在华德国留学生文化适应策略与主观幸福感的关系研究
|
摘要
本研究重点以德国在华留学生为研究为样本,考察了文化适应策略与主观幸福感的关系,并探讨了自尊在其中的作用。
研究共分为两大部分。问卷调查部分首先对比了271名在华留学生在婚姻、交友等六个生活领域选择文化适应策略的情况,然后重点探讨德国留学生的文化适应策略、主观幸福感以及自尊之间的关系。共有148名德国留学生参与了此次研究。以主观幸福感的情感维度和认知纬度为因变量,利用分层回归方法对结果进行分析后表明,自尊与整合、同化、隔离以及边缘化四种文化适应策略均有交互作用,证实了调节作用的存在。
除此之外笔者选取部分被试组成美国、亚洲、德国组,对比不同文化背景的被试在文化适应策略、自尊以及主观幸福感各维度上的差别。
在个人访谈部分笔者选取了浙江大学两个有代表性的德国留学生为访谈对象,力图深入了解他们在文化适应过程中遇到的具体问题,并挖掘其深层次的文化根源。
鉴于本研究的不足和局限性,笔者对日后的相关研究提出以下建议：1.探讨内隐自尊在文化适应态度与主观幸福感之间的作用；2.探讨更多调节或者中介变量的作用；3.将文化样本扩充到更多国家。
This study examines the relationship between acculturation strategies and subjective well-being among German students in China and investigates the role of self-esteem as well.
The study includes two parts. With questionnaire the researcher first made comparisons of different acculturation strategies that 271 foreign students in China prefer in different living domains, such as marriage and friends-making. Later on the importance was laid on the examination of relationship among German students' acculturation strategies, subjective well-being and self-esteem.148 German students participated in the study. First using emotional and cognitive indices as criteria in hierarchical multiple regression analysis, we found interactive effects of self-esteem and integration, assimilation, separation or marginalization strategy, which confirmed the hypothesized moderating effect of self-esteem.
In addition, the author also surveyed 123 students from the USA, South Korea, Japan, etc. Selecting some of them into three groups-the USA, Asia and Germany, we compared the differences among diverse cultural backgrounds in acculturation strategies, self-esteem and subjective well-being.
In the interview research the author selected two representative German students in Zhejiang University, striving to learn the specific problems they come across during the acculturating process, trying to find the in-depth cultural roots at the same time. In consideration of the shortage and limitation of the present study, suggestions for related research in future were proposed as follows:(a) to explore the effect of implicit self-esteem in the relationship between acculturation strategies and subjective well-being; (b) to explore the effects of more moderating and mediating variables; (c) to extend the sample to more countries.
研究共分为两大部分。问卷调查部分首先对比了271名在华留学生在婚姻、交友等六个生活领域选择文化适应策略的情况,然后重点探讨德国留学生的文化适应策略、主观幸福感以及自尊之间的关系。共有148名德国留学生参与了此次研究。以主观幸福感的情感维度和认知纬度为因变量,利用分层回归方法对结果进行分析后表明,自尊与整合、同化、隔离以及边缘化四种文化适应策略均有交互作用,证实了调节作用的存在。
除此之外笔者选取部分被试组成美国、亚洲、德国组,对比不同文化背景的被试在文化适应策略、自尊以及主观幸福感各维度上的差别。
在个人访谈部分笔者选取了浙江大学两个有代表性的德国留学生为访谈对象,力图深入了解他们在文化适应过程中遇到的具体问题,并挖掘其深层次的文化根源。
鉴于本研究的不足和局限性,笔者对日后的相关研究提出以下建议：1.探讨内隐自尊在文化适应态度与主观幸福感之间的作用；2.探讨更多调节或者中介变量的作用；3.将文化样本扩充到更多国家。
This study examines the relationship between acculturation strategies and subjective well-being among German students in China and investigates the role of self-esteem as well.
