深埋城市地铁隧道对地层变形的影响及压力拱形成规律研究
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摘要
隧道城市地铁工程在我国的蓬勃发展,预计21世纪初至中叶将是我国大规模建设地铁的年代,与此相关,也会涌现出大量的岩土工程技术问题需要解决。在市区修建地铁隧道工程,施工所引起的地面沉陷将有可能危及周围建筑设施和地下管线等的安全,造成严重的经济损失和社会影响。因此,这些都为地铁隧道向深埋方向发展,已成为城市地铁工程建设中必须解决的一项重要课题。本文通过对城市地铁隧道开挖的数值模拟分析得出：
①总结了北京典型地层条件下浅埋暗挖法隧道开挖引起的地层变形的机理和规律,对地层变形的整个过程进行了详细的描述,总结了浅埋暗挖法的施工原理。并总结了地层变形控制原理的原理,以及技术措施。
②过数值模拟,研究了埋深对地表沉降槽等相关参数的影响。得出地表最大沉降值、地层损失率和地表沉降槽反弯点距离随埋深变化的规律。
③地铁隧道深埋将减小施工对地面及地层环境的影响,其中对减小地表沉降有着很大的作用。而要界定地铁隧道深浅埋,找出压力拱则是较为清晰有效的方法。本文讨论了压力拱的形成原理、定义以及压力拱的形成规律。并分别讨论了影响压力拱形成规律的几种因素,埋深、围岩力学参数、隧道跨度等。继而讨论了单一围岩条件下和分层围岩条件下压力拱的形成规律。最后以压力拱形成与否作为参照,研究浅埋隧道的分界方法。
It is predicted that a great deal of urban metro engineering will be constructed at early-middle period in the 21st century based on flourish metro engineering foreground nowadays, and at one time many geotechnical problems will also come forth. Large land subsidence value induced by metro tunneling can lead to that road surface, buried pipelines and buildings and so on are damaged. Furthermore, bad economic loss and social effect can be brought about. As a result, it is an urgent realistic problem that land subsidence induced by urban underground engineering is forecasted and controlled so as to ensure the safety of close-by building and buried pipeline.
By the method of probability statistical analysis and numerical calculation about Beijin metro engineering:
①Base on the typical formation conditions of Beijng, the mechanism and the law of strata deformation caused by Shallow Mining Method are summarized. At the same time, the whole process of ground deformation is described in detail. The Principle of Shallow Mining Method is concluded, and the feathers and the method of support design are described in this paper;
②By the probability statistical analysis on field monitoring measurement data of Beijin metro line 5 and line 10 in detail, the reasonable control standards of the ground settlement are given, which changes the situation of the single contol standards 30mm in Beijin metro engineering in the past.At the same time, based on the site construction monitor data of running tunnels and subway stations constructed by Mining Method, the curves of surface settlement troughs are fitted and the feather of formation loss rate and trough width parameter are deeply researched,which gives some relevant conclusions;
③By the measure numerical simulation, the influence of the buried depth for the related parameters of surface settlement troughs are studied. The changing law of the surface maximum settlement value、the formation loss rate and the trough width parameter with increasing buried depth is given. Find the critical depth below which the influence for the ground surface caused by the construction of standard section interval tunnel by Shallow Mining Method is negligibly small.At the same time, the effect of primary support structure stress with increasing buried depth is researched and some important laws are found, then the range of buried depth below which it is considered that the formation can form the stable arch structure by itself is given. Finally, the positions of the formation arch structure in different buried depths and the changing rules of the position with increasing buried depth are given by the further study of the characteristics of formation settlement curves below different burid depths;
①总结了北京典型地层条件下浅埋暗挖法隧道开挖引起的地层变形的机理和规律,对地层变形的整个过程进行了详细的描述,总结了浅埋暗挖法的施工原理。并总结了地层变形控制原理的原理,以及技术措施。
②过数值模拟,研究了埋深对地表沉降槽等相关参数的影响。得出地表最大沉降值、地层损失率和地表沉降槽反弯点距离随埋深变化的规律。
③地铁隧道深埋将减小施工对地面及地层环境的影响,其中对减小地表沉降有着很大的作用。而要界定地铁隧道深浅埋,找出压力拱则是较为清晰有效的方法。本文讨论了压力拱的形成原理、定义以及压力拱的形成规律。并分别讨论了影响压力拱形成规律的几种因素,埋深、围岩力学参数、隧道跨度等。继而讨论了单一围岩条件下和分层围岩条件下压力拱的形成规律。最后以压力拱形成与否作为参照,研究浅埋隧道的分界方法。
It is predicted that a great deal of urban metro engineering will be constructed at early-middle period in the 21st century based on flourish metro engineering foreground nowadays, and at one time many geotechnical problems will also come forth. Large land subsidence value induced by metro tunneling can lead to that road surface, buried pipelines and buildings and so on are damaged. Furthermore, bad economic loss and social effect can be brought about. As a result, it is an urgent realistic problem that land subsidence induced by urban underground engineering is forecasted and controlled so as to ensure the safety of close-by building and buried pipeline.
