中国食品工业企业低碳生产转型研究：理论框架与案例分析
|
摘要
在全球大力发展低碳经济，逐步推行碳标签制度的背景下，我国尤其深处经济崛起和生态脆弱的对立矛盾中。因此，推动实现具有中国特色的低碳经济的制度创新、道路创新，这一“美丽中国”的发展愿景无疑成为中华民族伟大复兴内涵的深刻选择，成为实现“中国梦”的新起点和共同行动。工业企业作为我国碳排放的主体，理应成为低碳经济发展的生力军，我国推广低碳经济必须依靠工业企业的低碳生产转型。而食品工业作为全球第一大支柱性制造业和在我国拥有世界最大的消费群体的基础性民生产业，面对国内的低碳生产转型压力和国际碳标签制度的未来要求，如何在更高层次、更宽领域、更广范围推动实现我国经济、社会、资源与环境的可持续发展目标，俨然成为衡量食品工业现代化建设水平的重要标准之一。可见，推动我国食品工业企业的低碳生产转型，充分体现了科学发展的历史观、时代观，既彰显了企业的社会责任，也体现中国作为一个负责任的大国对世界文明与进步所做出的重大贡献。而深入研究我国食品工业企业低碳生产转型的历程，对丰富和发展具有中国特色的可持续食品供应链中企业主体的低碳生产意愿和行为的研究理论和生产实践，最终形成可为所有工业企业效仿的成功经验，为政府发展低碳经济的决策服务，构成本文研究主要目的。
本文的研究主要在理论和实证相结合的层面展开。在理论层面，运用生产者行为理论、利益相关者理论、计划行为理论和食品生命周期等理论与方法，在遵循经济学规律的基础上，实现多学科地交叉与融合。而在实证层面，撷取我国工业和食品工业发展典型区域的多个样本企业，归纳我国工业企业低碳生产转型普遍规律，并首次在国内运用与国际同步的PAS2050的计量原则，提出了食品工业企业实现低碳生产转型的现实路径。同时验证了本文所建立的影响我国食品工业企业低碳生产意愿和行为的理论框架的科学性，为将我国食品工业企业实现低碳生产转型的路径和政策框架进行模式化地推广奠定基础。
本文的主要研究结论是：（1）我国食品工业企业已经具备一定的开展低碳生产的意愿，并已经采用一些低碳生产行为。但目前我国食品工业企业的环境管理措施仍更偏好于末端治理，一定程度影响到食品工业企业向低碳生产方式的顺利转型；（2）食品工业企业的低碳生产应与包括政府在内的各利益相关者相协调。而低碳生产的推广初期，推动我国食品工业企业的低碳生产转型应更多地依赖政府的作用；（3）影响食品工业企业低碳生产意愿与行为的主要因素存在明显差异。本文的研究证实，企业管理者、企业规模、能源消耗、技术能力、市场需求、ISO14000环境管理标准和政府参与因素都是影响食品工业企业低碳生产意愿的主要因素。而影响食品工业企业低碳生产行为的主要因素则是企业能源消耗、技术能力、ISO14000环境管理标准和政府参与等因素，亦即推动食品工业企业的低碳生产行为更应基于政府外部推动下，监督企业遵守环境管理标准，实现能源消耗和技术创新能力的有效结合；（4）企业环境管理标准必须与低碳生产行为实现有序兼容。工业企业建立ISO14000环境管理标准体系应对其采用低碳生产行为有促进作用。本文的研究则证实，食品工业企业的环境管理措施与低碳生产技术的结合是循序渐进的过程，应监督企业认真执行相关的生产管理标准，有效保证食品工业企业的低碳生产行为；（5）企业采用低碳生产更应注重能源消耗与技术创新的结合。对我国食品工业企业而言，目前实现低碳生产的最初阶段就是将能源消耗与低碳技术创新进行最佳组合，提高企业能源效率，并在此基础上，逐步发展为生产过程中非能源的碳减排和引入低碳清洁能源以改善能源消耗结构等，最终实现企业碳循环。
本文研究的主要创新点是：第一，在国内比较系统地构建了具有我国特色的食品工业企业低碳生产转型的理论框架，并通过对典型食品工业企业案例的跟踪调查，验证了该理论框架的可行性、有效性；第二，基于国际公认的PAS2050计量原则，首次动态计量了我国食品工业企业的生产碳排放，初步完善了现有食品生产环节中有关碳足迹计量的基础理论工作；第三，在两个具有我国工业生产和食品工业生产典型性的省级区域首次进行大规模地实证调研，初步取得我国食品工业企业的低碳生产的真实数据，本文研究的方法科学、结论可靠、意义重要，可为真正推动我国低碳经济发展提供对策探讨。
低碳经济和碳标签制度的推广中食品工业企业的低碳生产转型研究值得进一步深入，未来我国食品工业企业低碳生产转型的研究重点是：首先，进一步结合实验经济学与系统动力学的方法，与现有结论深入展开比较分析；其次，应立足食品全生命周期视角，从食品供应链的一体化方向全面展开分析；最后，应更多注重企业案例的横向比较与动态跟踪，提倡立足于提供碳标签食品与低碳食品的目标，在实践层面上全方位地动态探寻我国食品工业企业实现低碳生产转型的路径。
Under the background of low-carbon economy development in the worldwide, and theimplementation of carbon labeling system, China is especially in the deep contradictorybetween the economic development and ecological fragile. Therefore, promoting theinnovation of low-carbon economy in the system and route innovation with Chinesecharacteristics, is a good wish of constructing "beautiful China", which is becoming theconnotation of the great rejuvenation, and a new beginning of "Chinese dream", the commonaction of the Chinese nation. Industrial enterprises as the major part of carbon emissions inChina, should become a chief force in the low-carbon economy development. So, in China,promoting low-carbon economy must rely on low-carbon manufacturing transformation ofindustrial enterprises. The food industry possessing the largest consumer groups around theworld, is the first pillar industry and basic livelihood industry in our country. Under thepressure of low-carbon manufacturing transition in the country and the requirements ofinternational carbon labeling in the future, how to boost the food industry sustainabledevelopment of economy, society, resources and environment in a higher level and broaderrange in China, has become one of the important standard to measure its modernization.Therefore, promoting the low-carbon manufacturing of China's food enterprises in our country,will fully embody the scientific development, which reflects the social responsibility of theenterprise, also reflect a significant contribution of China as a responsible big country to theworld civilization and progress. And the in-depth research of low-carbon manufacturingtransformation process of food enterprises in China will enrich and explore the theory andpractice of sustainable food supply chain with Chinese characteristics, and eventually formthe successful experience for all industrial enterprises to follow, serve the governmentdecision in low-carbon economy. These above constitute the main purpose of this study.
This study focused on the combination of theoretical and empirical level. At thetheoretical level, we took the theory of producer behavior, stakeholder theory, the plannedbehavior theory, food life cycle analysis theory and the multi-disciplinary method based oneconomics. At the empirical level, we united multiple samples from the typical region inChina, on the basis of summarizing the universal law of low-carbon transformation of China'sindustrial enterprises, to in-depth explore the transition path of food enterprises. This studyintroduced the advanced international principles of PAS2050to find the low-carbonmanufacturing transition path of food enterprises. The theoretical framework of main factorsaffecting low-carbon willingness and behavior of China's food enterprises were verified inthis study, which to lay the foundation for food enterprises achieving low-carbonmanufacturing transition and to support the relative policy implications.