The study includes two parts. With questionnaire the researcher first made comparisons of different acculturation strategies that 271 foreign students in China prefer in different living domains, such as marriage and friends-making. Later on the importance was laid on the examination of relationship among German students' acculturation strategies, subjective well-being and self-esteem.148 German students participated in the study. First using emotional and cognitive indices as criteria in hierarchical multiple regression analysis, we found interactive effects of self-esteem and integration, assimilation, separation or marginalization strategy, which confirmed the hypothesized moderating effect of self-esteem.
In addition, the author also surveyed 123 students from the USA, South Korea, Japan, etc. Selecting some of them into three groups-the USA, Asia and Germany, we compared the differences among diverse cultural backgrounds in acculturation strategies, self-esteem and subjective well-being.
In the interview research the author selected two representative German students in Zhejiang University, striving to learn the specific problems they come across during the acculturating process, trying to find the in-depth cultural roots at the same time. In consideration of the shortage and limitation of the present study, suggestions for related research in future were proposed as follows:(a) to explore the effect of implicit self-esteem in the relationship between acculturation strategies and subjective well-being; (b) to explore the effects of more moderating and mediating variables; (c) to extend the sample to more countries.
引文
Baumeister, R. F., (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, G. Lindzey. (eds).
Handbook of Social Psychology.4th edition (pp.694). Boston:McGraw2Hill.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., et al., (2003). Does Self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyle? Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4:1.
Berry, J. W., (1990). Psychology of acculturation. In:J. Berman (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspectives:Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,201-234.
Berry J W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review,1997,46(1):5-34.
Berry, J. W., (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K Chun, P B Organista, G Martin (Eds.). Acculturation:Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research. Washington DC:American Psychological Association.
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation:Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,29,697-712.
Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalization and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,32,328-336.
Berry, J.W., Kim, U.& Power, S., (1989). Attitudes in plural society. Applied Psychology,38(2),185-206.
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. P., Segall, M. H., et al, (2002). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications (2nd ed.) (pp.345-383). Cambridge (UK):Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W.& Sam, D. L., (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. In:J W Berry, M H Segall & C Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, New York: Allyn & Bacon:291-326.
Birman, D., (1994). Acculturation and human diversity in a multicultural society. In: E J Trickett, R J Watts,& D Birman (Eds.). Human diversity:Perspectives on people in context. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass:261-284.
Bourhis, R. Y, Moise, L. C., Perreault, S., et al (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model:a social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology,32,369-386.
Brown, J. D., (1998). The Self. Boston:McGraw-Hill.
Brown, J. D., (2003). The self-enhancement motive in collectivistic cultures:The rumors of my death have been greatly exaggerated. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,34(5):603-605.
Celano M. P.& Tyler F. B. (1990).Behavioral acculturation among Vietnamese refugees in the United States [J]. Journal of Social Psychology,131(3),373-385.
Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being:exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling Development,77:141-152.
DeNeve K M, Cooper H (1998). The happy personality:A meta analysis of 137 personality trait and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin,124:197-229.
Diener E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin,95(3):542-575.
Diener E, Diener M (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69:851-864
Diener, E. D., Oishi, S.,& Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being:Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life:Annual Reviews Psychology, 54:403-425.
Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, Smith H (1999). Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin,125(2):276-302.
Dutton, K. A.,& Brown, J. D. (1999). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people's reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,73:139-148.
Flannery W P, Reise S P, Yu J (2001). An empirical comparison of acculturation models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27,1035-1045.
Gergen K J, Gergen M M (1997). Toward a Cultural Constructionist Psychology. Theory and Psychology,7:31-36.
Glazer N, Moynihan D (1963). Beyond the melting pot. Cambrige:Harvard University Press.
Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T & Solomon S. (1986). The causes and consequences of the need for self-esteem:A tenor management theory. In:R F Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp.189-212). New York:Springer-Verlag.
Greenwald A G (1980). The totalitarian ego:Fabrication and revision personal history. American Psychologist,35:603-618.
Gordon M. (1978). Human Nature, Class, and Ethnicity. New York:Oxford University Press.
Harry C T & Richard W B(1984). Cross-cultural psychology. American Psychologist, 39(9):1007-1008.
Heine S J (2003). Making sense of east Asian self-enhancement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,34 (5):596-602.
Heine S J, Lehman D R, Markus H R, Kitayama S (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self regard? Psychological Review,106:766-794.
