬时无功理论的SVG无功电流检测方法,研究了SVG电流间接控制和直接控制的基本方法,并在此基础上设计了SVG的传统PI控制器,进行补偿控制。详细分析了风电系统的组成及特点,分别对风速、风力机、发电机的相关理论进行了分析,并建立了各自的数学模型,这为风电系统的仿真研究打下了基础。
由于风电系统具有较强的非线性,在采用传统PI方法对接入风电系统的SVG进行控制时,接入的SVG对风电机组提供的补偿效果不太理想,本文提出采用自调整模糊控制方法对SVG进行控制,它具有较强的鲁棒性及全局优化的特点。研究了自调整模糊控制器的组成及控制规则设计的相关理论。设计了SVG的自调整模糊控制器,把采用此控制方法的SVG应用到风电机组的补偿中,可在风速波动和电网扰动时发挥更好的补偿效果,较好地调节电压性能。
最后,为了更好地稳定风电机组的输出功率及电压,本文研究了风力机的桨距调节系统,桨距调节对机组输出功率的稳定有很大影响。针对风机桨距非线性动态变化的特点,尝试把自调整模糊控制引入到桨距调节中,设计了模糊变桨距控制器代替PI变桨距,可以大大提高桨距调节的性能,在风速波动和扰动发生时,能较快稳定发电机的输出功率,同时对并网电压性能也起到积极的改善作用。
With the growing energy crisis, new energy power generation has become an urgent demand. Wind power generation has been developed rapidly due to its large potential, so more and more wind electric engine groups are dived into network operation. The asynchronous generators of wind turbine system need to absorb a large number of reactive power when wind power fluctuating and network disturbance occurring to maintain normal operation of units and the voltage stabilization. The use of parallel reactive power compensation device to provide reactive power is a better way to improve power of the wind electric engine groups and stabilize voltage. Static var generator (SVG) is a better compensation device in FACTS. The research of control strategy of SVG to provide better compensation on fan when the wind turbine system need reactive power is of great significance to the operation of wind electric engine groups and the regulation of voltage performance.
This article investigates the basic working principles and working methods of SVG initially, then builds its mathematical model through derivation and the main parameters are chose. The detection method of SVG reactive current which based on instantaneous reactive theory is studied and the basic theory of current indirect control and direct control of SVG is construed, then on this basis the traditional PI controller of SVG is designed for compensation control. This paper Labors composition and characteristic of the wind power system, the correlation theory on wind speed, wind turbine and generator is analyzed respectively and founds mathematical models of their own, which makes a foundation for simulation and study of the wind power system.
As a result of the wind power system has a strong non-linear, when use the traditional PI methods to control the SVG which access to wind power system, the compensation of SVG provide for the wind turbine effect is less than ideal. This paper proposes the adoption of self-adjustable fuzzy control method which has strong robustness and global optimization characteristics, studies the composition of self-adjustable fuzzy controller and the mutuality theory of control rules designing, moreover, designs the self-adjustable fuzzy controller of SVG then applies it to the compensation of wind electric engine groups, this can play better compensation effect in the wind speed fluctuations and network disturbances, also preferably regulate the voltage performance.
Finally, in order to stabilize output power and voltage of the wind electric engine groups better, the pitch adjustment system of wind power engine is studied because pitch adjustment has a great impact on stability of output power of units. Aim at the characteristics of non-linear dynamic changes of fan pitch, this paper tries to introduce self-adjustable fuzzy control into pitch adjustment. The fuzzy variable pitch controller is designed to replace PI variable pitch, this can greatly enhance the performance of pitch adjustment and quickly stabilize the output power of generators when wind speed fluctuating and disturbance arising, at the same time makes a positive improvement for network voltage performance.