The main conclusions of this paper are:(1) China's food enterprises already have certainwillingness to carry out low-carbon manufacturing and have adopted some low-carbonmanufacturing behaviors. Environmental management practices of these food enterprises arestill prefer the end-of-pipe, to a certain extent affect their smooth transformation tolow-carbon manufacturing;(2) Low-carbon manufacturing of food enterprises should be coordinated with various interests of the main sakerholders including the government. Theearly promotion of low-carbon manufacturing of China's food enterprises should more rely onthe government.(3) The main factors affecting between the willingness and behavior oflow-carbon manufacturing in the food enterprises are obviously different. This studyconfirmed that the business managers, firm size, energy consumption, technical capacity,market demand, ISO14000environmental management standards and governmentinvolvement were the main factors affecting low-carbon manufacturing willingness of foodenterprises. The main factors affecting food enterprises in low-carbon manufacturing behaviorwere energy consumption, technical capabilities, ISO14000environmental managementstandards and government involvement, that is, promoting low-carbon manufacturingbehavior of food enterprises should be based on government external promotion, and obeyedto environmental management standards to combine the energy consumption withtechnological innovation capability by these food enterprises;(4) Environmental managementstandard must be compatible to corporate low-carbon manufacturing behavior. Based on theISO14000system, industrial enterprises should be promoted the low-carbon manufacturingbehavior. This study confirmed that food enterprises take environmental managementmeasures with the combination of low-carbon manufacturing technology was step-by-stepprocess. Enterprises should be supervised to seriously implement the environmentalmanagement measures combined with low-carbon manufacturing behavior;(5) Low-carbonmanufacturing of food enterprises should be focused on the combination of energyconsumption and technological innovation. For China's food enterprises, to achieve the initialstages of low-carbon manufacturing was the best combination of energy consumption andlow-carbon technology innovation, further improved energy efficiency, and graduallydeveloped into the production process of non-energy carbon emission reduction and the cleanenergy introduction, eventually achieved a low-carbon cycle.
The main innovations of this paper are, firstly, we completely constructed the theoreticalframework of the low-carbon manufacturing transformation of China's food enterprises, andby tracking a typical enterprise to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoreticalframework; Secondly, we took the PAS2050to analyze the carbon emissions in themanufacturing process of food enterprises, and Initially improved the carbon footprintmeasurement based on existing theoretical work in the food production chain; Last but not theleast, in two provincial areas of China, we took a wide range of empirical research, in-depthanalyzed low-carbon manufacturing status of the food enterprises in the first time. Thescientific methods, the reliable results and the important meaning were provided a referencefor the the government decision-making in the long run.
A research of the transformation of low-carbon manufacturing and the promotion ofcarbon labelling system in food enterprises is worthy of further exploring. The research ofChina's food enterprises to achieve low-carbon manufacturing transformation in the futureshould be focused on: further using the combination methods of experimental economics andsystem dynamics to conduct a systematic study; Secondly, the future research should be basedon the full life cycle of food and commence in the integration of the food chain; Finally, weshould pay more attention to horizontal case analysis and dynamic tracking the multi-enterprises. Based on the purpose of providing carbon-labeled food and low-carbon, weshould dynamicly search the transformation path of low-carbon manufacturing of China'sfood industry in the practice and in all directions.
本文的研究主要在理论和实证相结合的层面展开。在理论层面，运用生产者行为理论、利益相关者理论、计划行为理论和食品生命周期等理论与方法，在遵循经济学规律的基础上，实现多学科地交叉与融合。而在实证层面，撷取我国工业和食品工业发展典型区域的多个样本企业，归纳我国工业企业低碳生产转型普遍规律，并首次在国内运用与国际同步的PAS2050的计量原则，提出了食品工业企业实现低碳生产转型的现实路径。同时验证了本文所建立的影响我国食品工业企业低碳生产意愿和行为的理论框架的科学性，为将我国食品工业企业实现低碳生产转型的路径和政策框架进行模式化地推广奠定基础。
本文的主要研究结论是：（1）我国食品工业企业已经具备一定的开展低碳生产的意愿，并已经采用一些低碳生产行为。但目前我国食品工业企业的环境管理措施仍更偏好于末端治理，一定程度影响到食品工业企业向低碳生产方式的顺利转型；（2）食品工业企业的低碳生产应与包括政府在内的各利益相关者相协调。而低碳生产的推广初期，推动我国食品工业企业的低碳生产转型应更多地依赖政府的作用；（3）影响食品工业企业低碳生产意愿与行为的主要因素存在明显差异。本文的研究证实，企业管理者、企业规模、能源消耗、技术能力、市场需求、ISO14000环境管理标准和政府参与因素都是影响食品工业企业低碳生产意愿的主要因素。而影响食品工业企业低碳生产行为的主要因素则是企业能源消耗、技术能力、ISO14000环境管理标准和政府参与等因素，亦即推动食品工业企业的低碳生产行为更应基于政府外部推动下，监督企业遵守环境管理标准，实现能源消耗和技术创新能力的有效结合；（4）企业环境管理标准必须与低碳生产行为实现有序兼容。工业企业建立ISO14000环境管理标准体系应对其采用低碳生产行为有促进作用。本文的研究则证实，食品工业企业的环境管理措施与低碳生产技术的结合是循序渐进的过程，应监督企业认真执行相关的生产管理标准，有效保证食品工业企业的低碳生产行为；（5）企业采用低碳生产更应注重能源消耗与技术创新的结合。对我国食品工业企业而言，目前实现低碳生产的最初阶段就是将能源消耗与低碳技术创新进行最佳组合，提高企业能源效率，并在此基础上，逐步发展为生产过程中非能源的碳减排和引入低碳清洁能源以改善能源消耗结构等，最终实现企业碳循环。
本文研究的主要创新点是：第一，在国内比较系统地构建了具有我国特色的食品工业企业低碳生产转型的理论框架，并通过对典型食品工业企业案例的跟踪调查，验证了该理论框架的可行性、有效性；第二，基于国际公认的PAS2050计量原则，首次动态计量了我国食品工业企业的生产碳排放，初步完善了现有食品生产环节中有关碳足迹计量的基础理论工作；第三，在两个具有我国工业生产和食品工业生产典型性的省级区域首次进行大规模地实证调研，初步取得我国食品工业企业的低碳生产的真实数据，本文研究的方法科学、结论可靠、意义重要，可为真正推动我国低碳经济发展提供对策探讨。
低碳经济和碳标签制度的推广中食品工业企业的低碳生产转型研究值得进一步深入，未来我国食品工业企业低碳生产转型的研究重点是：首先，进一步结合实验经济学与系统动力学的方法，与现有结论深入展开比较分析；其次，应立足食品全生命周期视角，从食品供应链的一体化方向全面展开分析；最后，应更多注重企业案例的横向比较与动态跟踪，提倡立足于提供碳标签食品与低碳食品的目标，在实践层面上全方位地动态探寻我国食品工业企业实现低碳生产转型的路径。
Under the background of low-carbon economy development in the worldwide, and theimplementation of carbon labeling system, China is especially in the deep contradictorybetween the economic development and ecological fragile. Therefore, promoting theinnovation of low-carbon economy in the system and route innovation with Chinesecharacteristics, is a good wish of constructing "beautiful China", which is becoming theconnotation of the great rejuvenation, and a new beginning of "Chinese dream", the commonaction of the Chinese nation. Industrial enterprises as the major part of carbon emissions inChina, should become a chief force in the low-carbon economy development. So, in China,promoting low-carbon economy must rely on low-carbon manufacturing transformation ofindustrial enterprises. The food industry possessing the largest consumer groups around theworld, is the first pillar industry and basic livelihood industry in our country. Under thepressure of low-carbon manufacturing transition in the country and the requirements ofinternational carbon labeling in the future, how to boost the food industry sustainabledevelopment of economy, society, resources and environment in a higher level and broaderrange in China, has become one of the important standard to measure its modernization.Therefore, promoting the low-carbon manufacturing of China's food enterprises in our country,will fully embody the scientific development, which reflects the social responsibility of theenterprise, also reflect a significant contribution of China as a responsible big country to theworld civilization and progress. And the in-depth research of low-carbon manufacturingtransformation process of food enterprises in China will enrich and explore the theory andpractice of sustainable food supply chain with Chinese characteristics, and eventually formthe successful experience for all industrial enterprises to follow, serve the governmentdecision in low-carbon economy. These above constitute the main purpose of this study.
