陕西大戟属植物茎叶的形态结构及红外光谱的比较分析
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摘要
大戟属(Euphorbia)植物是大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)最大的一个属,全世界2000多种,我国有80余种,并且不断有新种出现,其中,陕西省分布14种。本属植物中许多具有非常重要的药用价值,在民间很早就被用于治疗各种疾病,主要用来逐水通便、消肿散结、清热解毒、止血及洗疥疮等。本研究以泽漆(E. helioscopia)、地锦草(E.humifusa)、大戟(E. pekinensis)、湖北大戟(E. hylonoma)、华北大戟(E. lunulata)、乳浆大戟(E. esula)、南大戟(E. jolkini)、续随子(E. lathylris)、甘遂(E. kansui)和斑地锦(E. maculata)这10种大戟属植物为研究对象,利用石蜡切片法、表皮装片法比较它们的形态结构,用聚类分析软件Statistica6.0对所测的性状特征值进行主成分分析和聚类分析,并且比较各个种的傅里叶红外光谱,分析它们之间的系统关系,为大戟属植物的分类提供实验依据。
1.利用光学显微镜对大戟属10种植物叶片的表皮进行观察,发现这10种植物的上下表皮细胞为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁有平直、浅波状、波状及深波状。气孔均为无规则形,多分布在叶的下表皮,但在地锦草、斑地锦、泽漆和乳浆大戟的上表皮上也有气孔分布。叶的结构也存在明显差异,主脉的大小、叶肉中栅栏组织和海绵组织的排列疏密不同。茎的结构在各种之间存在一定差异,最显著的差别为甘遂、华北大戟、湖北大戟、泽漆、大戟、南大戟、乳浆大戟、续随子这几个种中,构成髓的薄壁细胞彼此相连,形成许多空腔的网状结构,类似通气组织。
2.应用多元统计分析方法,对10个种的形态结构性状特征值进行主成分分析,从中筛选出3个主成分,第1个主成分的贡献率为44.15%,前三个主成分的累计贡献率为78.08%。依据筛选出的前三个主成分获得三维组分图,把10个大戟属植物分为三类,甘遂为一类,斑地锦为一类,华北大戟、湖北大戟、乳浆大戟、南大戟、大戟,续随子、泽漆和地锦草为一类。此外,用形态结构性状特征值进行聚类分析,结果为湖北大戟、华北大戟、大戟、南大戟、乳浆大戟、续随子、泽漆、斑地锦和地锦为一大类,甘遂另为一类。在第1大类中,地锦和斑地锦的关系最近,南大戟和华北大戟的关系最近,主成分分析与聚类分析结果大致吻合。
3.各种大戟属植物由于叶片化学成分的差异而在FTIR图谱上表现出波峰和波数的差异,FTIR数据聚类分析将这10种植物,先划分为两大类,甘遂为一类,其余种为一类,FTIR数据主成分分析将这10种划分为三类,甘遂为一类,南大戟为一类,其余种为一类。基于FTIR分析结果和形态结构分析结果大体一致,甘遂和其他大戟属植物差异最大。
综上所述,10种大戟属植物茎、叶的解剖结构、表皮形态特征和傅里叶红外光谱均存在一定差异,可以作为种之间的鉴别指标。使用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,通过对形态结构性状和傅里叶红外光谱的比较,对大戟属植物的亲缘关系进行综合分析发现,在这10种中,甘遂与其他种的亲缘关系最远,南大戟和华北大戟的亲缘关系较近,斑地锦和地锦亲缘关系最近。
Euphorbia is the largest genus in the Euphorbiaceae, there are 2000 species in the world, and about 80 species in china, and which is on the increase. The medicinal value of many species is very important and they have long been used in treatment of a variety of diseases, primarily were used for water purge, reducing swelling, heat detoxification, bleeding and wash scabies. There are about 14 Euphorbia species distributed in shaanxi province. The present study was targeted on 10 Euphorbia species, including E. helioscopia, E. humifusa, E. pekinensis, E. hylonoma, E. lunulata, E. esula, E. jolkini, E. lathylris, E. kansui and E. maculata. The paraffin sectionning and leaf epidermis isolating methods were used to compare the morphology and structure of their leaves and stems. The software Statistica6.0 was used to make the principal component analysis and cluster analysis based on structural feature values. At the same time, FTIR spectra of 10 species were compared. Then, their systematic relationships were analysed for providing experimental basis for the classification of the genus Euphorbia.