本文首先研究了SVG的基本工作原理和工作方式,通过推导建立了其数学模型,并对主要参数进行了选择。研究了基于瞬时无功理论的SVG无功电流检测方法,研究了SVG电流间接控制和直接控制的基本方法,并在此基础上设计了SVG的传统PI控制器,进行补偿控制。详细分析了风电系统的组成及特点,分别对风速、风力机、发电机的相关理论进行了分析,并建立了各自的数学模型,这为风电系统的仿真研究打下了基础。
由于风电系统具有较强的非线性,在采用传统PI方法对接入风电系统的SVG进行控制时,接入的SVG对风电机组提供的补偿效果不太理想,本文提出采用自调整模糊控制方法对SVG进行控制,它具有较强的鲁棒性及全局优化的特点。研究了自调整模糊控制器的组成及控制规则设计的相关理论。设计了SVG的自调整模糊控制器,把采用此控制方法的SVG应用到风电机组的补偿中,可在风速波动和电网扰动时发挥更好的补偿效果,较好地调节电压性能。
最后,为了更好地稳定风电机组的输出功率及电压,本文研究了风力机的桨距调节系统,桨距调节对机组输出功率的稳定有很大影响。针对风机桨距非线性动态变化的特点,尝试把自调整模糊控制引入到桨距调节中,设计了模糊变桨距控制器代替PI变桨距,可以大大提高桨距调节的性能,在风速波动和扰动发生时,能较快稳定发电机的输出功率,同时对并网电压性能也起到积极的改善作用。
With the growing energy crisis, new energy power generation has become an urgent demand. Wind power generation has been developed rapidly due to its large potential, so more and more wind electric engine groups are dived into network operation. The asynchronous generators of wind turbine system need to absorb a large number of reactive power when wind power fluctuating and network disturbance occurring to maintain normal operation of units and the voltage stabilization. The use of parallel reactive power compensation device to provide reactive power is a better way to improve power of the wind electric engine groups and stabilize voltage. Static var generator (SVG) is a better compensation device in FACTS. The research of control strategy of SVG to provide better compensation on fan when the wind turbine system need reactive power is of great significance to the operation of wind electric engine groups and the regulation of voltage performance.
This article investigates the basic working principles and working methods of SVG initially, then builds its mathematical model through derivation and the main parameters are chose. The detection method of SVG reactive current which based on instantaneous reactive theory is studied and the basic theory of current indirect control and direct control of SVG is construed, then on this basis the traditional PI controller of SVG is designed for compensation control. This paper Labors composition and characteristic of the wind power system, the correlation theory on wind speed, wind turbine and generator is analyzed respectively and founds mathematical models of their own, which makes a foundation for simulation and study of the wind power system.
As a result of the wind power system has a strong non-linear, when use the traditional PI methods to control the SVG which access to wind power system, the compensation of SVG provide for the wind turbine effect is less than ideal. This paper proposes the adoption of self-adjustable fuzzy control method which has strong robustness and global optimization characteristics, studies the composition of self-adjustable fuzzy controller and the mutuality theory of control rules designing, moreover, designs the self-adjustable fuzzy controller of SVG then applies it to the compensation of wind electric engine groups, this can play better compensation effect in the wind speed fluctuations and network disturbances, also preferably regulate the voltage performance.
Finally, in order to stabilize output power and voltage of the wind electric engine groups better, the pitch adjustment system of wind power engine is studied because pitch adjustment has a great impact on stability of output power of units. Aim at the characteristics of non-linear dynamic changes of fan pitch, this paper tries to introduce self-adjustable fuzzy control into pitch adjustment. The fuzzy variable pitch controller is designed to replace PI variable pitch, this can greatly enhance the performance of pitch adjustment and quickly stabilize the output power of generators when wind speed fluctuating and disturbance arising, at the same time makes a positive improvement for network voltage performance.