Kim U, Berry J W. (1985). Acculturation attitudes and of Korean immigrants in Toronto. From a Different Perspective:Studies of Behavior across Cutlures,93-105.
Kosic, A., Mannetti, L.,& Sam, D. L. (2006). Self-monitoring:A moderating role between acculturation strategies and adaptation of immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,30:141-157.
Krishnan A.& Berry J.W. (1992). Acculturative stress and acculturation attitudes among Indian immigrants to the United States. Psychology and Developing Societies, 4(2),187-212.
Lee S, Sobal J, Frongillo E. A. (2003). Comparison models of acculturation:the case of Korean Americans. Journal of cross-cultural psychology,34(3),282-296.
Mendoza R. (1984). Acculturation and sociocultural variability. Chicano Psychology, 2nd,61-75.
Molz, M., (1994). Analyse kultureller Orientierungen im deutsch-franzosischen Dialog (in German). Regensburg:Unveroff. Diplomarbeit.
Olmedo E, Martinez J, Martinez S. (1978). Measure of acculturation for Chicano adolescents. Psychological Reports,42,159-170.
Padilla, A., (2003). Prerez W. Acculturation, social identity and social cognition:A new perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences,25(1):110-122.
Phalet K, Swynegedouw M (2003). A cross-culture analysis of immigrant and host values and acculturation orientations. In:H Vinken, P Ester (Eds), Comparing cultures. Netherlands:Brill Academic Publishers:185-212.
Pham, T. B.,& Harris, R. J., (2003). Acculturation strategies among Vitnamese-Americans. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,25:279-300.
Phinney, J., Chavira, V.,& Williamson, L. (1992). Acculturation attitudes& self-esteem among high school &college students. Youth & Society,23(3),299-312.
Portes A.& Rumbaut R. G. (1990). Immigrants America:A Portrait. Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press.
Quarasse, O. A.& Fons, J. R., (2005). The role of demographic variables and acculturation attitudes in predicting sociocultural and psychological adaptation in Moroccans in the Nethrlands. International Journals of Intercultural Relations, 29(3):251-272.
Ramirez M. (1984). Assessing und understanding biculturalism-multiculturalism in Mexican-American cultures. Chicago Psychology,77-94.
Rogler L H, Cortes D E, Malgady R G(1991). Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics:convergence and new directions for research. American Psychologist,46(6),585-59.
Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem:Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review,60:141-158.
Sam, D. L. Acculturation of ethno-cultural youths. Intercultural issues. Paper presented at the second biennial congress of International Academy for Intercultural research. Oxford, Mississippi, April:18-22.
Sam, D. L.,& Berry, J., (2006). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge, United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
Schroll-Machl, S., (2002). Die Deutschen-Wir Deutsche (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Sedikides C, Gaertner L, Toguch Y (2003). Pancultural self enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84 (1):60～79.
Sheldon M. K. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary? American Psychologist, 56(3):216-217.
Thomas, A., (1988). Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung eines interkulturellen Handlungstrainings in der Managerausbildung (in German). Psychologische Beitrage, 30:147-165.
Thomas, A., (1999). Kultur als Orientierungssystem und Kulturstandards als Bauteile (in German). IMS-Beitrage H.10:91-130.
Van de Vijver, F. J. R,& Leung, K(1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
Vitters J. (2001). Personality traits and subjective well-being:Emotional stability, not extraversion, is probably the important predictor. Personality and Individual Differences,31:903-914
Ward C, Kennedy A (1993). Psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition:A comparison of secondary students overseas and at home. International Journal of Psychology,28(2),129-147.
Ward C, Rana-Deuba A(1999). Acculturation and adaptation revisited. Journal of cross-cultural psychology,30(4),422～442
Ward C, Kennedy A (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment and socio-cultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,18(3),329-343.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A.,& Vaidya, J., et al. (1988). The two general activation systems of affect:structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(5): 820-838.
White R. (1963). Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory:a proposal regarding independent ego energies. Psychological Issues,3:125-150.
郑雪,Sang, D. (2003).文化融入与中国留学生的适应,应用心理学,9-13.