1. Based on the observation of the epidermis of these 10 species, it was found that the structures of leaves were significantly different, for example, the size of the main veins and the alignment and density of palisade tissue and spongy tissue in the mesophyll were different. The upper and lower epidermis was irregular or polygonal. The anticlinal walls of epidermal cells were straight, light wave, wavy and heavy wavy. The Stoma were irregular-shaped and usually on the lower epidermis. In addition, the stoma was also distributed on the upper epidermis in some Euphorbia species, such as E. humifusa, E. helioscopia and E. esula. There were various differences in the structure of the stem. The most significant feature was that the pith parenchyma cells of some species connected each other to form a network structure with many cavities, such as E. helioscopia, E. pekinensis, E. hylonoma, E. lunulata, E. esula, E. jolkini, E. lathylris, E. kansui.
2. Multivariate statistical analysis method was applied. The principal component analysis on the morphology characteristics of 10 species were selected as three principal components, the contribution rate of the first principal component was 44.15%, and the the total contribution rate of the first three principal components was 78.08%. According to the first three principal components, three-dimensional composition diagram was obtained,10 Euphorbia species could be divided into three categories. E. kansui was divided into the first class, E. maculata was divided into the second class, and the others were divided into the third class. On the other hand, based on the cluster analysis of morphological characteristics, E. kansuiwas divided into one class and the others were divided into another big class. In the second big class, E. humifusa was most closely related to E. maculate and E. jolkini was most closely related to E. lunulata. Results of the principal component analysis and cluster analysis were generally consistent.
3. Because of the differences in the chemical composition of leaves, FTIR spectra of Euphorbia have demonstrated differences in the number of peaks and waves. Based on FTIR data,10 Euphorbia species were divided into two categories by cluster analysis, Euphorbia kansui was a class; and the others was another one.10 Euphorbia species could also be divided into three categories by principal component analysis, E. kansui was a class, E. jolkini was a class, and the others were a class. It could be seen that the result of the analysis based on FTIR data was similar to that based on morphology, E. kansui is quite different with the others.
The results showed that there were some differences between leaves of 10 Euphorbia species, such as the anatomical structures of stems and leaves, the epidermal morphology and the fourier transform infrared spectra. According to the analysis on fourier transform infrared spectra and morphology of stems and leaves by cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the result showed that E. humifusa was most closely related to E. maculate. E. jolkini was most closely related to the E. lunulata. On the contrary, E. kansui was not so closely related to others.
1.利用光学显微镜对大戟属10种植物叶片的表皮进行观察,发现这10种植物的上下表皮细胞为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁有平直、浅波状、波状及深波状。气孔均为无规则形,多分布在叶的下表皮,但在地锦草、斑地锦、泽漆和乳浆大戟的上表皮上也有气孔分布。叶的结构也存在明显差异,主脉的大小、叶肉中栅栏组织和海绵组织的排列疏密不同。茎的结构在各种之间存在一定差异,最显著的差别为甘遂、华北大戟、湖北大戟、泽漆、大戟、南大戟、乳浆大戟、续随子这几个种中,构成髓的薄壁细胞彼此相连,形成许多空腔的网状结构,类似通气组织。
2.应用多元统计分析方法,对10个种的形态结构性状特征值进行主成分分析,从中筛选出3个主成分,第1个主成分的贡献率为44.15%,前三个主成分的累计贡献率为78.08%。依据筛选出的前三个主成分获得三维组分图,把10个大戟属植物分为三类,甘遂为一类,斑地锦为一类,华北大戟、湖北大戟、乳浆大戟、南大戟、大戟,续随子、泽漆和地锦草为一类。此外,用形态结构性状特征值进行聚类分析,结果为湖北大戟、华北大戟、大戟、南大戟、乳浆大戟、续随子、泽漆、斑地锦和地锦为一大类,甘遂另为一类。在第1大类中,地锦和斑地锦的关系最近,南大戟和华北大戟的关系最近,主成分分析与聚类分析结果大致吻合。
3.各种大戟属植物由于叶片化学成分的差异而在FTIR图谱上表现出波峰和波数的差异,FTIR数据聚类分析将这10种植物,先划分为两大类,甘遂为一类,其余种为一类,FTIR数据主成分分析将这10种划分为三类,甘遂为一类,南大戟为一类,其余种为一类。基于FTIR分析结果和形态结构分析结果大体一致,甘遂和其他大戟属植物差异最大。
综上所述,10种大戟属植物茎、叶的解剖结构、表皮形态特征和傅里叶红外光谱均存在一定差异,可以作为种之间的鉴别指标。使用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,通过对形态结构性状和傅里叶红外光谱的比较,对大戟属植物的亲缘关系进行综合分析发现,在这10种中,甘遂与其他种的亲缘关系最远,南大戟和华北大戟的亲缘关系较近,斑地锦和地锦亲缘关系最近。