This study focused on the combination of theoretical and empirical level. At thetheoretical level, we took the theory of producer behavior, stakeholder theory, the plannedbehavior theory, food life cycle analysis theory and the multi-disciplinary method based oneconomics. At the empirical level, we united multiple samples from the typical region inChina, on the basis of summarizing the universal law of low-carbon transformation of China'sindustrial enterprises, to in-depth explore the transition path of food enterprises. This studyintroduced the advanced international principles of PAS2050to find the low-carbonmanufacturing transition path of food enterprises. The theoretical framework of main factorsaffecting low-carbon willingness and behavior of China's food enterprises were verified inthis study, which to lay the foundation for food enterprises achieving low-carbonmanufacturing transition and to support the relative policy implications.
The main conclusions of this paper are:(1) China's food enterprises already have certainwillingness to carry out low-carbon manufacturing and have adopted some low-carbonmanufacturing behaviors. Environmental management practices of these food enterprises arestill prefer the end-of-pipe, to a certain extent affect their smooth transformation tolow-carbon manufacturing;(2) Low-carbon manufacturing of food enterprises should be coordinated with various interests of the main sakerholders including the government. Theearly promotion of low-carbon manufacturing of China's food enterprises should more rely onthe government.(3) The main factors affecting between the willingness and behavior oflow-carbon manufacturing in the food enterprises are obviously different. This studyconfirmed that the business managers, firm size, energy consumption, technical capacity,market demand, ISO14000environmental management standards and governmentinvolvement were the main factors affecting low-carbon manufacturing willingness of foodenterprises. The main factors affecting food enterprises in low-carbon manufacturing behaviorwere energy consumption, technical capabilities, ISO14000environmental managementstandards and government involvement, that is, promoting low-carbon manufacturingbehavior of food enterprises should be based on government external promotion, and obeyedto environmental management standards to combine the energy consumption withtechnological innovation capability by these food enterprises;(4) Environmental managementstandard must be compatible to corporate low-carbon manufacturing behavior. Based on theISO14000system, industrial enterprises should be promoted the low-carbon manufacturingbehavior. This study confirmed that food enterprises take environmental managementmeasures with the combination of low-carbon manufacturing technology was step-by-stepprocess. Enterprises should be supervised to seriously implement the environmentalmanagement measures combined with low-carbon manufacturing behavior;(5) Low-carbonmanufacturing of food enterprises should be focused on the combination of energyconsumption and technological innovation. For China's food enterprises, to achieve the initialstages of low-carbon manufacturing was the best combination of energy consumption andlow-carbon technology innovation, further improved energy efficiency, and graduallydeveloped into the production process of non-energy carbon emission reduction and the cleanenergy introduction, eventually achieved a low-carbon cycle.
The main innovations of this paper are, firstly, we completely constructed the theoreticalframework of the low-carbon manufacturing transformation of China's food enterprises, andby tracking a typical enterprise to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoreticalframework; Secondly, we took the PAS2050to analyze the carbon emissions in themanufacturing process of food enterprises, and Initially improved the carbon footprintmeasurement based on existing theoretical work in the food production chain; Last but not theleast, in two provincial areas of China, we took a wide range of empirical research, in-depthanalyzed low-carbon manufacturing status of the food enterprises in the first time. Thescientific methods, the reliable results and the important meaning were provided a referencefor the the government decision-making in the long run.
A research of the transformation of low-carbon manufacturing and the promotion ofcarbon labelling system in food enterprises is worthy of further exploring. The research ofChina's food enterprises to achieve low-carbon manufacturing transformation in the futureshould be focused on: further using the combination methods of experimental economics andsystem dynamics to conduct a systematic study; Secondly, the future research should be basedon the full life cycle of food and commence in the integration of the food chain; Finally, weshould pay more attention to horizontal case analysis and dynamic tracking the multi-enterprises. Based on the purpose of providing carbon-labeled food and low-carbon, weshould dynamicly search the transformation path of low-carbon manufacturing of China'sfood industry in the practice and in all directions.
引文
1. Stern N. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press,2007.
2.吴林海,赵丹,王晓莉等.企业碳标签食品生产的决策行为研究[J].中国软科学,2011(6):87–99.
3.世界银行.世界发展指标数据库[EB/OL]. Available at:http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2009/t20100407_402632577.htm.2009.
4. United States Energy Information Administration (U.S.EIA). International Energy Statistics. Availableat: http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=90&pid=44&aid=8.2011.
5.邴绍倩.食品“碳排放”标准及应对之策[J].现代经济信息,2009(20):265–266.
6.中华人民共和国国家统计局.1996–2012中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1996–2012.
7.陈佳贵,黄群慧,余菁等.工业化蓝皮书：中国工业化报告（2009）—15个重点工业行业现代化水平的评价与研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
8. Carbon Trust: Nine Leading Companies Commit to Carbon Footprint Products. London: Carbon Trust,2007.
9. IPCC. Climate Change2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to theFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2007.
10.中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组.2009年中国可持续发展战略报告[R].北京:科学出版社,2009.
11.张其仔,郭朝先,孙天法.中国工业污染防治的制度性缺陷及其纠正[J].中国工业经济,2006(8):29–35.
12.李瑾.环境政策诱导下的技术扩散效应研究[J].当代财经,2008(7):18–23.
13. Miles M E, Munilla L S, McClurg T. The impact of ISO14000environmental management standardson small and medium sized enterprises. Journal of Quality Management,1999,4(1):111–122.
14. González-Benito J, González-Benito ó. Operations management practices linked to the adoption ofISO14001: An empirical analysis of Spanish manufacturers. International Journal of Production Economics,2008,113(1):60–73.
15. Tridech S, Cheng K. Low Carbon Manufacturing: characterization, theoritical models andimplementation. The6th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR08), BrunelUniversity, UK,9-11th September2008.
16. WWF-Hong Kong. Available at:http://www.wwf.org.hk/whatwedo/footprint/climate/corpactions/corporate_lcmp/.2010.
17. PAS2050. Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods andservices. London: British Standards Institute,2008.
18.中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报[M].北京:国家计划出版社.2004.
19.王中英,王礼茂.中国经济增长对碳排放的影响分析[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(5):88–91.
20. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).2006IPCC Guidelines for National GreenhouseGas Inventories, Volume1, General Guidance and Reporting. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko MW et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme.2006.
21.国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2010.
22. IPCC. Climate Change2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the ThirdAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
23. Maxime D, Marcotte M, Arcand Y. Development of eco-efficiency indicators for the Canadian foodand beverage industry. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(6-7):636–648.
24. Chen Z C, Porter R. Energy management and environmental awareness in China's enterprises. EnergyPolicy,2000(28):49–63.
25.中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.中国的食品质量安全状况[EB/OL].2007.
26.王晓莉,吴林海.中国食品工业“三废”与二氧化碳排放的相关性研究：基于1996~2008年间考察[J].食品工业科技,2012,33(1):421–425.
27.王璇珍.我国工业分行业碳排放与增加值关系研究[J].魅力中国,2010(25):138–139.http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2007/content_764220.htm
28. Berlin J. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of Swedish semi-hard cheese. International DairyJournal,2002,12(11):939–953.
29. Andersson K, Ohlsson T. Life cycle assessment of bread produced on different scales. TheInternational Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,1999,4(1):25–40.
30. Eide M H. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Industrial Milk Production. The International Journal ofLife Cycle Assessment,2002,7(1):115–126.
31. Jungbluth N, Tietje O, Scholz R W. Food purchases: impacts from the consumer’s point of viewinvestigated with a modular LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2000,5(3):134–142.
32. Ziegler F, Nilsson P, Mattsson B, Walther Y. Life cycle assessment of frozen cod fillets includingfishery-specific environmental impacts. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2003,8(1):39–47.
33. Thrane M. LCA of Danish fish products. new methods and insights. The International Journal of LifeCycle Assessment,2006,11(1):66–74.
34. Sanguansri P, Ridoutt B, Fraval S. Life-Cycle Assessment of Victorian lamb exported to the UnitedStates. Unpublished data.2010.
