基于特殊风载的非工作状态塔式起重机安全性分析
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摘要
塔式起重机具有工作效率高,回转半径大,起升高度大的特点,在工业和民用建筑等领域得到广泛应用,已成为建筑行业的重要施工设备。由于塔式起重机的工作环境都是处于室外,受外界自然条件的影响相对较大,尤其是风荷载的影响,在塔式起重机的设计、安装、使用以及拆卸阶段都必须加以考虑,否则势必会给塔式起重机带来安全隐患。塔式起重机一旦发生安全事故,轻则造成塔机局部破坏;重则机毁人亡,给工作人员以及相关单位造成人身财产的损失。因此研究在大风作用下塔机的结构安全性就显得十分重要。
现阶段对塔式起重机的研究主要可以概括为两方面:首先是对塔机的局部结构进行有限元分析,例如:起重臂、塔身、回转平台以及附着杆件等;其次是对塔机整机进行有限元分析。然而塔机整机的有限元分析大多是对工作状态下受特定荷载的情况进行模拟,对非工作状态下的塔机受特殊风荷载的研究非常少,只有个别文献有提及,但未做深入研究。
论文正是在这样的背景下,研究了塔式起重机在非工作状态遇到特殊风荷载时的结构安全性,为塔式起重机使用部门及行业主管部门提供了理论指导,从而最大限度的降低在非工作状态下塔式起重机遇到特殊风荷载发生安全事故的几率,以保障各相关单位的人身财产安全。
通过以上研究,论文对塔式起重机整体建模方法进行了初步研究,完成了在非工作状态下四种工况的塔式起重机整体分析,并就其中出现塔机钢结构材料强度不足的工况提出了预防措施,通过建模加载验证了该预防措施的可行性与可靠性。
论文最后对研究结论进行了总结,并指出了当前研究工作的不足之处以及下一步研究工作的方向及预期达到的效果。
With characteristics of high working efficiency, large rotation radius and great lifting height, tower crane, widely used in the field of industry and civil construction, and has become the important construction equipment in the building area. Besides, tower crane’s working place is outside, it is always affected by natural condition, especially by wind load. At stage of tower crane's design, installation, using and dismantle, we have to consider the wind load. Otherwise, it certainly will bring tower crane safety trouble. Once tower crane’s safety accident happened, lightly results in tower crane’s part break; heavily ruins tower crane and hurt someone, this will bring some trouble to the staff member and department concerned in human body and property’s loss ,So it is very important to research tower crane when it is functioned by heavy wind load.
In present stage, the research of tower crane can divide into two parts: the first is research of tower crane topical structure like tower crane jib、tower crane body、turning stage and the attachment. The second is research of the whole tower crane. However, the whole tower crane finite analysis almost simulates in particular load of working condition, and has a few research in not-working condition with peculiar wind load, which only a few peculiar has mentioned, but do not research deeply.
In this background, this paper researched tower crane’s stability when it is not working, consequently, providing theory guidance for the tower crane’s user and the manager of this industry. So it can reduce the safety accident happening probability when tower crane falls across the peculiar wind load, and as a result to guarantee the human body and property of the concerned enterprise.
Through the research, this paper elementarily investigates the method of establishing the whole tower crane model and finished the whole tower crane analysis in four working condition. Then we mentioned the preventing measure for those which appeared lose of structure intensity and validated the stability and security based on loaded models.
At last, this paper summarized the research results, then point out insufficiency of present research, and direction of next research stage as well as the anticipation results.