By the method of probability statistical analysis and numerical calculation about Beijin metro engineering:
①Base on the typical formation conditions of Beijng, the mechanism and the law of strata deformation caused by Shallow Mining Method are summarized. At the same time, the whole process of ground deformation is described in detail. The Principle of Shallow Mining Method is concluded, and the feathers and the method of support design are described in this paper;
②By the probability statistical analysis on field monitoring measurement data of Beijin metro line 5 and line 10 in detail, the reasonable control standards of the ground settlement are given, which changes the situation of the single contol standards 30mm in Beijin metro engineering in the past.At the same time, based on the site construction monitor data of running tunnels and subway stations constructed by Mining Method, the curves of surface settlement troughs are fitted and the feather of formation loss rate and trough width parameter are deeply researched,which gives some relevant conclusions;
③By the measure numerical simulation, the influence of the buried depth for the related parameters of surface settlement troughs are studied. The changing law of the surface maximum settlement value、the formation loss rate and the trough width parameter with increasing buried depth is given. Find the critical depth below which the influence for the ground surface caused by the construction of standard section interval tunnel by Shallow Mining Method is negligibly small.At the same time, the effect of primary support structure stress with increasing buried depth is researched and some important laws are found, then the range of buried depth below which it is considered that the formation can form the stable arch structure by itself is given. Finally, the positions of the formation arch structure in different buried depths and the changing rules of the position with increasing buried depth are given by the further study of the characteristics of formation settlement curves below different burid depths;
引文
[1]Martos F., Concerning an approximate equation of subsidence trough and its time factors[A], Proc. of the International Strata Control Congress[C], Leipzig,1958
[2]Peck R. B, Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground, State of the Art Report[[A]. Proc.7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering[C], Mexico City,1969. 225～290
[3]吴波.浅埋暗挖法隧道施工沉降控制基准分析及应用[J].世界隧道(增),2002.241～244
[4]Atkinson J H, Potts D M. Subsidence above shallow tunnels in soft Ground[J]. J. Geotech. Engrg.,ASCE,1977,103:307～325
[5]Gutter U, Stoffers U. Investigation of the deformation and collapse behavior of circular lined tunnels in centrifuge model tests[A]. Centrifuge in Soil Mechanics[C]. Rotterdam:Balkema, 1988.183-186
[6]Shinichiro Imamura, Toshiyuki Hagiwara, Kenji Mito, et al. Settlement through above a model shield observed in a centrifuge[A]. Centrifuge 98[C]. Tokyo,1998.713～719
[7]周顺华.城市地铁车站和开挖环境模拟[D].成都：西南交通大学,1996.71～86
[8]陶履彬,侯学渊圆形隧道的应力场和位移场[J].隧道及地下工程,1986,7(1)：9～19
[9]久武胜保.软岩隧道的非线性弹塑性状态[J].隧道译丛,1992(1)：11～18
[10]孙均,侯学渊.地下结构[M]．.北京：科学出版社,1988.631～638
[11]Litwiniszyn J, Fundamental principles of the mechanics of stochastic medium, Proc. of 3th Conf. Theo. Appl. Mech., Bongalore, India,1957
[12]阳军生,刘宝琛.城市隧道施工引起的地表移动及变形[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2002
[13]陈先国,高波.地铁近距离平行隧道有限元数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(9)：1330～1334
[14]王暖堂.城市地铁复杂洞群浅埋暗挖法的有限元模拟[J].岩土力学,2001,22(4)：504～508
[15]张帅军,孟树红,杨海.地铁区间隧道穿越建筑物的施工技术[J].西部探矿工程,2005,(4).
