吉林省主要类型土壤中正构烷烃分布特征及其意义
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摘要
土壤是复杂的自然体，是地球生态环境的重要组成部分。原生矿物质是土壤各种化学元素的最初来源，它们构成土壤矿物质的大部分。但是，在土壤中最活跃的部分却是次生矿物和有机物质，土壤有机质是土壤固相部分的重要组成成分，尽管土壤有机质的含量只占土壤总量的很小一部分，但它对土壤形成、土壤肥力、环境保护及农林业可持续发展等方面都有着极其重要的作用和意义。
现代土壤中的正构烷烃和类异戊二烯化合物—姥鲛烷、植烷具有环境指示作用，其在不同土壤剖面的含量、碳数分布范围和地球化学参数的不同反映了土壤成熟度、氧化-还原性质和有机质来源的差异。本文通过分析吉林省不同类型土壤剖面中正构烷烃的分布，探讨土壤类型及地带性因素对土壤正构烷烃分布的影响，进一步分析土壤发育和演化规律；分析不同剖面土壤成土条件，有机质的演化程度和正构烷烃来源，推断古环境土壤有机质形成的植被因素，为恢复吉林省古环境提供参考，为保护和改良土壤提供科学的依据。
吉林省位于四季分明的寒温带，地形特点是东南高，西北低，东部，中部和西部土壤呈地带性分布，在典型地带性土壤中星散分布着非地带性土壤。吉林省拥有高产玉米和水稻耕地，也保留着完整的长白山原始森林，土壤类型多样，地质特征典型，因此，不同类型土壤正构烷烃分布特征鲜明。
本论文采用气相色谱法分析了吉林省19种类型土壤（45亚类）的不同剖面土壤样品133件，典型植物样品8件，主要研究成果如下：
（1）系统分析了吉林省不同类型土壤姥鲛烷、植烷和正构烷烃含量。利用正构烷烃和类异戊二烯化合物-姥鲛烷、植烷分布特征的环境指示作用探讨不同类型土壤有机质环境地球化学变化规律。
（2）分析了吉林省东部垂直地带性土壤和水平地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。东部土壤中正构烷烃多数富集于亚表层，土壤有机质主要来源于陆源高等生物，成熟度程度低，土壤处于强还原性环境。此外，长白山区垂直地带性土壤CPI1值随着海拔高度规律分布，东部土壤没有明显水平地带性分布规律。
（3）分析了吉林省中部地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。OEP平均值分别为2.37、1.79、2.39，CPI2分别为2.71、2.12、1.59，长链碳正构烷烃奇偶优势明显，数据显示土壤的有机质主要源于高等植物，成熟度相对较低。Pr/Ph在0.64～1.17，揭示了中部地带性土壤处于弱氧化-还原性环境。
（4）分析了吉林省西部地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。西部土壤正构烷烃主要源于高等植物，成熟度相对较高。西部土壤CPI2分布具有经度地带性特征，随着经度的降低西部土壤有机质成熟度增高。L/H数值也随着黑钙土壤分布向西延展而降低，反映出西部土壤性质变化的经度地带性因素。
（5）探讨了吉林省典型地带性土壤正构烷烃分布规律。地球化学参数OEP、CPI2和Pr/Ph变化特征反映出吉林省主要土壤地带性分布规律。沿着经度的降低方向，土壤地球化学参数OEP和CPI2呈下降趋势，Pr/Ph呈上升趋势。
（6）分析了吉林省非地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。吉林省非地带性土壤正构烷烃分布差异很大，土壤类型及土壤分布地带性因素影响不同。非地带性土壤正构烷烃来源具有多样性，有机质成熟度普遍很低，土壤氧化-还原性质由土壤类型和成土附加过程决定。
（7）分析了吉林省典型植物的正构烷烃的分布特征。同一种植物生长在不同地带，正构烷烃分布截然不同。东部山区杂草正构烷烃主峰碳为nC31，西部草原杂草主峰碳为nC29。西部草本植物奇偶优势指数，碳优势指数，明显低于东部草本植物相应数值，只有短链与长链碳数比完全相同。
（8）探讨了土壤正构烷烃的来源与生长植被的关系。吉林省代表性植被与其覆盖下的土壤中正构烷烃分布并不一致。正构烷烃丰度差值显示土壤有机质输入是生物和时间因素的函数，土壤表层正构烷烃分布特征不同程度显示出当前优势植被的影响。不同土壤剖面正构烷烃来源存在明显差异，说明吉林省古环境植被与现代不同，反映出土壤表面植被的更迭和人类农业生产的影响。
Soil is a complax natural body and an important part of human ecologicalenvironment. Primary mineral is the initial source of various chemical elements in soiland they constitute most of soil minerals. The most active part in soil, however, is thesecondary minerals and organic matter. Soil organic matter is an important constituentof the soil solid phase part and it has a much important function and significance onsoil formation, soil fertility, environmental protection, sustainable development ofagriculture and forestry though it is just a very little part of soil.