现阶段对塔式起重机的研究主要可以概括为两方面:首先是对塔机的局部结构进行有限元分析,例如:起重臂、塔身、回转平台以及附着杆件等;其次是对塔机整机进行有限元分析。然而塔机整机的有限元分析大多是对工作状态下受特定荷载的情况进行模拟,对非工作状态下的塔机受特殊风荷载的研究非常少,只有个别文献有提及,但未做深入研究。
论文正是在这样的背景下,研究了塔式起重机在非工作状态遇到特殊风荷载时的结构安全性,为塔式起重机使用部门及行业主管部门提供了理论指导,从而最大限度的降低在非工作状态下塔式起重机遇到特殊风荷载发生安全事故的几率,以保障各相关单位的人身财产安全。
通过以上研究,论文对塔式起重机整体建模方法进行了初步研究,完成了在非工作状态下四种工况的塔式起重机整体分析,并就其中出现塔机钢结构材料强度不足的工况提出了预防措施,通过建模加载验证了该预防措施的可行性与可靠性。
论文最后对研究结论进行了总结,并指出了当前研究工作的不足之处以及下一步研究工作的方向及预期达到的效果。
With characteristics of high working efficiency, large rotation radius and great lifting height, tower crane, widely used in the field of industry and civil construction, and has become the important construction equipment in the building area. Besides, tower crane’s working place is outside, it is always affected by natural condition, especially by wind load. At stage of tower crane's design, installation, using and dismantle, we have to consider the wind load. Otherwise, it certainly will bring tower crane safety trouble. Once tower crane’s safety accident happened, lightly results in tower crane’s part break; heavily ruins tower crane and hurt someone, this will bring some trouble to the staff member and department concerned in human body and property’s loss ,So it is very important to research tower crane when it is functioned by heavy wind load.
In present stage, the research of tower crane can divide into two parts: the first is research of tower crane topical structure like tower crane jib、tower crane body、turning stage and the attachment. The second is research of the whole tower crane. However, the whole tower crane finite analysis almost simulates in particular load of working condition, and has a few research in not-working condition with peculiar wind load, which only a few peculiar has mentioned, but do not research deeply.
In this background, this paper researched tower crane’s stability when it is not working, consequently, providing theory guidance for the tower crane’s user and the manager of this industry. So it can reduce the safety accident happening probability when tower crane falls across the peculiar wind load, and as a result to guarantee the human body and property of the concerned enterprise.
Through the research, this paper elementarily investigates the method of establishing the whole tower crane model and finished the whole tower crane analysis in four working condition. Then we mentioned the preventing measure for those which appeared lose of structure intensity and validated the stability and security based on loaded models.
At last, this paper summarized the research results, then point out insufficiency of present research, and direction of next research stage as well as the anticipation results.
引文
[1]刘佩衡编译.国外塔式起重机[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983.
[2]刘佩衡.塔式起重机使用手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002,8.
[3]许武全.国外塔机发展趋势[J].建筑机械技术与管理,1996,3.37-40.
[4]李守林.我国塔式起重机的现状与发展[J].建筑机械,2000,6.9-1.
[5]王欣.国内外大型起重机发展状况[J].建筑机械,2005(2),28-32.
[6]潘钟林译.欧洲起重机设计规范[S].欧洲搬运工程协会技术委员会,1998.
[7]郑海斌.塔式起重机起重臂有限元模态及动态分析[J].建筑机械化,2004,(5):64-67.
[8]李静,肖颈松. DBQ系列塔机臂架销轴连接有限元分析[J].湖北电力,2003,(10):34-36.
[9]黄珊秋.塔式起重机动态响应分析和测试[J].建筑机械,2000,(5):21-25.
[10]张俊. ALGOR FEAS软件在塔式起重机结构动态分析的应用[J].机械设计与研究,2001,17(2):20-22.
[11]李学洪.塔式起重机十字型底架的受力计算[J].建筑机械化,2003,(3):18-20.
[12]苗雨顺,许芹祖.塔式起重机回转平台有限元分析[J].建筑机械化,2004,(3):55-56.
[13]桑志建. HC系列塔式起重机整机结构有限元分析[J].起重运输机械,1997(6).
[14]黄珊秋. QTZ80型塔式起重机振动分析[J].起重运输机械,2000,20-24.
[15]门长根.塔机常见事故的分析和预防[J].建筑安全.2002,8.18-19.
[17]郑启海.塔式起重机事故原因分析与措施[J].建筑安全。2004,(15).
[16]鞠晖.塔式起重机常见事故分析及安全监督管理[J].建筑安全,2005,(03).
[18]姚新胜,黄洪钟.塔式起重机安全性研究[J].工业安全与防尘,2000,(4). 35-39.
[19]国家质量技术监督局[S].