引文
1关立山.世界风力发电现状及展望.全球科技经济瞭望. 2004:51~55
2施鹏飞.风力发电的进展和趋势.中国电力. 2002,35(9):86~90
3叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.机械工业出版社. 2002:60~68
4李广凯.风力发电中的无功控制.国际电力. 2005,9(4):1~3
5宋伟,李昌禧.大型风力发电机组并网运行的探讨.河北电力技术. 2002,(4):1~3
6吴烽.风力发电并网技术综述.风力发电. 1992,(1):5~8
7沈斐,姜齐荣,王兆平.中国柔性交流输电技术研究概况.四川电力技术. 2005,(1):1~7
8靳静,艾芊,赵岩. FACTS装置在风电场中的无功补偿原理与仿真.电力自动化设备. 2007,27(8):1~4
9李士勇.模糊控制、神经控制和智能控制论.哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 1998:230~236
10刘文强.对我国风电发展战略及政策的思考.可再生能源. 2003,(5):1~4
11姚兴佳,王士荣,董丽萍.风力发电技术的发展与现状.可再生能源. 2006,(1):86~88
12 Chunting Mi, Mariano Filippa, John Shen, Narashim Natarajan. Modeling and control of a variable-speed constanst frequency synchronous generator with brushless exciter. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks. 2003,78(3):562~567
13 Chengwu Lin, Fengxiang Wang, Xingjia Yao, Baodong Bai. Study on power control characteristic of VSCF wind power generator. IEEE Trans. on Neural Power System. 2004,24(1):784~787
14徐甫荣.大型风电场及风电机组的控制系统.电气传动自动化. 2003,33(6):5~11
15张刘春,韩如成.无功补偿装置的现状及发展趋势.太原重型机械学院学报. 2004,25(1):30~33
16 Fawzi Al-Jowder. Improvement of synchronizing power and damping power by means of SSSC and STATCOM. Electric Power Systems Research. 2007, 77(8):1112~1117
17罗安.电网谐波治理和无功补偿技术及装备.福建电力与电工. 2008, 28(4):1~4
18吴文辉,刘会金.静止同步补偿器技术的研究现状与发展.华东交通大学学报. 2005,22(2):3~6
19 P.K.Modi, S.P.Singh, J.D.Shama. Voltage stability evaluation of power system with FACTS devices using fuzzy netural network. Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 2007,20(4):481~491
20 A.A Fouad, Vijay Vittal, T.K.oh. Critical Energy for Direct Transient Stability Assessment of a Multi-machine Power System. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems. 1984,103(8):2199~2206
21曲红,晁勤.并网风力发电机组的建模与仿真.可再生能源. 2006,(4):1~4
22 L.O.Mak, Y.X.Ni, C.Shen. STATCOM with fuzzy controllers for interconnected power systems. Electric Power System. 2000,(2):5~11
23 Hidekatsu Terakawa, Yousuke Fujii. High efficiency SVG System using Open-Winding Transformerand. Electric Power system. 2005,15(5):60~65
24 Furuhashi T, Okuma S, Uchikawa Y. A study on the theory of instaneous reactive power. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks. 1996,37(1):86~91
25曾光奇,胡均安,王东等.模糊控制理论与工程应用.华中科技大学出版社. 2006:58~65
26 P.Gareia-Gonzalez, A.Garefa-Cerrada. Control system for a PWM-based STATCOM. IEEE Trans. on Power System. 1999,37(1):1140~1146
27 Hochgraf C, Lasseter R H. STATCOM Controls for Operation with Unbanlanced Voltage. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. 1998,13(2):538~545
28杨俊华,吴捷,杨金明等.自适应控制和微分几何控制在风力发电系统中的应用.中小型电机. 2003,30(6):1~4
29周建丰,顾亚琴,韦寿祺. SVC与STATCOM的综合比较分析.电力自动化设备. 2007,27(12):1~4
30王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.机械工业出版社. 1999:180~196
31李可,卓放,李红雨,王兆安.直接电流控制的静止无功发生器研究.电力电子技术. 2003,37(3):8~11
32孙建峰.风电场建模和仿真研究.清华大学学报. 2006,(1):2~5