35. Webber C, Matthews H. Food miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the UnitedStates. Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(10):3508–3513.
36. Hospido A, Moreira M T, Feijoo G. Simplified life cycle assessment of Galician milk production.International Dairy Journal,2003,13(10):783–796.
37. Basset-Mens C, van der Werf H M G. Scenario-based environmental assessment of farming systems:The case of pig production in France. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,105(1-2):127–144.
38. Mungkung R T, Udo de Haes H A, Clift R. Potentials and limitations of life cycle assessment in settingecolabelling criteria: A case study of Thai shrimp aquaculture product. The International Journal of LifeCycle Assessment,2006,11(1):55–59.
39. Weber C L, Peters G P, Guan D, Hubacek K. The contribution of Chinese exports to climate Change.Energy Policy,2008,36(9):3572–3577.
40. United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. Available at: http://comtrade.un.org/db/.
41.中华人民共和国WTO/TBT-SPS国家通报咨询中心,中国技术性贸易措施网[EB/OL].http://www.tbt-sps.gov.cn/Pages/home.aspx.
42.中华人民共和国WTO/TBT-SPS国家通报咨询中心,中国技术性贸易措施网.国外扣留（召回）我国出口产品情况分析报告（2011年度报告）[EB/OL].2011.http://www.tbtsps.com/riskinfo/riskanalyse/Pages/riskreport-cn.aspx.
43.庄贵阳.中国经济低碳发展的途径与潜力分析[J].国际技术经济研究,2005(3):79–87.
44.庄贵阳.低碳经济引领世界经济发展方向[J].世界环境,2008(2):34–36.
45.刘细良.低碳经济与人类社会发展[N].光明日报,2009-04-21.
46.方时姣.绿色经济视野下的低碳经济发展新论[J].中国人口资源与环境,2010(4):8–11.
47.陈柳钦.低碳经济：一种新的经济发展模式[J].实事求是,2010(2):31–34.
48.潘家华.怎样发展中国的低碳经济[J].绿叶,2009(05):20–27.
49.范钰婷,李明忠.低碳经济与我国发展模式的转型[J].上海经济研究,2010(2):30–35.
50.黄栋.低碳技术创新与政策支持[J].中国科技论坛,2010(2):37–40.
51.任力.低碳经济与中国经济可持续发展[J].社会科学家,2009(2):47–50.
52. UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme). Cleaner Production Global Status Report.2002.
53. Geiser K. Integrating CP into sustainability strategies. Industry and Environment,2001,24(1-2):33.(Paris: UNEP).
54. Mebratu D. Cleaner Production and Africa's Industrialization Challenge. Report of the Seventh CleanerProduction High-level Seminar, UNEP,2002.
55. Luken R, van Rompaey F, ZigováK. The determinants of EST adoption by manufacturing plants indeveloping countries. Ecological Economics,2008,66(1):141–152.
56. Staniskis J K, Stasiskiene Z. Promotion of cleaner production investments: international experience.Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(6):619–628.
57. Svensson E, Berntsson T. Economy and CO2emissions trade-off: a systematic approach for optimizinginvestments in process integration measures under uncertainty. Applied Thermal Engineering,2010,30(1):23–29.
58. Montalvo C. General wisdom concerning the factors affecting the adoption of cleanertechnologies:survey1990-2007. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(S1): S7–S13.
59. Fryxell G E, Lo C W H. The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerialbehaviours on behalf of the environment: an empirical examination of managers in China. Journal ofBusiness Ethics,2003,46(1):45–69.
60. Seroa da Motta R. Analyzing the environmental performance of the Brazilian industrial sector.Ecological Economics,2006,57(2):269–281.
61. Gangadharan L. Environmental compliance by firms in the manufacturing sector in Mexico. EcologicalEconomics,2006,59(4):477–486.
62. Blackman A, Kildegaard A. Clean technology change in developing country industrial clusters:Mexican leather tanning. Discussion Paper03-12rev. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC,2004.
63. Montalvo C. Sustainable production and consumption systems—cooperation for change: assessing andsimulating the willingness of the firm to adopt/develop cleaner technologies: the case of the In-Bondindustry in northern Mexico. Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(4):411–426.
64. Wheeler D, Martin P. Prices, policies and the international diffusion of clean technology. In: Low P.(Ed.), International Trade and the Environment. Discussion paper159. World Bank, Washington, DC,1991.197–224.
65. Reppelin-Hill V. Trade and environment: an empirical analysis of the technology effect in the steelindustry. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1999,38(3):283–301.
66. Van den Bergh J C J M. Bounded rationality and environmental policy. International Society forEcological Economics. Free University, Amsterdam,2003.
67. Kuo R J, Wang Y C, Tien F C. Integration of artificial neural network and MADA methods for greensupplier selection. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18(12):1161–1170.
68. Papagiannakis G, Lioukas S. Values, attitudes and perceptions of managers as predictors of corporateenvironmental responsiveness. Journal of Environmental Management,2012,100(15):41–51.
69. Fernández E, Junquera B, Ordiz, M. Managers' profile in environmental strategy: a review of theliterature. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,2006,13(5):261–274.
70. Perfilova O, Alizade Y. The role of ecological competence in manager's professional education.Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences,2011(15):2293–2298.
71. Baldwin J, Lin Z X. Impediments to advanced technology adoption for Canadian manufacturers.Research Policy,2001,31(1):1–18.
72. Rohdin P, Thollander P, Solding P. Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundryindustry. Energy Policy,2006,1(35):672–677.
73. World Bank. Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities, Markets and Governments. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford,2000.
74. Elsayed K. Reexamining the expected effect on firm environmental Orientation: an empirical study ofUK firms. Journal of Business Ethics,2006,65(3):297–308.
75. Fernández-Vi éM B, Gómez-Navarro T, Capuz-Rizo S F. Eco-efficiency in the SMEs of Venezuela.Current status and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18(8):736–746.
76. Chapple W, Morrison C, Harris R. Manufacturing and corporate environmental responsibility: costimplication of voluntary waste minimization. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,2005,16(3):347–373.
77. Lall S, Pietrobelli C. Failing to Compete: Technology Development and Technology Systems inSub-Saharan Africa. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,2002.
78. Montalvo C C. Challenges for cleaner production in international manufacturing subcontracting: Thecase of the Maquiladora industry in Northern Mexico. Frontera Norte,2004,16(31):69–100.
79. Zwetsloot G I J M, Askounes Ashford N A. The feasibility of encouraging inherently safer. SafetyScience,2003,41(2-3):219–240.
80. Janicke M. Ecological modernisation: new perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(5):557–565.
81. Lee C, Lee K, Pennings J M. Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study ontechnology based ventures. Strategic Management Journal,2001(22):615–640.
82. Anderson S T, Newell R G. Information programs for technology adoption: the case ofenergy-efficiency audits. Resource and Energy Economics,2004,26(1):27–50.
83. Thollander P, Ottosson M. An energy efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry–exploring barriers toand driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments. Energy Efficiency,2007,1(1):21–34.
84. Dasgupta S, Hettige H, Wheeler D. What improves environmental compliance? Evidence fromMexican industry. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2000,39(1):39–66.
85. Johnstone N, Scapecchi P, Ytterhus B, Wolff R. The firm environmental management andenvironmental measures: lessons from a survey of European manufacturing firms. Journal ofEnvironmental Planning and Management,2004,47(5):685–707.
86. Lefebvre E, Lefebvre L A, Talbot S. Determinants and impacts of environmental performance in SMEs.R&D Management,2003,33(3):263–283.
87. Chapple W, Moon J. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Asia: A seven country study of CSR.Business and Society,2005,44(4):415–441.
88. Huhtala A. Promoting financing of cleaner production investments UNEP experience. Journal ofCleaner Production,2003,11(6):615–618.
89. Battisti G. Innovations and the economics of new technology spreading within and across users: gapsand way forward. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(1S1):22–31.