A.J.马尔塞拉等著(1994).肖振远等译.跨文化心理学.吉林文史出版社.
蔡华俭(2006).泛文化的自尊——基于中国大学生的研究证据.心理学报,38(6)：902-909.
陈英敏(1999).对跨文化心理学的分析与思考.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)1：68-69.
韩向前,江波,汤家彦,王益荣(2005).自尊量表使用过程中的问题及建议.中国行为医学科学，14(8)：763.
霍夫斯泰德,G(1996).跨越合作的障碍——多元文化与管理.Y尹毅夫等译.科学出版社.
姜锋(2002).中德高等教育交流30年.德国研究17(4)：8-12.
李炳全(2006).文化心理学与跨文化心理学的比较与整合.心理科学进展,14(1))：315-320.
李炳全,叶浩生(2004).文化心理学的基本内涵辨析.心理科学，27(1)：62-65.
李鹏程(1994).当化文化哲学沉思.北京：人民出版社,15.
林初锐,李永鑫和胡瑜(2004).社会支持的调节作用研究.心理科学，27(5)：1116-1119.
乔建中,姬慧(2004).文化和性别在积极情绪和消极情绪中的作用.心理科学进展，10(1)：108-113.
秦金亮(2000).心理学研究方法的新趋向—质化研究方法述评。山西师大学报(社会科学版)，27(3)：12.
邱林,郑雪(2005).主观幸福感的结构及其与人格特质的关系.应用心理学,11(4)：330-335.
申继亮,张金颖,佟雁,等(2003).老年人与成年子女间社会支持与老年人自尊的关系.中国心理卫生杂志，2003,17(11)：749-782.
王建平(1998).男女大学生自尊的比较研究.韩山师范学院学报，4：159-164.邢占军(2002).主观幸福感研究：对幸福的实证探索.理论学刊，5：57-60.
徐维东,吴明证和邱扶东(2005).自尊与主观幸福感关系研究.心理科学，28(3)：562-565.
许秀芬,马伟娜,曹亮(2008).自尊研究进展.杭州师范学院学报，28(3)： 192-196.
余伟,郑钢(2005).跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究.心理科学进展,13(6),836-846.
杨莉萍(2003).从跨文化心理学到文化建构主义心理学——心理学中文化意识的衍变.心理科学进展，11(2)：220-226.
叶浩生,王继瑛(2008).质化研究：心理学研究方法的范式革命.心理科学，31(4)：794-799.
郑雪,Sang, D., (2003).文化融入与中国留学生的适应.应用心理学，9(1)：9-13.
Handbook of Social Psychology.4th edition (pp.694). Boston:McGraw2Hill.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., et al., (2003). Does Self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyle? Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4:1.
Berry, J. W., (1990). Psychology of acculturation. In:J. Berman (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspectives:Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,201-234.
Berry J W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review,1997,46(1):5-34.
Berry, J. W., (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K Chun, P B Organista, G Martin (Eds.). Acculturation:Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research. Washington DC:American Psychological Association.
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation:Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,29,697-712.
Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalization and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,32,328-336.
Berry, J.W., Kim, U.& Power, S., (1989). Attitudes in plural society. Applied Psychology,38(2),185-206.
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. P., Segall, M. H., et al, (2002). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications (2nd ed.) (pp.345-383). Cambridge (UK):Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W.& Sam, D. L., (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. In:J W Berry, M H Segall & C Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, New York: Allyn & Bacon:291-326.
Birman, D., (1994). Acculturation and human diversity in a multicultural society. In: E J Trickett, R J Watts,& D Birman (Eds.). Human diversity:Perspectives on people in context. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass:261-284.
Bourhis, R. Y, Moise, L. C., Perreault, S., et al (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model:a social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology,32,369-386.
Brown, J. D., (1998). The Self. Boston:McGraw-Hill.
Brown, J. D., (2003). The self-enhancement motive in collectivistic cultures:The rumors of my death have been greatly exaggerated. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,34(5):603-605.
Celano M. P.& Tyler F. B. (1990).Behavioral acculturation among Vietnamese refugees in the United States [J]. Journal of Social Psychology,131(3),373-385.
Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being:exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling Development,77:141-152.
DeNeve K M, Cooper H (1998). The happy personality:A meta analysis of 137 personality trait and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin,124:197-229.
Diener E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin,95(3):542-575.
Diener E, Diener M (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69:851-864
Diener, E. D., Oishi, S.,& Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being:Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life:Annual Reviews Psychology, 54:403-425.
Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, Smith H (1999). Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin,125(2):276-302.
Dutton, K. A.,& Brown, J. D. (1999). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people's reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,73:139-148.
Flannery W P, Reise S P, Yu J (2001). An empirical comparison of acculturation models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27,1035-1045.
Gergen K J, Gergen M M (1997). Toward a Cultural Constructionist Psychology. Theory and Psychology,7:31-36.
Glazer N, Moynihan D (1963). Beyond the melting pot. Cambrige:Harvard University Press.
Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T & Solomon S. (1986). The causes and consequences of the need for self-esteem:A tenor management theory. In:R F Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp.189-212). New York:Springer-Verlag.
Greenwald A G (1980). The totalitarian ego:Fabrication and revision personal history. American Psychologist,35:603-618.
Gordon M. (1978). Human Nature, Class, and Ethnicity. New York:Oxford University Press.
Harry C T & Richard W B(1984). Cross-cultural psychology. American Psychologist, 39(9):1007-1008.
Heine S J (2003). Making sense of east Asian self-enhancement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,34 (5):596-602.
Heine S J, Lehman D R, Markus H R, Kitayama S (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self regard? Psychological Review,106:766-794.
Kim U, Berry J W. (1985). Acculturation attitudes and of Korean immigrants in Toronto. From a Different Perspective:Studies of Behavior across Cutlures,93-105.
Kosic, A., Mannetti, L.,& Sam, D. L. (2006). Self-monitoring:A moderating role between acculturation strategies and adaptation of immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,30:141-157.
Krishnan A.& Berry J.W. (1992). Acculturative stress and acculturation attitudes among Indian immigrants to the United States. Psychology and Developing Societies, 4(2),187-212.
Lee S, Sobal J, Frongillo E. A. (2003). Comparison models of acculturation:the case of Korean Americans. Journal of cross-cultural psychology,34(3),282-296.
Mendoza R. (1984). Acculturation and sociocultural variability. Chicano Psychology, 2nd,61-75.
Molz, M., (1994). Analyse kultureller Orientierungen im deutsch-franzosischen Dialog (in German). Regensburg:Unveroff. Diplomarbeit.
Olmedo E, Martinez J, Martinez S. (1978). Measure of acculturation for Chicano adolescents. Psychological Reports,42,159-170.
Padilla, A., (2003). Prerez W. Acculturation, social identity and social cognition:A new perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences,25(1):110-122.
Phalet K, Swynegedouw M (2003). A cross-culture analysis of immigrant and host values and acculturation orientations. In:H Vinken, P Ester (Eds), Comparing cultures. Netherlands:Brill Academic Publishers:185-212.
Pham, T. B.,& Harris, R. J., (2003). Acculturation strategies among Vitnamese-Americans. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,25:279-300.
Phinney, J., Chavira, V.,& Williamson, L. (1992). Acculturation attitudes& self-esteem among high school &college students. Youth & Society,23(3),299-312.
Portes A.& Rumbaut R. G. (1990). Immigrants America:A Portrait. Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press.
Quarasse, O. A.& Fons, J. R., (2005). The role of demographic variables and acculturation attitudes in predicting sociocultural and psychological adaptation in Moroccans in the Nethrlands. International Journals of Intercultural Relations, 29(3):251-272.
Ramirez M. (1984). Assessing und understanding biculturalism-multiculturalism in Mexican-American cultures. Chicago Psychology,77-94.
Rogler L H, Cortes D E, Malgady R G(1991). Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics:convergence and new directions for research. American Psychologist,46(6),585-59.
Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem:Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review,60:141-158.
Sam, D. L. Acculturation of ethno-cultural youths. Intercultural issues. Paper presented at the second biennial congress of International Academy for Intercultural research. Oxford, Mississippi, April:18-22.