[16]孙钧.地下工程设计理论与实践[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1996
[17]吴波,高波等.地铁隧道施工对地表沉降影响的优化控制分析[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(3)：42～46
[18]白李妍,张弥.隧道工程环境影响的动态优化控制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(3)：393～397
[19]葛卫娜,梁青槐.隧道开挖对周围建筑物造成的损害及治理措施[J].华北科技学院学报,2005,(3)
[20]刘海燕,姜玉松.隧道开挖对地表及建筑物影响的研究与分析[J].西部探矿工程,2005, (3).
[21]罗志华.建筑物下软土地层隧道施工技术[J].国防交通工程与技术,2003,(4).
[22]施成华,彭立敏,刘宝琛.浅埋隧道开挖对地表建筑物的影响[J]岩石力学与工程学报,2004,(19).
[23]姚宣德,王梦恕.地铁浅埋暗挖法施工引起的地表沉降控制标准的统计分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006.
[24]张成平,张顶立,王梦恕.浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起的地表塌陷分析及其控制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007/S2.
[25]王霆,刘维宁.地铁车站浅埋暗挖法施工引起地表沉降规律研究[J]岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(9)：1855～1861.
[26]吴波.复杂条件下城市地铁隧道施工地表沉降研究[D]成都：西南交通大学,2003
[27]Peck R B.Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground. Proceedings 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,state of the art volume.Mexico,1969.225-290.
[28]Cording E J, Hansmire W H. Displacements around soft ground tunnels. General Report 5th Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Buenos Aires, Session Ⅳ,1975.571-632.
[29]Clough G. W, Schmidt B. Design and performance of excavations and tunnels in soft clay. Soft Clay Engineering,1981,569-634.
[30]Fujita K. On the surface settlements caused by various methods of shield tunneling. Proc.11th Int.Conf.on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,1981,4:609-610 30
[31]O'Reilly M P, New B M.Settlement above tunnels in the United Kingdom-their magnitude and prediction. Tunnelling'82,1982,173-181
[32]Rankin W J. Ground movements resulting from urban tunneling; prediction and effects. Conference on Engineering Geology of Underground Movements, Nottingham. BGS, 1988.79-92
[33]Takagi, Nobuo(Tokyo Gas Co,Jpn);Shimamura, Kazunori; Nishio, Nobuaki,Buried pipe responses to adjacent ground movements associated with tunneling and excavations.Ground Movements and Structures,Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference,1985.97-112
[34]Lake L M, Rankin W J, Hawley J.Prediction and effects of ground movements caused by tunneling in soft ground beneath urban areas.CIRIA Project Report 30,Construction Industry Research and Information Association,London,1992
[35]Yoshikoshi W,Watanabe O, Takagi N.Prediction of ground settlements associated with shield tunneling.Soils and Foundations,J.of Japanese Soc. Soil Mech. And Found. Engng, 1978,18(4):47-59
[36]New B M, O'Reilly M P. Tunnelling induced ground moments; predicting their magnitude and effects. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ground Movements and Structures.Cardiff,Wales,1991.671-697
[37]Mair R J,Taylor R N,Bracegirdle A. Subsurface settlement profiles above tunnels in clays.Geotechnique,1993,43(2):315-320
[38]Mair R J,Taylor R N,Bracegirdle A.Discussion:Subsurface settlement profiles above tunnels in clays.Geotechnique,1995,45(2):361-362
[39]Lim P C, Sigl O. An estimate of subsurface settlement trough width parameter for G4 material. Tunnels and Underground Structures,Balkema,Rotterdam,2000.507-513
[40]Moh Z C,Ju D H,Hwang R N. Ground movements around tunnels in soft ground.Proc.Int.Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in soft Ground, London,Balkman,1996.725-730
[41]Dyer M R, Hutchinson M T, Evans N. Sudden Valley Sewer:a case history. Pro.Int.Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construcion in soft Ground, London,1996.674-676
[42]Mair R J. Settlement effects of bored tunnels. Session Report,Proceedings of International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in soft Ground, London,1996.43-53
[43]O'Reilly M P, Mair R J, Alderman G H.Long-term settlements over tunnels;an eleven year study an Grimsby. Porceedings of Conference of Tunnelling91, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,London,1991,55-64
[44]张顶立,黄俊.深圳地铁浅埋暗挖隧道地层变形分析.中国矿业大学学报.2004
[45]璩继立,葛修润.软土地区盾构隧道施工沉降槽的特征分析.工业建筑,2005,35(1)：42-46
[46]王梦恕.地下工程浅埋暗挖技术通论[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2004.