In modern soil, n-alkanes and isoprenoid compounds, including pristane andphytane, can indicate the changing environment. The different content, carbon numberrange and geochemical parameters of them in different soil profile reflects thediversity of the soil maturity, redox properties and the organic matter’s source. Byanalysing the n-alkanes distribution in soil profile of different type in Jilin Province,we inquire into the affection of the n-alkanes distribution from the soil types and thezonal factors. We also analyse the laws of soil development and evolution, the soilforming condition of the profile, the evolution dgree of organic matter and the sourcesof n-alkanes. Then we deduce what is the circumstances of vegetation that makes thesoil organic matter forming in ancient environment. All those are aimed to getreference for recovering the ancient environment in Jilin Province and providescientific basis of protecting and improving the soil.
Jilin province is located in the cold temperate zone and all four seasons areclearly defined here. The terrain characteristic is higher in the Southeast, lower in theNorthwest. The soil in the east, middle and west is distributed zonally and the azonalsoil scatteres in the typical zonal soil. There is high-yield farmland of corn and rice inJilin Province and the virgin forest in Changbai Mountain is kept completely. So, thesoil types are multiple, the geological characteristics is typical and thus thedistribution characterization of n-alkanes in different types of soil is evident.
In this paper, There are133samples of different soil profiles from19types ofsoil (45subcategories) and8samples of typical plants. The main research results are:
(1) Systematically analysing the content of n-alkanes and isoprenoid compounds,including pristane and phytane, in different types of soil in Jilin Province. Discussingthe environmental geochemistry changing rules of different types of soil organicmatter by using the environmental indicator of the distribution characteristics ofn-alkanes and isoprenoid compounds, including pristane and phytane.
(2) Analysing the distribution characterization of n-alkanes in vertical zonal soiland horizontal zonal soil in Eastern Jilin. Most n-alkanes in the soil from the East areenriched in subsurface stratum. The soil organic matter in the East are mainly fromterrestrial higher organisms and their maturity is low, the soil in the East is in strongreducing conditions. In addition, the CPI1figure of vertical zonal soil in ChangbaiMountain distributes regularly with the altitude changing. There is no evidenthorizontal zonality distribution rule of the eastern soil.
(3) Analysing the distribution characterization of n-alkanes in zonal soil inMiddle Jilin. The average figures of OEP are respectively2.37,1.79,2.39, CPI2arerespectively2.71,2.12,1.59. The odd even predominance of long chain n-alkanes isobvious. The data shows that the higher plants are the main source of soil organicmatter and their maturity is relatively low. The Pr/Ph ranging from0.64to1.17reveals that the zonal soil in the Middle is in weak Oxidation-reduction conditions.