90. Luken R, van Rompaey F. Drivers and barriers to environmentally sound technology adoption bymanufacturing plants in developing countries. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(1S1):67–77.
91. Jones C. Exploring new ways of assessing the effect of regulation on environmental management.Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18(13):1229–1250.
92. Calleja I, Lindblom J, Wolf O. Clean Technologies in Europe: Diffusion and Frontiers. The IPTSReport69. Seville: JRC(Joint Research Center)-IPTS(Institute for Prospective Technological Studies),2002.
93. Grell-Lawe H. Overview of ISO14000Activity in the United States. Presentation at JETRO andGeorgia Institute for Technologies's ISO14000. Environmental Management Systems Comparing USA andJapan, February12, Atlanta, GA,1998.
94. Babakri K A, Bennetta R A, Rao S, et al. Recycling performance of firms before and after adoption ofthe ISO14001standard. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(6):633–637.
95. Anton W R Q, Deltas G, Khanna M. Incentives for environmental self-regulation and implications forenvironmental performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2004,48(1):632–654.
96. Rondinelli D, Vastag G. Panacea, common sense, or justa label? The value of ISO14001environmentalmanagement systems. European Management Journal,2000,18(5):499–510.
97.杨东宁,周长辉.企业自愿采用标准化环境管理体系的驱动力：理论框架及实证分析[J].管理世界,2005(2):85–107.
98.但智钢,段宁,于秀玲等.重点企业清洁生产推进的驱动因素分析[J].环境科学研究,2010(2):242–247.
99.吴克,洪丽花,陈映蓁.跨国企业环境管理及其绩效影响因素之探讨[J].全球商管研究,2007(5):91–104.
100.胡美琴,骆守俭.基于制度与技术情境的企业绿色管理战略研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009(6):75–79.
101.赫伯特·西蒙著,杨砾,徐立译.现代决策理论的基石：有限理性说[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1989.
102. Freeman R E, Reed D L. Stockholders and stakeholders: A new perspective on corporate governance.California Management Review,1983,25(3):88–106.
103.刘俊海.公司的社会责任[M].北京:法律出版社,1994.
104. Ansoff H I. Corporation strategy: an analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion.New York: McGraw-Hill,1965.
105. Mitehell A, Wood D. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining thePrinciple of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4):853–886.
106. Friedman M. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. in Pincus, L. B.(Ed.),Perspectives in business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore,1998.246–251.
107.贾生华,陈宏辉.利益相关者的界定方法评述[J].外国经济与管理,2002(5):15–18.
108. Freeman R E. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston, MA: Pitman.1984.
109. Frederick W C. Business and society: corporate strategy, public policy, ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1996.
110. Charkham J. Corpate governance: lessons from abroad. European Business Journal,1992,4(2):8–16.
111. Wheeler D, Maria S. Including the stakeholders: the business case. Long Range Planning,1998,31(2):201–210.
112. The Clarkson Centre For Business Ethics. Principles of stakeholder Management. Toronto: Universityof Toronto, Centre for Public Management,1999.
113. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1975.
114. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl&J.Beckmann(Eds.),Action control:From cognition to behavior:11-39. New York: Springer-Verla,1985.
115. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179–211.
116. Conner M, Armitage C J. Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for furtherresearch. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1998,28(15):1429–1464.
117. Boldero J. The prediction of household recycling of newspapers: The role of attitudes, intentions, andsituational factors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1995,25(5):440–462.
118. Sparks P, Shepherd R. Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: Assessing the role ofidentification with "green consumerism". Social Psychology Quarterly,1992,55(4):388–399.
119. Willock J, Deary I J, McGregor M M et al. Farmers' attitudes, objectives, behaviors and personalitytraits: the edinburgh study of decision making on farms. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,54(1):5–36.
120.靳志勇.英国实行低碳经济能源政策[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2003(10):23–27.
121. Bartlett M. Approximate confidence intervals: more than one unknown parameter. Biometrika,1953,40(3-4):306.
122. Shenton L, Wallington P. The bias of moment estimators with an application to the negative binomialdistribution. Biometrika,1962,49(1-2):193.
123. Cordeiro G, McCullagh P. Bias correction in generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal StatisticalSociety, Series B (Methodological),1991,53(3):629–643.
124. Firth D. Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika,1993,80(1):27.
125.翟淑萍,王岩.人民币汇率制度渐进性转换路径的Logistic回归分析[J].现代财经,2007,27(7):49–53.
126.周百隆,卢俊安.以Cascaded Logistic Model建构我国企业财务危机预警模型之研究[J].中华管理评论国际学报,2007,10(2):1–16.
127. Duc N M. Farmers' satisfaction with aquaculture-A logistic model in Vietnam Nguyen Minh.Ecological Economics,2008,68(1-2):525–531.
128. Yeh R, Yan R. An applied logistic model for online purchase decision via web-building experiments.International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies,2010,2(1):73–84.
129.格林·威.经济计量分析[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.122.
130. Quenouille M H. Notes on bias in estimatuib. Biometrika,1956,43:353–360.
131. Cox D R, Hikley D V. Theoretical Statistics. London: Chapman and Hall,1974.
132. Heinze G, Schemper M. A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression. Statistics inmedicine,2002,21(16):2409–2419.
133. Zhu J. Classification of gene microarrays by penalized logistic regression. Biostat,2004,5(3):427–443.
134. Shen L. Tan E C. Dimension Reduction-Based Penalized Logistic Regression for CancerClassification Using Microarray Data. IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology andbioinformatics,2005,2(2):166–175.
135. Park M Y, Hastie T. Penalized Logistic Regression for Detecting Gene Interactions. Biostat,2008,9(1):30–50.
136. Souza Monteiro D M, Caswell J A. Traceability adoption at the farm level: An empirical analysis ofthe Portuguese pear industry. Food Policy,2009,(34):94–101.
137.吴林海,徐玲玲,王晓莉.影响消费者对可追溯食品额外价格支付意愿与支付水平的主要因素：基于Logistic、Interval Censored的回归分析[J].中国农村经济,2010(4):77–86.
138.魏一鸣,刘兰翠,范英等.中国能源报告（2008）：碳排放研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
139.江苏省统计局.江苏统计年鉴2008–2010[M].中国统计出版社,2009–2011.
140.吴林海,朱淀,王晓莉.2011苏州大学苏南发展研究院年度报告：苏南工业企业低碳生产转型研究.苏州:苏州大学出版社,2011.
141.胡初枝,黄贤金.区域碳排放及影响因素差异比较研究——以江苏省为例[C].第二届全国循环经济与生态工业学术研讨会暨中国生态经济学会工业生态经济与技术专业委员会2007年年会.
142. Molina-Azonrín J F, Claver-Cortés E, López-Gamero M D, Tarí, J J. Green management and financialperformance: A literature review. Management Decision,2009,47(7):1080–1100.
143. Videen G. Effects of green business on firm value. The Michigan Journal of Business,2011,4(1):107–133.
144.王仁曾.产业国际竞争力决定因素的实证研究：进展、困难、模型及对中国制造业截面数据的估计与检验[J].统计研究,2002(4):20–24.
145. Barker T, Pan H, K hler J, Warren R, Winne S. Decarbonizing the Global Economy with InducedTechnological Change: Scenarios to2100using E3MG. Energy Journal,2006, Special Issue:241–258.
146.刘立,陆小成,李兴川.科学发展观视野下的低碳技术创新及其社会建构[J].中国科技论坛,2009(7):48–52.
147. Vanassche S, Vranken L, Vercaemst P. The impact of environmental policy on industrial sectors:empirical evidence from14European Countries. HUB research paper2009/20, SEPTEMBER2009.
148. Malecki E. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and NationalCompetitiveness. London and Boston: Addison Wesley Longman,1997.
149. Ismail M. Creative climate and learning organization factors: their contribution towards innovation.Leadership&Organization development Journal,2005,26(8):639–654.
150. Nilsson H, Tuncer B, Thidell. The use of eco-labeling like initiatives on food products to promotequality assurance—is there enough credibility?. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(5):517526.