33 Padilha A, Denis E. Transient Stability Indices from a Hybrid Approach. Proceedings of Power Tech. 2001,(2):5~8
34王仲鸿,姜齐荣,沈东.关于新型静止无功发生器模型参数及暂态控制模型选择的讨论.电力系统自动化. 1999,24(12):43~46
35许其品,许和平.静止无功发生器的建模.电力系统自动化. 2001,(12):36~41
36韩英铎,王仲鸿,陈淮金.电力系统最优分散协调控制.清华大学出版社. 1997:55~60
37 V.Prabhakar, T.Brczek, X.Li. Rule-based Control for STATCOM to Increase Power System Stability. Electric Power System. 1998,(3):5~12
38林琳,孙玉坤,孙运全.静止无功发生器的模糊PI控制器设计与仿真.科学技术与工程. 2008,8(17):1~4
39 H.F Wang, H.Li, H.Chen. Application of cell immune response modeling to power system voltage control by STATCOM. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. 2002,149(1):101~107
40张敏,朱红萍,王俊年等.静止同步补偿器的非线性H∞控制.电工技术学报. 2005,20(5):35~40
41 Maria G A, Tang C, Kim J. Hybrid Transient Stability Analysis. IEEE T-TWRS May. 1990:384~393
42 Wang Y.K, Ma D.F. Research on SVG-based Remote Visualization System of Digital Mine Information. Computer Modeling and Simulation. 2009,(36):65~68
43杨莉,孙衢,李涛.风力发电系统变桨距模糊PID控制.控制系统. 2008, 24(12):1~4
44 Mori S, Matsuno K. Development of a Large Static Var Generator Using Self-commutated Inverters for Improving Power system Stability. IEEE Trans. on PWRS. 1999,8(1):371~377
45 HAN ZG. Direct Adaptive Control for Non-linear Systems. IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control. 1997,2(8):301~315
46项真,解大等.用于风电场无功补偿的STATCOM动态特性分析.电力系统自动化. 2008,32(9):1~4
47吴俊玲.大型风电场并网运行的若干技术问题研究.清华大学硕士论文. 2004:40~45
2施鹏飞.风力发电的进展和趋势.中国电力. 2002,35(9):86~90
3叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.机械工业出版社. 2002:60~68
4李广凯.风力发电中的无功控制.国际电力. 2005,9(4):1~3
5宋伟,李昌禧.大型风力发电机组并网运行的探讨.河北电力技术. 2002,(4):1~3
6吴烽.风力发电并网技术综述.风力发电. 1992,(1):5~8
7沈斐,姜齐荣,王兆平.中国柔性交流输电技术研究概况.四川电力技术. 2005,(1):1~7
8靳静,艾芊,赵岩. FACTS装置在风电场中的无功补偿原理与仿真.电力自动化设备. 2007,27(8):1~4
9李士勇.模糊控制、神经控制和智能控制论.哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 1998:230~236
10刘文强.对我国风电发展战略及政策的思考.可再生能源. 2003,(5):1~4
11姚兴佳,王士荣,董丽萍.风力发电技术的发展与现状.可再生能源. 2006,(1):86~88
12 Chunting Mi, Mariano Filippa, John Shen, Narashim Natarajan. Modeling and control of a variable-speed constanst frequency synchronous generator with brushless exciter. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks. 2003,78(3):562~567
13 Chengwu Lin, Fengxiang Wang, Xingjia Yao, Baodong Bai. Study on power control characteristic of VSCF wind power generator. IEEE Trans. on Neural Power System. 2004,24(1):784~787
14徐甫荣.大型风电场及风电机组的控制系统.电气传动自动化. 2003,33(6):5~11
15张刘春,韩如成.无功补偿装置的现状及发展趋势.太原重型机械学院学报. 2004,25(1):30~33
16 Fawzi Al-Jowder. Improvement of synchronizing power and damping power by means of SSSC and STATCOM. Electric Power Systems Research. 2007, 77(8):1112~1117
17罗安.电网谐波治理和无功补偿技术及装备.福建电力与电工. 2008, 28(4):1~4
18吴文辉,刘会金.静止同步补偿器技术的研究现状与发展.华东交通大学学报. 2005,22(2):3~6