(4) Analysing the distribution characterization of n-alkanes in zonal soil inWestern Jilin. The higher plants are the main source of n-alkanes in zonal soil inWestern Jilin and their maturity is relatively high. The distribution of CPI2in the soilin the West has longitudinal zonal characteristics and with the decreasing of longitude,the maturity of the soil organic matter in the West increases. The figure of L/Hdecreases with the extension to the west of the chernozem. All those reflect thelongitude zonality factors which affect the changing nature of the soil in the west.
(5) Discussing the distribution rules of n-alkanes in zonal soil in Jilin Province.The transformation characteristic of geochemical parameters OEP, CPI2, and Pr/Phreflects the zonal distribution rule of the main soil in Jilin Province. With thedecreasing of longitude, the soil geochemical parameters OEP and CPI2appear adownward trend and Pr/Ph, rising.
(6) Analysing the distribution characterization of the non-zonal soil n-alkanes inJilin Province. The distribution of the non-zonal soil n-alkanes has great difference.The soil types and the zonal factors of soil distribution gives different effection. The source of non-zonal soil n-alkanes are various and the maturity of soil organic matteris generally very low. The soil redox properties are decided by the type of the soil andthe soil-forming additive process.
(7) Analysing the distribution characterization of the typical plants n-alkanes inJilin Province. The same plant in different areas has the entirely different n-alkanesdistribution. The main peak carbon of n-alkanes of the weeds in the eastern mountainsis nC31, and the main peak carbon of n-alkanes of the weeds in the western grasslandsis nC29. The indexes of odd even predominance and carbon advantage of herbaceousplants in the west are obviously lower than those in the east, only the short chaincarbon ratio is all the same with the long chain.
(8) Discussing the relationship between the source of the soil n-alkanes and thegrowing vegetative cover. In Jilin Province, distribution of n-alkanes in representativevegetative cover is differ from that in soil under the cover. The abundance differenceof n-alkanes shows that soil organic matter input is a function of biological and thetime factors. The distribution characteristics of n-alkanes in topsoil reveal that theyare affected by the dominant vegetation at present in different degree. There areobvious diversities about the source of n-alkanes among different soil profiles. Thatinfers the differences between the plants in ancient environment and those in moderntimes at the same time reflects the alternation of the plants on the soil and theaffection from the farming activities of human being.
现代土壤中的正构烷烃和类异戊二烯化合物—姥鲛烷、植烷具有环境指示作用，其在不同土壤剖面的含量、碳数分布范围和地球化学参数的不同反映了土壤成熟度、氧化-还原性质和有机质来源的差异。本文通过分析吉林省不同类型土壤剖面中正构烷烃的分布，探讨土壤类型及地带性因素对土壤正构烷烃分布的影响，进一步分析土壤发育和演化规律；分析不同剖面土壤成土条件，有机质的演化程度和正构烷烃来源，推断古环境土壤有机质形成的植被因素，为恢复吉林省古环境提供参考，为保护和改良土壤提供科学的依据。
吉林省位于四季分明的寒温带，地形特点是东南高，西北低，东部，中部和西部土壤呈地带性分布，在典型地带性土壤中星散分布着非地带性土壤。吉林省拥有高产玉米和水稻耕地，也保留着完整的长白山原始森林，土壤类型多样，地质特征典型，因此，不同类型土壤正构烷烃分布特征鲜明。
本论文采用气相色谱法分析了吉林省19种类型土壤（45亚类）的不同剖面土壤样品133件，典型植物样品8件，主要研究成果如下：
（1）系统分析了吉林省不同类型土壤姥鲛烷、植烷和正构烷烃含量。利用正构烷烃和类异戊二烯化合物-姥鲛烷、植烷分布特征的环境指示作用探讨不同类型土壤有机质环境地球化学变化规律。