Sam, D. L.,& Berry, J., (2006). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge, United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
Schroll-Machl, S., (2002). Die Deutschen-Wir Deutsche (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Sedikides C, Gaertner L, Toguch Y (2003). Pancultural self enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84 (1):60～79.
Sheldon M. K. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary? American Psychologist, 56(3):216-217.
Thomas, A., (1988). Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung eines interkulturellen Handlungstrainings in der Managerausbildung (in German). Psychologische Beitrage, 30:147-165.
Thomas, A., (1999). Kultur als Orientierungssystem und Kulturstandards als Bauteile (in German). IMS-Beitrage H.10:91-130.
Van de Vijver, F. J. R,& Leung, K(1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
Vitters J. (2001). Personality traits and subjective well-being:Emotional stability, not extraversion, is probably the important predictor. Personality and Individual Differences,31:903-914
Ward C, Kennedy A (1993). Psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition:A comparison of secondary students overseas and at home. International Journal of Psychology,28(2),129-147.
Ward C, Rana-Deuba A(1999). Acculturation and adaptation revisited. Journal of cross-cultural psychology,30(4),422～442
Ward C, Kennedy A (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment and socio-cultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,18(3),329-343.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A.,& Vaidya, J., et al. (1988). The two general activation systems of affect:structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(5): 820-838.
White R. (1963). Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory:a proposal regarding independent ego energies. Psychological Issues,3:125-150.
郑雪,Sang, D. (2003).文化融入与中国留学生的适应,应用心理学,9-13.
A.J.马尔塞拉等著(1994).肖振远等译.跨文化心理学.吉林文史出版社.
蔡华俭(2006).泛文化的自尊——基于中国大学生的研究证据.心理学报,38(6)：902-909.
陈英敏(1999).对跨文化心理学的分析与思考.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)1：68-69.
韩向前,江波,汤家彦,王益荣(2005).自尊量表使用过程中的问题及建议.中国行为医学科学，14(8)：763.
霍夫斯泰德,G(1996).跨越合作的障碍——多元文化与管理.Y尹毅夫等译.科学出版社.
姜锋(2002).中德高等教育交流30年.德国研究17(4)：8-12.
李炳全(2006).文化心理学与跨文化心理学的比较与整合.心理科学进展,14(1))：315-320.
李炳全,叶浩生(2004).文化心理学的基本内涵辨析.心理科学，27(1)：62-65.
李鹏程(1994).当化文化哲学沉思.北京：人民出版社,15.
林初锐,李永鑫和胡瑜(2004).社会支持的调节作用研究.心理科学，27(5)：1116-1119.
乔建中,姬慧(2004).文化和性别在积极情绪和消极情绪中的作用.心理科学进展，10(1)：108-113.
秦金亮(2000).心理学研究方法的新趋向—质化研究方法述评。山西师大学报(社会科学版)，27(3)：12.
邱林,郑雪(2005).主观幸福感的结构及其与人格特质的关系.应用心理学,11(4)：330-335.
申继亮,张金颖,佟雁,等(2003).老年人与成年子女间社会支持与老年人自尊的关系.中国心理卫生杂志，2003,17(11)：749-782.
王建平(1998).男女大学生自尊的比较研究.韩山师范学院学报，4：159-164.邢占军(2002).主观幸福感研究：对幸福的实证探索.理论学刊，5：57-60.
徐维东,吴明证和邱扶东(2005).自尊与主观幸福感关系研究.心理科学，28(3)：562-565.
许秀芬,马伟娜,曹亮(2008).自尊研究进展.杭州师范学院学报，28(3)： 192-196.
余伟,郑钢(2005).跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究.心理科学进展,13(6),836-846.
杨莉萍(2003).从跨文化心理学到文化建构主义心理学——心理学中文化意识的衍变.心理科学进展，11(2)：220-226.
叶浩生,王继瑛(2008).质化研究：心理学研究方法的范式革命.心理科学，31(4)：794-799.
郑雪,Sang, D., (2003).文化融入与中国留学生的适应.应用心理学，9(1)：9-13.