乡镇家族企业可持续发展战略研究
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摘要
乡镇家族企业是指在乡镇区域由家族成员作为主要出资人设立的并对企业经营管理行使控制权的企业组织。乡镇家族企业可持续发展是企业经营活动的连续性和持续性增长状态与趋势。产权制度与产权安排约束、刚性的家族利益结构约束、人力资源与人力资本约束、传统的家族文化约束等是影响乡镇家族企业可持续发展的主要因素。
     乡镇家族企业可持续发展战略的目标在于保持企业的持续性成长,实现企业的可持续发展。可持续发展的总体战略包括制度创新战略、能力提升战略、企业联盟战略三个方面。通过制度创新战略,有效促进企业资源配置与资源整合的创新,在此基础上,通过不断积累和日益完善的资源结构体系,并借助于企业体制和管理机制的创新,形成企业所特有的一系列互补性知识、技能以及信息等资源的有机组合,从而塑造出企业的核心能力,通过核心能力的不断巩固和提升,使企业不断超越传统的有形资源边界和原有的能力边界。通过能力提升战略,构造出异质性、不可替代性的企业核心能力,能够有效拓展企业的发展边界。同时,任何企业即使具有不可替代的核心能力,也不可能垄断、独占产业链系统和行业内的所有稀缺性要素和资源,也就是说,即使是拥有强大竞争力的企业,其内部资源同样是稀缺的,正因为资源的稀缺性特征,企业凭借自身的异质性资源与能力,嵌入产业链系统,建构网络组织与战略联盟。乡镇家族企业通过战略联盟的组织架构,将企业子系统有机地纳入行业与社会的整体系统,从而步入无边界的可持续发展状态。制度创新战略、能力提升战略、企业联盟战略依其内在逻辑的有机组合,构建出关于乡镇家族企业可持续发展的总体战略模型。总体战略模型的内在逻辑是:企业制度及其创新,影响并决定企业的资源配置结构、资源创新与资源边界的超越,同时影响和决定企业能力的提升以及能力边界的超越;企业能力的提升,从根本上决定和推动企业不断超越既定的能力边界,使企业达到无边界的持续性发展境界;基于能力提升战略或企业核心能力而展开的企业战略联盟,从发展路径方面,不断拓展企业的发展边界,推动企业实现无边界的可持续发展。
     乡镇家族企业的制度创新包括企业产权制度创新、企业体制创新和企业治理机制创新等方面。乡镇家族企业产权制度创新的模式,一是从家长制、创业者高度集中的产权制度安排走向家族成员内部分权的产权制度安排;二是从家族企业主、合伙人等自然人产权制度安排走向社会化的公司制法人产权制度安排。乡镇家族企业的体制创新模式大致有两种选择:一是选择股份合作公司的体制模式;二是选择现代公司制的体制模式。乡镇家族企业的治理机制创新,需要综合考虑公司运行规则、家族伦理规范和企业利益相关者监督等多个方面,由此构建具有家族公司特色的法人治理与家族治理、利益相关者监督有机结合的企业治理机制。
     乡镇家族企业可持续发展能力的创新与提升战略,有其内在的演进模型。提升乡镇家族企业可持续发展能力的基本路径是:推动企业制度内在结构的一体化创新、塑造企业人力资本的竞争优势、推动技术开发模式与技术组合管理的创新、确立和实施品牌塑造策略、不断推动家族企业文化的改造与创新等。
     乡镇家族企业的战略联盟是提升企业可持续发展能力的重要途径。基于乡镇家族企业的特性,其战略联盟的组织模式应主要选择契约式战略联盟组织,可供选择的联盟类型有:合作研究与开发联盟、联合生产联盟、市场开拓与发展联盟、知识传播联盟等。通过构建战略联盟,能够使乡镇家族企业超越原有的资源与能力边界,从而极大地推动乡镇家族企业的可持续发展。
Township family business is a kind of organizational form of enterprises locatedin township area. Family members set up the organization as major investors andexercise control rights over it. Sustainable development of township family businessis the continuity and sustained status and trends of business activities. Property rightssystem and arrangements, rigid family benefits structural, human resources andhuman capital, and traditional family culture are the major factors affecting thesustainable development of township family business.
     Sustainable development strategy of township family business aims to maintainthe continuity of business growth and achieve sustainable development of enterprises.The whole strategy for sustainable development is formed by institutional innovationstrategy, capacity building strategy and enterprise alliance strategy. Throughinstitutional innovation strategy, enterprise resources can be effectively allocated andintegrated. On this basis, by means of increasingly accumulated and sophisticatedresources structural system, and innovation on enterprise system and managementmechanism, a series of unique business complementary knowledge, skills,information and other resources can be combined into company's core capabilities.Following the continuous consolidation and promotion of core competencies, theenterprises can beyond the traditional physical resources and the original abilityboundary. Through capacity building strategy, the heterogeneity and irreplaceablecore ability can be constructed to effectively expand the development boundaries ofenterprises. Also, no enterprise can monopolize the industry chain system and allscarce resources, even if she has the irreplaceable core ability, that is, even with astrong competitive ability, the enterprises’ internal resources are also scarce. Alsobecause of the scarcity of resources, the enterprises with their own heterogeneityresources and capabilities embedded the industrial chain and build networks andstrategic alliances. Through organizational structure of strategic alliances, townshipfamily business organically embedded the enterprise subsystem into the wholeindustry and society system, rising to the sustainable development state withoutborders. According to their inner logic, institutional innovation strategy, capacitybuilding strategy and corporate alliance strategy combined organically into the overallsustainable development strategy model of township family business. The internallogic of overall strategy model are: enterprise system and its innovationsimultaneously influences and determines resource allocation structure, resourcesboundaries, ability improving and ability boundaries transcending; businessimprovement fundamentally decisions and promotes enterprises to beyond theestablished ability boundaries and achieve borderless sustainable development;business strategic alliance based on ability building strategies and core competenciesconstantly expand enterprises’ development borders, promoting to achieve borderlesssustainable development.
     Institutional innovation of township family business was formed by propertyrights system innovation, enterprise system innovation and governance mechanisminnovation, etc. One property rights system innovation model of township familybusiness is from the patriarchal and entrepreneurs highly centralized property rights system arrangements to family members decentralized property rights systemarrangements; the second is from family business owners, partners and other naturalproperty rights arrangements to corporate legal of property rights systemarrangements. Township family enterprise system innovation has two models: First isstock cooperative system model; second is modern corporate system model.Governance mechanism innovation of township family business requires consideringcompany's operating rules, family ethics and supervision of stakeholders, to buildorganically combined governance mechanisms with distinctive corporate governance,family governance and stakeholder supervision.
     Innovation and enhancement strategy of township family business sustainabledevelopment has its inherent evolution model. The basic paths of improvingsustainable development ability of township family business are: promoting theintegrate innovation of enterprise’ internal structure system, creating the competitiveadvantage of human capital, promoting innovation on technology development modeland technology portfolio management, establishing and implementing brandingstrategy, promoting transformation and innovation of family business culture.
     Township family business strategic alliances are important ways of enhancingenterprises’ sustainable development capacity. Based on the characteristics, theorganizational model of township family business’ strategic alliance should becontractual strategic alliance, the types of alliances including: cooperative researchand development alliance, joint production alliance, marketing and developmentalliance, knowledge dissemination alliance, etc. Building of strategic alliances enablestownship family business beyond the original resources and capacity boundary, whichcan greatly promote sustainable development of township family business.
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