（2）分析了吉林省东部垂直地带性土壤和水平地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。东部土壤中正构烷烃多数富集于亚表层，土壤有机质主要来源于陆源高等生物，成熟度程度低，土壤处于强还原性环境。此外，长白山区垂直地带性土壤CPI1值随着海拔高度规律分布，东部土壤没有明显水平地带性分布规律。
（3）分析了吉林省中部地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。OEP平均值分别为2.37、1.79、2.39，CPI2分别为2.71、2.12、1.59，长链碳正构烷烃奇偶优势明显，数据显示土壤的有机质主要源于高等植物，成熟度相对较低。Pr/Ph在0.64～1.17，揭示了中部地带性土壤处于弱氧化-还原性环境。
（4）分析了吉林省西部地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。西部土壤正构烷烃主要源于高等植物，成熟度相对较高。西部土壤CPI2分布具有经度地带性特征，随着经度的降低西部土壤有机质成熟度增高。L/H数值也随着黑钙土壤分布向西延展而降低，反映出西部土壤性质变化的经度地带性因素。
（5）探讨了吉林省典型地带性土壤正构烷烃分布规律。地球化学参数OEP、CPI2和Pr/Ph变化特征反映出吉林省主要土壤地带性分布规律。沿着经度的降低方向，土壤地球化学参数OEP和CPI2呈下降趋势，Pr/Ph呈上升趋势。
（6）分析了吉林省非地带性土壤正构烷烃的分布特征。吉林省非地带性土壤正构烷烃分布差异很大，土壤类型及土壤分布地带性因素影响不同。非地带性土壤正构烷烃来源具有多样性，有机质成熟度普遍很低，土壤氧化-还原性质由土壤类型和成土附加过程决定。
（7）分析了吉林省典型植物的正构烷烃的分布特征。同一种植物生长在不同地带，正构烷烃分布截然不同。东部山区杂草正构烷烃主峰碳为nC31，西部草原杂草主峰碳为nC29。西部草本植物奇偶优势指数，碳优势指数，明显低于东部草本植物相应数值，只有短链与长链碳数比完全相同。
（8）探讨了土壤正构烷烃的来源与生长植被的关系。吉林省代表性植被与其覆盖下的土壤中正构烷烃分布并不一致。正构烷烃丰度差值显示土壤有机质输入是生物和时间因素的函数，土壤表层正构烷烃分布特征不同程度显示出当前优势植被的影响。不同土壤剖面正构烷烃来源存在明显差异，说明吉林省古环境植被与现代不同，反映出土壤表面植被的更迭和人类农业生产的影响。
Soil is a complax natural body and an important part of human ecologicalenvironment. Primary mineral is the initial source of various chemical elements in soiland they constitute most of soil minerals. The most active part in soil, however, is thesecondary minerals and organic matter. Soil organic matter is an important constituentof the soil solid phase part and it has a much important function and significance onsoil formation, soil fertility, environmental protection, sustainable development ofagriculture and forestry though it is just a very little part of soil.
In modern soil, n-alkanes and isoprenoid compounds, including pristane andphytane, can indicate the changing environment. The different content, carbon numberrange and geochemical parameters of them in different soil profile reflects thediversity of the soil maturity, redox properties and the organic matter’s source. Byanalysing the n-alkanes distribution in soil profile of different type in Jilin Province,we inquire into the affection of the n-alkanes distribution from the soil types and thezonal factors. We also analyse the laws of soil development and evolution, the soilforming condition of the profile, the evolution dgree of organic matter and the sourcesof n-alkanes. Then we deduce what is the circumstances of vegetation that makes thesoil organic matter forming in ancient environment. All those are aimed to getreference for recovering the ancient environment in Jilin Province and providescientific basis of protecting and improving the soil.
Jilin province is located in the cold temperate zone and all four seasons areclearly defined here. The terrain characteristic is higher in the Southeast, lower in theNorthwest. The soil in the east, middle and west is distributed zonally and the azonalsoil scatteres in the typical zonal soil. There is high-yield farmland of corn and rice inJilin Province and the virgin forest in Changbai Mountain is kept completely. So, thesoil types are multiple, the geological characteristics is typical and thus thedistribution characterization of n-alkanes in different types of soil is evident.