19 P.K.Modi, S.P.Singh, J.D.Shama. Voltage stability evaluation of power system with FACTS devices using fuzzy netural network. Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 2007,20(4):481~491
20 A.A Fouad, Vijay Vittal, T.K.oh. Critical Energy for Direct Transient Stability Assessment of a Multi-machine Power System. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems. 1984,103(8):2199~2206
21曲红,晁勤.并网风力发电机组的建模与仿真.可再生能源. 2006,(4):1~4
22 L.O.Mak, Y.X.Ni, C.Shen. STATCOM with fuzzy controllers for interconnected power systems. Electric Power System. 2000,(2):5~11
23 Hidekatsu Terakawa, Yousuke Fujii. High efficiency SVG System using Open-Winding Transformerand. Electric Power system. 2005,15(5):60~65
24 Furuhashi T, Okuma S, Uchikawa Y. A study on the theory of instaneous reactive power. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks. 1996,37(1):86~91
25曾光奇,胡均安,王东等.模糊控制理论与工程应用.华中科技大学出版社. 2006:58~65
26 P.Gareia-Gonzalez, A.Garefa-Cerrada. Control system for a PWM-based STATCOM. IEEE Trans. on Power System. 1999,37(1):1140~1146
27 Hochgraf C, Lasseter R H. STATCOM Controls for Operation with Unbanlanced Voltage. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. 1998,13(2):538~545
28杨俊华,吴捷,杨金明等.自适应控制和微分几何控制在风力发电系统中的应用.中小型电机. 2003,30(6):1~4
29周建丰,顾亚琴,韦寿祺. SVC与STATCOM的综合比较分析.电力自动化设备. 2007,27(12):1~4
30王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.机械工业出版社. 1999:180~196
31李可,卓放,李红雨,王兆安.直接电流控制的静止无功发生器研究.电力电子技术. 2003,37(3):8~11
32孙建峰.风电场建模和仿真研究.清华大学学报. 2006,(1):2~5
33 Padilha A, Denis E. Transient Stability Indices from a Hybrid Approach. Proceedings of Power Tech. 2001,(2):5~8
34王仲鸿,姜齐荣,沈东.关于新型静止无功发生器模型参数及暂态控制模型选择的讨论.电力系统自动化. 1999,24(12):43~46
35许其品,许和平.静止无功发生器的建模.电力系统自动化. 2001,(12):36~41
36韩英铎,王仲鸿,陈淮金.电力系统最优分散协调控制.清华大学出版社. 1997:55~60
37 V.Prabhakar, T.Brczek, X.Li. Rule-based Control for STATCOM to Increase Power System Stability. Electric Power System. 1998,(3):5~12
38林琳,孙玉坤,孙运全.静止无功发生器的模糊PI控制器设计与仿真.科学技术与工程. 2008,8(17):1~4
39 H.F Wang, H.Li, H.Chen. Application of cell immune response modeling to power system voltage control by STATCOM. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. 2002,149(1):101~107
40张敏,朱红萍,王俊年等.静止同步补偿器的非线性H∞控制.电工技术学报. 2005,20(5):35~40
41 Maria G A, Tang C, Kim J. Hybrid Transient Stability Analysis. IEEE T-TWRS May. 1990:384~393
42 Wang Y.K, Ma D.F. Research on SVG-based Remote Visualization System of Digital Mine Information. Computer Modeling and Simulation. 2009,(36):65~68
43杨莉,孙衢,李涛.风力发电系统变桨距模糊PID控制.控制系统. 2008, 24(12):1~4
44 Mori S, Matsuno K. Development of a Large Static Var Generator Using Self-commutated Inverters for Improving Power system Stability. IEEE Trans. on PWRS. 1999,8(1):371~377
45 HAN ZG. Direct Adaptive Control for Non-linear Systems. IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control. 1997,2(8):301~315
46项真,解大等.用于风电场无功补偿的STATCOM动态特性分析.电力系统自动化. 2008,32(9):1~4
47吴俊玲.大型风电场并网运行的若干技术问题研究.清华大学硕士论文. 2004:40~45