秸秆纤维改性及降水资源高效利用方法与效果研究
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摘要
本文研究了玉米、小麦、紫苏、花生和棉花秸秆纤维经物理粉碎、化学酸碱处理、生物菌剂发酵后模塑秸秆育苗钵的技术效果。主要从不同处理、加工工艺、农艺性状等方面,对克服纤维膨胀性、一次性成钵质量和育苗钵成型强度、水分特性、育苗效果进行了全面系统的分析,结果如下：
1、作物秸秆经物理、化学和生物改性,纤维素和木质素含量降低,打破原有纤维结构,合成育苗钵吸水能力和吸水速度提高,强度增加,在土壤中更容易分解形成有机肥。试验表明：机械粉碎法处理秸秆,最经济合理的粉碎细度为60目,此条件下的纤维长度适中,有一定强度且经济成本相对较低；化学处理采用氨化法是合成秸秆纤维育苗钵原料预处理的理想方法；微生物处理选择微生物制剂进行预处理效果最佳。
2、通过对改性纤维育苗钵农艺技术研究：①棉花采用秸秆育苗钵育苗,可实现抗旱播种保全苗,并且具有不缓苗的特点,移栽后棉花的生长不受影响,移栽成活率达到90%以上,实现棉花的抗旱播种、促早、高产、优质栽培；②西瓜采用秸秆育苗钵育苗,可使西瓜播种期提前,成熟上市期提早,经济效益明显增加。而且秸秆育苗钵成本低,栽植操作简单；③玉米采用秸秆育苗钵育苗,可以提早育苗移栽,比直播延长生育期10d左右,从而提高玉米产量,增加经济效益。
3、采用秸秆粉碎加工并与保水剂按一定比例混合造粒的方法合成土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥,通过对其对农业高效用水技术效果和农艺技术研究发现：①改性纤维秸秆合成的土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥吸水性和保水性能增强,而且可以伴随干湿交替引起自身膨胀收缩,改善土壤通气条件；②农田使用土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥作为土壤水分抑蒸剂,成本低,改土、增肥、保水、抑蒸效果好,可作为一种较好的旱作农业新途径；③将土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥施入小麦田中,有效降低土壤容重,增加土壤肥力,提高小麦产量,提高水分利用率。
In this research, the modification effects of corn, wheat, basil, peanuts and cotton straw fiber were studied, which were pretreated by physical crushing, chemical acid and alkali, biological fermentation technologies, and some features such as the fiber expansion overcoming, the quality of one-time forming bowls, forming strength, water absorbent features and seedling effect were analysised comprehensively, the results as follows:
1. Modified by physical,chemical and biological motheds, cellulose and lignin content in crop stalks decreased, the original fiber structure was broken,water absorbent capacity and speed improved, bowl strength increased, and they were also more easily decomposed into organic fertilizer in the soil. Results showed that:the most economical and reasonable straw grinding fineness was 60 mesh in the mechanical grinding treatment, because this fiber length was moderate and its economic cost was lower relatively; For chemical treatment, it was an ideal method for using ammoniation method to pretreatment raw material and then synthesize straw fiber seedling bowl; Suitable microbial agents pretreatment extended the best effect in microbial treatments.
2. Based on agronomic techniques research of modified fiber seedling bowl:firstly, seedling breeding using straw seedling bowl in cotton made possible to get full seedling in drought climat but also shorten seedling recovering period. After transplanting, survival rate of transplant seedling were more than 90%, so it realized the drought-resistant planting, promote earlier mature, higher yield and better quality in cotton cultivation. secondly, Seedling breeding using straw seedling bowl in watermelon, can make watermelon earlier sowing, mature and selling, therefore its economic benefit increased obviously. On the other hand, straw bowl was low cost and its operation was simple.③Using straw seedlings bowl in maize cultivation can extend growth and developmental period for almost 10 days, that improved the yield of corn and increased its economic benefits.
3. Organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer was made by the method of grinding staw mixed with water retaining agent according to a certain proportion and then granulating. The research on its agricultural high efficiency water using effect and agronomic techniques, were conducted, and the result showed thant:firstly,abilities of water imbibition and conservation of organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer made by modified fiber straw enhanced, and it also cause itself expand or contract with different dry-wet condition, this was hellpful to improve soil aeration condition. Secondly, using organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer in farmland as soil water evaporation retarding agent can decrease the cost, and get a good productive effect, so it can serve as a good agricultural new ways. Thirdly, using organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer in wheat cultivation reduced effectively soil bulk density, increase soil fertility, improve the wheat yield and water use efficiency.