151. Beretti M, Stuart D. Food safety and environmental quality impose conflicting demands on CentralCoast growers. California Agriculture,2008, April-June:6873. Available at:http://CaliforniaAgriculture.ucop.edu.
152. Liu E, Lee V, Wong E. Food safety control and environmental hygiene in the US and the UK.Research Paper of the the Research and Library Services Division of the Legislative Council Secretariat,18May1999.
153.郑州市统计局,国家统计局郑州调查队编.20072010年郑州市统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2008–2011.
154.中国酿酒工业协会,中国酿酒工业年鉴编委会编.中国酿酒工业年鉴[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001–2012.
155.北京中经纵横经济研究院.2009年中国白酒行业研究咨询报告[EB/OL].http://www.docin.com/p-48181146.html.
156.北京名牌资产评估有限公司.2012（第18届）中国100品牌价值（行业及用途分布）[EB/OL].http://www.mps.com.cn/Wisdom_list1_2.html.
157. Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa,Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version1.2.F-75008-PARIS, France, June2008. Available at: www.fivs.org.
158. World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).Product life cycle Accounting and reporting standard review. Draft for Stakeholder Advisory Group,November2009. Available at:http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgprotocol-product-life-cycle-standard-draft-for-stakeholder-reviewnov-pdf.Accessed29March2010.
159. Weidema B, Thrane M, Christensen P, Schmidt J, L kke Carbon footprint: a catalyst for life cycleassessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2008,12(1):36.
160. Finkbeiner M. Carbon footprinting–opportunities and threats. The International Journal of Life CycleAssessment,2009,14(2):9194.
161.中国电力年鉴编辑委员会.中国电力年鉴[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2010.
162.2050中国能源和碳排放课题组.2050中国能源和碳排放报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
163. DEFRA (Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs).2009Guidelines to Defra/DECC'sGHG Conversion Factors: Methodology Paper for Emission Factors. London, October2009:8. Available at:www.defra.gov.uk.
2.吴林海,赵丹,王晓莉等.企业碳标签食品生产的决策行为研究[J].中国软科学,2011(6):87–99.
3.世界银行.世界发展指标数据库[EB/OL]. Available at:http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2009/t20100407_402632577.htm.2009.
4. United States Energy Information Administration (U.S.EIA). International Energy Statistics. Availableat: http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=90&pid=44&aid=8.2011.
5.邴绍倩.食品“碳排放”标准及应对之策[J].现代经济信息,2009(20):265–266.
6.中华人民共和国国家统计局.1996–2012中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1996–2012.
7.陈佳贵,黄群慧,余菁等.工业化蓝皮书：中国工业化报告（2009）—15个重点工业行业现代化水平的评价与研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
8. Carbon Trust: Nine Leading Companies Commit to Carbon Footprint Products. London: Carbon Trust,2007.
9. IPCC. Climate Change2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to theFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2007.
10.中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组.2009年中国可持续发展战略报告[R].北京:科学出版社,2009.
11.张其仔,郭朝先,孙天法.中国工业污染防治的制度性缺陷及其纠正[J].中国工业经济,2006(8):29–35.
12.李瑾.环境政策诱导下的技术扩散效应研究[J].当代财经,2008(7):18–23.
13. Miles M E, Munilla L S, McClurg T. The impact of ISO14000environmental management standardson small and medium sized enterprises. Journal of Quality Management,1999,4(1):111–122.
14. González-Benito J, González-Benito ó. Operations management practices linked to the adoption ofISO14001: An empirical analysis of Spanish manufacturers. International Journal of Production Economics,2008,113(1):60–73.
15. Tridech S, Cheng K. Low Carbon Manufacturing: characterization, theoritical models andimplementation. The6th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR08), BrunelUniversity, UK,9-11th September2008.
16. WWF-Hong Kong. Available at:http://www.wwf.org.hk/whatwedo/footprint/climate/corpactions/corporate_lcmp/.2010.
17. PAS2050. Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods andservices. London: British Standards Institute,2008.
18.中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报[M].北京:国家计划出版社.2004.
19.王中英,王礼茂.中国经济增长对碳排放的影响分析[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(5):88–91.
20. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).2006IPCC Guidelines for National GreenhouseGas Inventories, Volume1, General Guidance and Reporting. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko MW et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme.2006.
21.国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2010.
22. IPCC. Climate Change2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the ThirdAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
23. Maxime D, Marcotte M, Arcand Y. Development of eco-efficiency indicators for the Canadian foodand beverage industry. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(6-7):636–648.
24. Chen Z C, Porter R. Energy management and environmental awareness in China's enterprises. EnergyPolicy,2000(28):49–63.
25.中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.中国的食品质量安全状况[EB/OL].2007.
26.王晓莉,吴林海.中国食品工业“三废”与二氧化碳排放的相关性研究：基于1996~2008年间考察[J].食品工业科技,2012,33(1):421–425.
27.王璇珍.我国工业分行业碳排放与增加值关系研究[J].魅力中国,2010(25):138–139.http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2007/content_764220.htm
28. Berlin J. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of Swedish semi-hard cheese. International DairyJournal,2002,12(11):939–953.
29. Andersson K, Ohlsson T. Life cycle assessment of bread produced on different scales. TheInternational Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,1999,4(1):25–40.
30. Eide M H. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Industrial Milk Production. The International Journal ofLife Cycle Assessment,2002,7(1):115–126.
31. Jungbluth N, Tietje O, Scholz R W. Food purchases: impacts from the consumer’s point of viewinvestigated with a modular LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2000,5(3):134–142.
32. Ziegler F, Nilsson P, Mattsson B, Walther Y. Life cycle assessment of frozen cod fillets includingfishery-specific environmental impacts. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2003,8(1):39–47.
33. Thrane M. LCA of Danish fish products. new methods and insights. The International Journal of LifeCycle Assessment,2006,11(1):66–74.
34. Sanguansri P, Ridoutt B, Fraval S. Life-Cycle Assessment of Victorian lamb exported to the UnitedStates. Unpublished data.2010.
35. Webber C, Matthews H. Food miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the UnitedStates. Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(10):3508–3513.
36. Hospido A, Moreira M T, Feijoo G. Simplified life cycle assessment of Galician milk production.International Dairy Journal,2003,13(10):783–796.
37. Basset-Mens C, van der Werf H M G. Scenario-based environmental assessment of farming systems:The case of pig production in France. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,105(1-2):127–144.
38. Mungkung R T, Udo de Haes H A, Clift R. Potentials and limitations of life cycle assessment in settingecolabelling criteria: A case study of Thai shrimp aquaculture product. The International Journal of LifeCycle Assessment,2006,11(1):55–59.
39. Weber C L, Peters G P, Guan D, Hubacek K. The contribution of Chinese exports to climate Change.Energy Policy,2008,36(9):3572–3577.
40. United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. Available at: http://comtrade.un.org/db/.
41.中华人民共和国WTO/TBT-SPS国家通报咨询中心,中国技术性贸易措施网[EB/OL].http://www.tbt-sps.gov.cn/Pages/home.aspx.
42.中华人民共和国WTO/TBT-SPS国家通报咨询中心,中国技术性贸易措施网.国外扣留（召回）我国出口产品情况分析报告（2011年度报告）[EB/OL].2011.http://www.tbtsps.com/riskinfo/riskanalyse/Pages/riskreport-cn.aspx.
43.庄贵阳.中国经济低碳发展的途径与潜力分析[J].国际技术经济研究,2005(3):79–87.
44.庄贵阳.低碳经济引领世界经济发展方向[J].世界环境,2008(2):34–36.
45.刘细良.低碳经济与人类社会发展[N].光明日报,2009-04-21.
46.方时姣.绿色经济视野下的低碳经济发展新论[J].中国人口资源与环境,2010(4):8–11.
47.陈柳钦.低碳经济：一种新的经济发展模式[J].实事求是,2010(2):31–34.
48.潘家华.怎样发展中国的低碳经济[J].绿叶,2009(05):20–27.