Euphorbia is the largest genus in the Euphorbiaceae, there are 2000 species in the world, and about 80 species in china, and which is on the increase. The medicinal value of many species is very important and they have long been used in treatment of a variety of diseases, primarily were used for water purge, reducing swelling, heat detoxification, bleeding and wash scabies. There are about 14 Euphorbia species distributed in shaanxi province. The present study was targeted on 10 Euphorbia species, including E. helioscopia, E. humifusa, E. pekinensis, E. hylonoma, E. lunulata, E. esula, E. jolkini, E. lathylris, E. kansui and E. maculata. The paraffin sectionning and leaf epidermis isolating methods were used to compare the morphology and structure of their leaves and stems. The software Statistica6.0 was used to make the principal component analysis and cluster analysis based on structural feature values. At the same time, FTIR spectra of 10 species were compared. Then, their systematic relationships were analysed for providing experimental basis for the classification of the genus Euphorbia.
1. Based on the observation of the epidermis of these 10 species, it was found that the structures of leaves were significantly different, for example, the size of the main veins and the alignment and density of palisade tissue and spongy tissue in the mesophyll were different. The upper and lower epidermis was irregular or polygonal. The anticlinal walls of epidermal cells were straight, light wave, wavy and heavy wavy. The Stoma were irregular-shaped and usually on the lower epidermis. In addition, the stoma was also distributed on the upper epidermis in some Euphorbia species, such as E. humifusa, E. helioscopia and E. esula. There were various differences in the structure of the stem. The most significant feature was that the pith parenchyma cells of some species connected each other to form a network structure with many cavities, such as E. helioscopia, E. pekinensis, E. hylonoma, E. lunulata, E. esula, E. jolkini, E. lathylris, E. kansui.
2. Multivariate statistical analysis method was applied. The principal component analysis on the morphology characteristics of 10 species were selected as three principal components, the contribution rate of the first principal component was 44.15%, and the the total contribution rate of the first three principal components was 78.08%. According to the first three principal components, three-dimensional composition diagram was obtained,10 Euphorbia species could be divided into three categories. E. kansui was divided into the first class, E. maculata was divided into the second class, and the others were divided into the third class. On the other hand, based on the cluster analysis of morphological characteristics, E. kansuiwas divided into one class and the others were divided into another big class. In the second big class, E. humifusa was most closely related to E. maculate and E. jolkini was most closely related to E. lunulata. Results of the principal component analysis and cluster analysis were generally consistent.
3. Because of the differences in the chemical composition of leaves, FTIR spectra of Euphorbia have demonstrated differences in the number of peaks and waves. Based on FTIR data,10 Euphorbia species were divided into two categories by cluster analysis, Euphorbia kansui was a class; and the others was another one.10 Euphorbia species could also be divided into three categories by principal component analysis, E. kansui was a class, E. jolkini was a class, and the others were a class. It could be seen that the result of the analysis based on FTIR data was similar to that based on morphology, E. kansui is quite different with the others.
The results showed that there were some differences between leaves of 10 Euphorbia species, such as the anatomical structures of stems and leaves, the epidermal morphology and the fourier transform infrared spectra. According to the analysis on fourier transform infrared spectra and morphology of stems and leaves by cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the result showed that E. humifusa was most closely related to E. maculate. E. jolkini was most closely related to the E. lunulata. On the contrary, E. kansui was not so closely related to others.
引文
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