In this paper, There are133samples of different soil profiles from19types ofsoil (45subcategories) and8samples of typical plants. The main research results are:
(1) Systematically analysing the content of n-alkanes and isoprenoid compounds,including pristane and phytane, in different types of soil in Jilin Province. Discussingthe environmental geochemistry changing rules of different types of soil organicmatter by using the environmental indicator of the distribution characteristics ofn-alkanes and isoprenoid compounds, including pristane and phytane.
(2) Analysing the distribution characterization of n-alkanes in vertical zonal soiland horizontal zonal soil in Eastern Jilin. Most n-alkanes in the soil from the East areenriched in subsurface stratum. The soil organic matter in the East are mainly fromterrestrial higher organisms and their maturity is low, the soil in the East is in strongreducing conditions. In addition, the CPI1figure of vertical zonal soil in ChangbaiMountain distributes regularly with the altitude changing. There is no evidenthorizontal zonality distribution rule of the eastern soil.
(3) Analysing the distribution characterization of n-alkanes in zonal soil inMiddle Jilin. The average figures of OEP are respectively2.37,1.79,2.39, CPI2arerespectively2.71,2.12,1.59. The odd even predominance of long chain n-alkanes isobvious. The data shows that the higher plants are the main source of soil organicmatter and their maturity is relatively low. The Pr/Ph ranging from0.64to1.17reveals that the zonal soil in the Middle is in weak Oxidation-reduction conditions.
(4) Analysing the distribution characterization of n-alkanes in zonal soil inWestern Jilin. The higher plants are the main source of n-alkanes in zonal soil inWestern Jilin and their maturity is relatively high. The distribution of CPI2in the soilin the West has longitudinal zonal characteristics and with the decreasing of longitude,the maturity of the soil organic matter in the West increases. The figure of L/Hdecreases with the extension to the west of the chernozem. All those reflect thelongitude zonality factors which affect the changing nature of the soil in the west.
(5) Discussing the distribution rules of n-alkanes in zonal soil in Jilin Province.The transformation characteristic of geochemical parameters OEP, CPI2, and Pr/Phreflects the zonal distribution rule of the main soil in Jilin Province. With thedecreasing of longitude, the soil geochemical parameters OEP and CPI2appear adownward trend and Pr/Ph, rising.
(6) Analysing the distribution characterization of the non-zonal soil n-alkanes inJilin Province. The distribution of the non-zonal soil n-alkanes has great difference.The soil types and the zonal factors of soil distribution gives different effection. The source of non-zonal soil n-alkanes are various and the maturity of soil organic matteris generally very low. The soil redox properties are decided by the type of the soil andthe soil-forming additive process.
(7) Analysing the distribution characterization of the typical plants n-alkanes inJilin Province. The same plant in different areas has the entirely different n-alkanesdistribution. The main peak carbon of n-alkanes of the weeds in the eastern mountainsis nC31, and the main peak carbon of n-alkanes of the weeds in the western grasslandsis nC29. The indexes of odd even predominance and carbon advantage of herbaceousplants in the west are obviously lower than those in the east, only the short chaincarbon ratio is all the same with the long chain.
(8) Discussing the relationship between the source of the soil n-alkanes and thegrowing vegetative cover. In Jilin Province, distribution of n-alkanes in representativevegetative cover is differ from that in soil under the cover. The abundance differenceof n-alkanes shows that soil organic matter input is a function of biological and thetime factors. The distribution characteristics of n-alkanes in topsoil reveal that theyare affected by the dominant vegetation at present in different degree. There areobvious diversities about the source of n-alkanes among different soil profiles. Thatinfers the differences between the plants in ancient environment and those in moderntimes at the same time reflects the alternation of the plants on the soil and theaffection from the farming activities of human being.
引文
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