[47]张顶立,黄俊.地铁隧道施工拱顶下沉值的分析与预测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(10)：1703-1707.
[48]施仲衡,张弥等.地下铁道设计与施工[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1997
[49]Leach G.Pipeline response to tunneling.Unpublished Paper Presented to the North of England Gas Association,1985(1)
[50]Loganathan N,Poulos H G.Analytical prediction for tunneling-induced ground movements in clays.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,124(9):846-856
[2]Peck R. B, Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground, State of the Art Report[[A]. Proc.7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering[C], Mexico City,1969. 225～290
[3]吴波.浅埋暗挖法隧道施工沉降控制基准分析及应用[J].世界隧道(增),2002.241～244
[4]Atkinson J H, Potts D M. Subsidence above shallow tunnels in soft Ground[J]. J. Geotech. Engrg.,ASCE,1977,103:307～325
[5]Gutter U, Stoffers U. Investigation of the deformation and collapse behavior of circular lined tunnels in centrifuge model tests[A]. Centrifuge in Soil Mechanics[C]. Rotterdam:Balkema, 1988.183-186
[6]Shinichiro Imamura, Toshiyuki Hagiwara, Kenji Mito, et al. Settlement through above a model shield observed in a centrifuge[A]. Centrifuge 98[C]. Tokyo,1998.713～719
[7]周顺华.城市地铁车站和开挖环境模拟[D].成都：西南交通大学,1996.71～86
[8]陶履彬,侯学渊圆形隧道的应力场和位移场[J].隧道及地下工程,1986,7(1)：9～19
[9]久武胜保.软岩隧道的非线性弹塑性状态[J].隧道译丛,1992(1)：11～18
[10]孙均,侯学渊.地下结构[M]．.北京：科学出版社,1988.631～638
[11]Litwiniszyn J, Fundamental principles of the mechanics of stochastic medium, Proc. of 3th Conf. Theo. Appl. Mech., Bongalore, India,1957
[12]阳军生,刘宝琛.城市隧道施工引起的地表移动及变形[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2002
[13]陈先国,高波.地铁近距离平行隧道有限元数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(9)：1330～1334
[14]王暖堂.城市地铁复杂洞群浅埋暗挖法的有限元模拟[J].岩土力学,2001,22(4)：504～508
[15]张帅军,孟树红,杨海.地铁区间隧道穿越建筑物的施工技术[J].西部探矿工程,2005,(4).
[16]孙钧.地下工程设计理论与实践[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1996
[17]吴波,高波等.地铁隧道施工对地表沉降影响的优化控制分析[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(3)：42～46
[18]白李妍,张弥.隧道工程环境影响的动态优化控制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(3)：393～397
[19]葛卫娜,梁青槐.隧道开挖对周围建筑物造成的损害及治理措施[J].华北科技学院学报,2005,(3)
[20]刘海燕,姜玉松.隧道开挖对地表及建筑物影响的研究与分析[J].西部探矿工程,2005, (3).
[21]罗志华.建筑物下软土地层隧道施工技术[J].国防交通工程与技术,2003,(4).
[22]施成华,彭立敏,刘宝琛.浅埋隧道开挖对地表建筑物的影响[J]岩石力学与工程学报,2004,(19).