49.范钰婷,李明忠.低碳经济与我国发展模式的转型[J].上海经济研究,2010(2):30–35.
50.黄栋.低碳技术创新与政策支持[J].中国科技论坛,2010(2):37–40.
51.任力.低碳经济与中国经济可持续发展[J].社会科学家,2009(2):47–50.
52. UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme). Cleaner Production Global Status Report.2002.
53. Geiser K. Integrating CP into sustainability strategies. Industry and Environment,2001,24(1-2):33.(Paris: UNEP).
54. Mebratu D. Cleaner Production and Africa's Industrialization Challenge. Report of the Seventh CleanerProduction High-level Seminar, UNEP,2002.
55. Luken R, van Rompaey F, ZigováK. The determinants of EST adoption by manufacturing plants indeveloping countries. Ecological Economics,2008,66(1):141–152.
56. Staniskis J K, Stasiskiene Z. Promotion of cleaner production investments: international experience.Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(6):619–628.
57. Svensson E, Berntsson T. Economy and CO2emissions trade-off: a systematic approach for optimizinginvestments in process integration measures under uncertainty. Applied Thermal Engineering,2010,30(1):23–29.
58. Montalvo C. General wisdom concerning the factors affecting the adoption of cleanertechnologies:survey1990-2007. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(S1): S7–S13.
59. Fryxell G E, Lo C W H. The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerialbehaviours on behalf of the environment: an empirical examination of managers in China. Journal ofBusiness Ethics,2003,46(1):45–69.
60. Seroa da Motta R. Analyzing the environmental performance of the Brazilian industrial sector.Ecological Economics,2006,57(2):269–281.
61. Gangadharan L. Environmental compliance by firms in the manufacturing sector in Mexico. EcologicalEconomics,2006,59(4):477–486.
62. Blackman A, Kildegaard A. Clean technology change in developing country industrial clusters:Mexican leather tanning. Discussion Paper03-12rev. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC,2004.
63. Montalvo C. Sustainable production and consumption systems—cooperation for change: assessing andsimulating the willingness of the firm to adopt/develop cleaner technologies: the case of the In-Bondindustry in northern Mexico. Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(4):411–426.
64. Wheeler D, Martin P. Prices, policies and the international diffusion of clean technology. In: Low P.(Ed.), International Trade and the Environment. Discussion paper159. World Bank, Washington, DC,1991.197–224.
65. Reppelin-Hill V. Trade and environment: an empirical analysis of the technology effect in the steelindustry. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1999,38(3):283–301.
66. Van den Bergh J C J M. Bounded rationality and environmental policy. International Society forEcological Economics. Free University, Amsterdam,2003.
67. Kuo R J, Wang Y C, Tien F C. Integration of artificial neural network and MADA methods for greensupplier selection. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18(12):1161–1170.
68. Papagiannakis G, Lioukas S. Values, attitudes and perceptions of managers as predictors of corporateenvironmental responsiveness. Journal of Environmental Management,2012,100(15):41–51.
69. Fernández E, Junquera B, Ordiz, M. Managers' profile in environmental strategy: a review of theliterature. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,2006,13(5):261–274.
70. Perfilova O, Alizade Y. The role of ecological competence in manager's professional education.Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences,2011(15):2293–2298.
71. Baldwin J, Lin Z X. Impediments to advanced technology adoption for Canadian manufacturers.Research Policy,2001,31(1):1–18.
72. Rohdin P, Thollander P, Solding P. Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundryindustry. Energy Policy,2006,1(35):672–677.
73. World Bank. Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities, Markets and Governments. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford,2000.
74. Elsayed K. Reexamining the expected effect on firm environmental Orientation: an empirical study ofUK firms. Journal of Business Ethics,2006,65(3):297–308.
75. Fernández-Vi éM B, Gómez-Navarro T, Capuz-Rizo S F. Eco-efficiency in the SMEs of Venezuela.Current status and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18(8):736–746.
76. Chapple W, Morrison C, Harris R. Manufacturing and corporate environmental responsibility: costimplication of voluntary waste minimization. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,2005,16(3):347–373.
77. Lall S, Pietrobelli C. Failing to Compete: Technology Development and Technology Systems inSub-Saharan Africa. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,2002.
78. Montalvo C C. Challenges for cleaner production in international manufacturing subcontracting: Thecase of the Maquiladora industry in Northern Mexico. Frontera Norte,2004,16(31):69–100.
79. Zwetsloot G I J M, Askounes Ashford N A. The feasibility of encouraging inherently safer. SafetyScience,2003,41(2-3):219–240.
80. Janicke M. Ecological modernisation: new perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(5):557–565.
81. Lee C, Lee K, Pennings J M. Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study ontechnology based ventures. Strategic Management Journal,2001(22):615–640.
82. Anderson S T, Newell R G. Information programs for technology adoption: the case ofenergy-efficiency audits. Resource and Energy Economics,2004,26(1):27–50.
83. Thollander P, Ottosson M. An energy efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry–exploring barriers toand driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments. Energy Efficiency,2007,1(1):21–34.
84. Dasgupta S, Hettige H, Wheeler D. What improves environmental compliance? Evidence fromMexican industry. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2000,39(1):39–66.
85. Johnstone N, Scapecchi P, Ytterhus B, Wolff R. The firm environmental management andenvironmental measures: lessons from a survey of European manufacturing firms. Journal ofEnvironmental Planning and Management,2004,47(5):685–707.
86. Lefebvre E, Lefebvre L A, Talbot S. Determinants and impacts of environmental performance in SMEs.R&D Management,2003,33(3):263–283.
87. Chapple W, Moon J. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Asia: A seven country study of CSR.Business and Society,2005,44(4):415–441.
88. Huhtala A. Promoting financing of cleaner production investments UNEP experience. Journal ofCleaner Production,2003,11(6):615–618.
89. Battisti G. Innovations and the economics of new technology spreading within and across users: gapsand way forward. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(1S1):22–31.
90. Luken R, van Rompaey F. Drivers and barriers to environmentally sound technology adoption bymanufacturing plants in developing countries. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(1S1):67–77.
91. Jones C. Exploring new ways of assessing the effect of regulation on environmental management.Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18(13):1229–1250.
92. Calleja I, Lindblom J, Wolf O. Clean Technologies in Europe: Diffusion and Frontiers. The IPTSReport69. Seville: JRC(Joint Research Center)-IPTS(Institute for Prospective Technological Studies),2002.
93. Grell-Lawe H. Overview of ISO14000Activity in the United States. Presentation at JETRO andGeorgia Institute for Technologies's ISO14000. Environmental Management Systems Comparing USA andJapan, February12, Atlanta, GA,1998.
94. Babakri K A, Bennetta R A, Rao S, et al. Recycling performance of firms before and after adoption ofthe ISO14001standard. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(6):633–637.
95. Anton W R Q, Deltas G, Khanna M. Incentives for environmental self-regulation and implications forenvironmental performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2004,48(1):632–654.
96. Rondinelli D, Vastag G. Panacea, common sense, or justa label? The value of ISO14001environmentalmanagement systems. European Management Journal,2000,18(5):499–510.
97.杨东宁,周长辉.企业自愿采用标准化环境管理体系的驱动力：理论框架及实证分析[J].管理世界,2005(2):85–107.
98.但智钢,段宁,于秀玲等.重点企业清洁生产推进的驱动因素分析[J].环境科学研究,2010(2):242–247.
99.吴克,洪丽花,陈映蓁.跨国企业环境管理及其绩效影响因素之探讨[J].全球商管研究,2007(5):91–104.
100.胡美琴,骆守俭.基于制度与技术情境的企业绿色管理战略研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009(6):75–79.
101.赫伯特·西蒙著,杨砾,徐立译.现代决策理论的基石：有限理性说[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1989.
102. Freeman R E, Reed D L. Stockholders and stakeholders: A new perspective on corporate governance.California Management Review,1983,25(3):88–106.