1、作物秸秆经物理、化学和生物改性,纤维素和木质素含量降低,打破原有纤维结构,合成育苗钵吸水能力和吸水速度提高,强度增加,在土壤中更容易分解形成有机肥。试验表明：机械粉碎法处理秸秆,最经济合理的粉碎细度为60目,此条件下的纤维长度适中,有一定强度且经济成本相对较低；化学处理采用氨化法是合成秸秆纤维育苗钵原料预处理的理想方法；微生物处理选择微生物制剂进行预处理效果最佳。
2、通过对改性纤维育苗钵农艺技术研究：①棉花采用秸秆育苗钵育苗,可实现抗旱播种保全苗,并且具有不缓苗的特点,移栽后棉花的生长不受影响,移栽成活率达到90%以上,实现棉花的抗旱播种、促早、高产、优质栽培；②西瓜采用秸秆育苗钵育苗,可使西瓜播种期提前,成熟上市期提早,经济效益明显增加。而且秸秆育苗钵成本低,栽植操作简单；③玉米采用秸秆育苗钵育苗,可以提早育苗移栽,比直播延长生育期10d左右,从而提高玉米产量,增加经济效益。
3、采用秸秆粉碎加工并与保水剂按一定比例混合造粒的方法合成土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥,通过对其对农业高效用水技术效果和农艺技术研究发现：①改性纤维秸秆合成的土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥吸水性和保水性能增强,而且可以伴随干湿交替引起自身膨胀收缩,改善土壤通气条件；②农田使用土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥作为土壤水分抑蒸剂,成本低,改土、增肥、保水、抑蒸效果好,可作为一种较好的旱作农业新途径；③将土壤扩蓄增容颗粒有机肥施入小麦田中,有效降低土壤容重,增加土壤肥力,提高小麦产量,提高水分利用率。
In this research, the modification effects of corn, wheat, basil, peanuts and cotton straw fiber were studied, which were pretreated by physical crushing, chemical acid and alkali, biological fermentation technologies, and some features such as the fiber expansion overcoming, the quality of one-time forming bowls, forming strength, water absorbent features and seedling effect were analysised comprehensively, the results as follows:
1. Modified by physical,chemical and biological motheds, cellulose and lignin content in crop stalks decreased, the original fiber structure was broken,water absorbent capacity and speed improved, bowl strength increased, and they were also more easily decomposed into organic fertilizer in the soil. Results showed that:the most economical and reasonable straw grinding fineness was 60 mesh in the mechanical grinding treatment, because this fiber length was moderate and its economic cost was lower relatively; For chemical treatment, it was an ideal method for using ammoniation method to pretreatment raw material and then synthesize straw fiber seedling bowl; Suitable microbial agents pretreatment extended the best effect in microbial treatments.
2. Based on agronomic techniques research of modified fiber seedling bowl:firstly, seedling breeding using straw seedling bowl in cotton made possible to get full seedling in drought climat but also shorten seedling recovering period. After transplanting, survival rate of transplant seedling were more than 90%, so it realized the drought-resistant planting, promote earlier mature, higher yield and better quality in cotton cultivation. secondly, Seedling breeding using straw seedling bowl in watermelon, can make watermelon earlier sowing, mature and selling, therefore its economic benefit increased obviously. On the other hand, straw bowl was low cost and its operation was simple.③Using straw seedlings bowl in maize cultivation can extend growth and developmental period for almost 10 days, that improved the yield of corn and increased its economic benefits.
3. Organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer was made by the method of grinding staw mixed with water retaining agent according to a certain proportion and then granulating. The research on its agricultural high efficiency water using effect and agronomic techniques, were conducted, and the result showed thant:firstly,abilities of water imbibition and conservation of organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer made by modified fiber straw enhanced, and it also cause itself expand or contract with different dry-wet condition, this was hellpful to improve soil aeration condition. Secondly, using organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer in farmland as soil water evaporation retarding agent can decrease the cost, and get a good productive effect, so it can serve as a good agricultural new ways. Thirdly, using organic expansive capacity particles fertilizer in wheat cultivation reduced effectively soil bulk density, increase soil fertility, improve the wheat yield and water use efficiency.
引文
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