[23]姚宣德,王梦恕.地铁浅埋暗挖法施工引起的地表沉降控制标准的统计分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006.
[24]张成平,张顶立,王梦恕.浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起的地表塌陷分析及其控制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007/S2.
[25]王霆,刘维宁.地铁车站浅埋暗挖法施工引起地表沉降规律研究[J]岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(9)：1855～1861.
[26]吴波.复杂条件下城市地铁隧道施工地表沉降研究[D]成都：西南交通大学,2003
[27]Peck R B.Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground. Proceedings 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,state of the art volume.Mexico,1969.225-290.
[28]Cording E J, Hansmire W H. Displacements around soft ground tunnels. General Report 5th Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Buenos Aires, Session Ⅳ,1975.571-632.
[29]Clough G. W, Schmidt B. Design and performance of excavations and tunnels in soft clay. Soft Clay Engineering,1981,569-634.
[30]Fujita K. On the surface settlements caused by various methods of shield tunneling. Proc.11th Int.Conf.on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,1981,4:609-610 30
[31]O'Reilly M P, New B M.Settlement above tunnels in the United Kingdom-their magnitude and prediction. Tunnelling'82,1982,173-181
[32]Rankin W J. Ground movements resulting from urban tunneling; prediction and effects. Conference on Engineering Geology of Underground Movements, Nottingham. BGS, 1988.79-92
[33]Takagi, Nobuo(Tokyo Gas Co,Jpn);Shimamura, Kazunori; Nishio, Nobuaki,Buried pipe responses to adjacent ground movements associated with tunneling and excavations.Ground Movements and Structures,Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference,1985.97-112
[34]Lake L M, Rankin W J, Hawley J.Prediction and effects of ground movements caused by tunneling in soft ground beneath urban areas.CIRIA Project Report 30,Construction Industry Research and Information Association,London,1992
[35]Yoshikoshi W,Watanabe O, Takagi N.Prediction of ground settlements associated with shield tunneling.Soils and Foundations,J.of Japanese Soc. Soil Mech. And Found. Engng, 1978,18(4):47-59
[36]New B M, O'Reilly M P. Tunnelling induced ground moments; predicting their magnitude and effects. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ground Movements and Structures.Cardiff,Wales,1991.671-697
[37]Mair R J,Taylor R N,Bracegirdle A. Subsurface settlement profiles above tunnels in clays.Geotechnique,1993,43(2):315-320
[38]Mair R J,Taylor R N,Bracegirdle A.Discussion:Subsurface settlement profiles above tunnels in clays.Geotechnique,1995,45(2):361-362
[39]Lim P C, Sigl O. An estimate of subsurface settlement trough width parameter for G4 material. Tunnels and Underground Structures,Balkema,Rotterdam,2000.507-513
[40]Moh Z C,Ju D H,Hwang R N. Ground movements around tunnels in soft ground.Proc.Int.Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in soft Ground, London,Balkman,1996.725-730
[41]Dyer M R, Hutchinson M T, Evans N. Sudden Valley Sewer:a case history. Pro.Int.Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construcion in soft Ground, London,1996.674-676
[42]Mair R J. Settlement effects of bored tunnels. Session Report,Proceedings of International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in soft Ground, London,1996.43-53
[43]O'Reilly M P, Mair R J, Alderman G H.Long-term settlements over tunnels;an eleven year study an Grimsby. Porceedings of Conference of Tunnelling91, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,London,1991,55-64
[44]张顶立,黄俊.深圳地铁浅埋暗挖隧道地层变形分析.中国矿业大学学报.2004
[45]璩继立,葛修润.软土地区盾构隧道施工沉降槽的特征分析.工业建筑,2005,35(1)：42-46
[46]王梦恕.地下工程浅埋暗挖技术通论[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2004.
[47]张顶立,黄俊.地铁隧道施工拱顶下沉值的分析与预测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(10)：1703-1707.
[48]施仲衡,张弥等.地下铁道设计与施工[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1997
[49]Leach G.Pipeline response to tunneling.Unpublished Paper Presented to the North of England Gas Association,1985(1)
[50]Loganathan N,Poulos H G.Analytical prediction for tunneling-induced ground movements in clays.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,124(9):846-856