103.刘俊海.公司的社会责任[M].北京:法律出版社,1994.
104. Ansoff H I. Corporation strategy: an analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion.New York: McGraw-Hill,1965.
105. Mitehell A, Wood D. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining thePrinciple of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4):853–886.
106. Friedman M. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. in Pincus, L. B.(Ed.),Perspectives in business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore,1998.246–251.
107.贾生华,陈宏辉.利益相关者的界定方法评述[J].外国经济与管理,2002(5):15–18.
108. Freeman R E. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston, MA: Pitman.1984.
109. Frederick W C. Business and society: corporate strategy, public policy, ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1996.
110. Charkham J. Corpate governance: lessons from abroad. European Business Journal,1992,4(2):8–16.
111. Wheeler D, Maria S. Including the stakeholders: the business case. Long Range Planning,1998,31(2):201–210.
112. The Clarkson Centre For Business Ethics. Principles of stakeholder Management. Toronto: Universityof Toronto, Centre for Public Management,1999.
113. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1975.
114. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl&J.Beckmann(Eds.),Action control:From cognition to behavior:11-39. New York: Springer-Verla,1985.
115. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179–211.
116. Conner M, Armitage C J. Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for furtherresearch. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1998,28(15):1429–1464.
117. Boldero J. The prediction of household recycling of newspapers: The role of attitudes, intentions, andsituational factors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1995,25(5):440–462.
118. Sparks P, Shepherd R. Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: Assessing the role ofidentification with "green consumerism". Social Psychology Quarterly,1992,55(4):388–399.
119. Willock J, Deary I J, McGregor M M et al. Farmers' attitudes, objectives, behaviors and personalitytraits: the edinburgh study of decision making on farms. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,54(1):5–36.
120.靳志勇.英国实行低碳经济能源政策[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2003(10):23–27.
121. Bartlett M. Approximate confidence intervals: more than one unknown parameter. Biometrika,1953,40(3-4):306.
122. Shenton L, Wallington P. The bias of moment estimators with an application to the negative binomialdistribution. Biometrika,1962,49(1-2):193.
123. Cordeiro G, McCullagh P. Bias correction in generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal StatisticalSociety, Series B (Methodological),1991,53(3):629–643.
124. Firth D. Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika,1993,80(1):27.
125.翟淑萍,王岩.人民币汇率制度渐进性转换路径的Logistic回归分析[J].现代财经,2007,27(7):49–53.
126.周百隆,卢俊安.以Cascaded Logistic Model建构我国企业财务危机预警模型之研究[J].中华管理评论国际学报,2007,10(2):1–16.
127. Duc N M. Farmers' satisfaction with aquaculture-A logistic model in Vietnam Nguyen Minh.Ecological Economics,2008,68(1-2):525–531.
128. Yeh R, Yan R. An applied logistic model for online purchase decision via web-building experiments.International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies,2010,2(1):73–84.
129.格林·威.经济计量分析[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.122.
130. Quenouille M H. Notes on bias in estimatuib. Biometrika,1956,43:353–360.
131. Cox D R, Hikley D V. Theoretical Statistics. London: Chapman and Hall,1974.
132. Heinze G, Schemper M. A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression. Statistics inmedicine,2002,21(16):2409–2419.
133. Zhu J. Classification of gene microarrays by penalized logistic regression. Biostat,2004,5(3):427–443.
134. Shen L. Tan E C. Dimension Reduction-Based Penalized Logistic Regression for CancerClassification Using Microarray Data. IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology andbioinformatics,2005,2(2):166–175.
135. Park M Y, Hastie T. Penalized Logistic Regression for Detecting Gene Interactions. Biostat,2008,9(1):30–50.
136. Souza Monteiro D M, Caswell J A. Traceability adoption at the farm level: An empirical analysis ofthe Portuguese pear industry. Food Policy,2009,(34):94–101.
137.吴林海,徐玲玲,王晓莉.影响消费者对可追溯食品额外价格支付意愿与支付水平的主要因素：基于Logistic、Interval Censored的回归分析[J].中国农村经济,2010(4):77–86.
138.魏一鸣,刘兰翠,范英等.中国能源报告（2008）：碳排放研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
139.江苏省统计局.江苏统计年鉴2008–2010[M].中国统计出版社,2009–2011.
140.吴林海,朱淀,王晓莉.2011苏州大学苏南发展研究院年度报告：苏南工业企业低碳生产转型研究.苏州:苏州大学出版社,2011.
141.胡初枝,黄贤金.区域碳排放及影响因素差异比较研究——以江苏省为例[C].第二届全国循环经济与生态工业学术研讨会暨中国生态经济学会工业生态经济与技术专业委员会2007年年会.
142. Molina-Azonrín J F, Claver-Cortés E, López-Gamero M D, Tarí, J J. Green management and financialperformance: A literature review. Management Decision,2009,47(7):1080–1100.
143. Videen G. Effects of green business on firm value. The Michigan Journal of Business,2011,4(1):107–133.
144.王仁曾.产业国际竞争力决定因素的实证研究：进展、困难、模型及对中国制造业截面数据的估计与检验[J].统计研究,2002(4):20–24.
145. Barker T, Pan H, K hler J, Warren R, Winne S. Decarbonizing the Global Economy with InducedTechnological Change: Scenarios to2100using E3MG. Energy Journal,2006, Special Issue:241–258.
146.刘立,陆小成,李兴川.科学发展观视野下的低碳技术创新及其社会建构[J].中国科技论坛,2009(7):48–52.
147. Vanassche S, Vranken L, Vercaemst P. The impact of environmental policy on industrial sectors:empirical evidence from14European Countries. HUB research paper2009/20, SEPTEMBER2009.
148. Malecki E. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and NationalCompetitiveness. London and Boston: Addison Wesley Longman,1997.
149. Ismail M. Creative climate and learning organization factors: their contribution towards innovation.Leadership&Organization development Journal,2005,26(8):639–654.
150. Nilsson H, Tuncer B, Thidell. The use of eco-labeling like initiatives on food products to promotequality assurance—is there enough credibility?. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(5):517526.
151. Beretti M, Stuart D. Food safety and environmental quality impose conflicting demands on CentralCoast growers. California Agriculture,2008, April-June:6873. Available at:http://CaliforniaAgriculture.ucop.edu.
152. Liu E, Lee V, Wong E. Food safety control and environmental hygiene in the US and the UK.Research Paper of the the Research and Library Services Division of the Legislative Council Secretariat,18May1999.
153.郑州市统计局,国家统计局郑州调查队编.20072010年郑州市统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2008–2011.
154.中国酿酒工业协会,中国酿酒工业年鉴编委会编.中国酿酒工业年鉴[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001–2012.
155.北京中经纵横经济研究院.2009年中国白酒行业研究咨询报告[EB/OL].http://www.docin.com/p-48181146.html.
156.北京名牌资产评估有限公司.2012（第18届）中国100品牌价值（行业及用途分布）[EB/OL].http://www.mps.com.cn/Wisdom_list1_2.html.
157. Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa,Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version1.2.F-75008-PARIS, France, June2008. Available at: www.fivs.org.
158. World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).Product life cycle Accounting and reporting standard review. Draft for Stakeholder Advisory Group,November2009. Available at:http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgprotocol-product-life-cycle-standard-draft-for-stakeholder-reviewnov-pdf.Accessed29March2010.
159. Weidema B, Thrane M, Christensen P, Schmidt J, L kke Carbon footprint: a catalyst for life cycleassessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2008,12(1):36.
160. Finkbeiner M. Carbon footprinting–opportunities and threats. The International Journal of Life CycleAssessment,2009,14(2):9194.
161.中国电力年鉴编辑委员会.中国电力年鉴[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2010.
162.2050中国能源和碳排放课题组.2050中国能源和碳排放报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
163. DEFRA (Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs).2009Guidelines to Defra/DECC'sGHG Conversion Factors: Methodology Paper for Emission Factors. London, October2009:8. Available at:www.defra.gov.uk.