[20]《塔式起重机安全规程》[S].
[21]胡宗武,阎以诵.起重机动力学[M].北京:机械土业出版社,1988,9.
[22]王继东,李纲.风对工程起重机的影响及防风措施[J].建筑机械,1995.
[23]崔碧海.起重技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006,8.
[24] H.O.Fuchs, R.I.Stephens. Metal Fatigue in Engineering[M]. 1990.
[25] DavidRoylance. Fatigue.Department of Materials Scienceand Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge[M], 2001(5):21-39.
[26] McDiarmid D L.A General Criterion for High Cycle Multiaxial Fatigue Failure Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Material and Structure[M], 1991(14):429-453.
[27] Wang C H,B row n M W. Life Predict ion Techniques for Variable Amplitude Mult iaxialFatigue-Par 1:Theories.A SM E Journal of Engineering Material and Technology[M],1996(118):367-370.
[28]杜平安,于亚婷.有限元法——原理、建模及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004.9.
[29]朱伯芳.有限元法原理与应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[30]李景涌.有限元法.北京邮电大学出版社,1999,261-292.
[31] C.S.Desal, J.Faberl. Introduction of Finite Element Method[M],1972.
[32] K.H.Huebner, The Finite Element Method of Engineers[M],1975.
[33] K.H.Huebner, Finite Element Analysis Fundamentals[M], 1975.
[34] I.Hollad, K.Bell, Finite Element Method in Stress Analysis[M], 1972.
[35] K.H.Huebner, The Finite Element Method of Engineers(2nd Edition) [M],1982.
[36] RaoSS, The Finite Element Method in Engineering, Oxford, Pergamon[M],1982 .
[37] Baidurya Bhattacharya,Bruce E1lingwood.Continuum damage mechanics analysis of fatigue crack initiation. International Journal of Fatigue[M],1998,20(9):631-639.
[38] Glinka G. Calculation of Inelastic Notch-tip Strain Stress Histories under Cyclic Loading Engineering Fracture Mechanics[M], 1985(22):839-854.
[39] Fatemi A, Socie DF. A Critical Plane Approach to Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Including Out of Phase Loading. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures[M],1988(11):149-165.
[40]武江传. ANSYS在结构分析中的应用[J].连云港化工高等专科学校学报.
[41] ANSYS User Manual, Swanson Analysis Systems[M], Inc.1994.
[42]任重. ANSYS使用分析教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.
[43]龚曙光,谢桂兰. ANSYS操作命令与参数化编程[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[44]张萍. ANSYS建模过程中单元属性的定义[M].现代电子技术.2003.
[45] GB/T 13752- 92.塔式起重机设计规范[S].
[46]张利英,吴建松. ANSYS在塔式起重机结构分析中的应用[J].建筑机械化.2004, (9) .
[47]徐树东.塔式起重机机构分析中有限元技术的应用[J].建筑机械化,2006.
[48]胡宗武,顾迪民.起重机设计计算—遵循国际《起重机设计规范》的计算法[M],北京科学技术出版社,1989年8月.
[49]胡宗武,顾迪民.起重机设计计算[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1989.
[50]张明勤,草明晓.塔式起重机结构体系动态分析计算工况的选择[J].建筑机械,2002.5.
[51]许尚贤.机械设计中的有限元法[M].高等教育出版社,1992年7月.
[52]赵汝嘉.机械结构有限元分析[M].西安交通大学出版社,1990.
[2]刘佩衡.塔式起重机使用手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002,8.
[3]许武全.国外塔机发展趋势[J].建筑机械技术与管理,1996,3.37-40.
[4]李守林.我国塔式起重机的现状与发展[J].建筑机械,2000,6.9-1.
[5]王欣.国内外大型起重机发展状况[J].建筑机械,2005(2),28-32.
[6]潘钟林译.欧洲起重机设计规范[S].欧洲搬运工程协会技术委员会,1998.
[7]郑海斌.塔式起重机起重臂有限元模态及动态分析[J].建筑机械化,2004,(5):64-67.
[8]李静,肖颈松. DBQ系列塔机臂架销轴连接有限元分析[J].湖北电力,2003,(10):34-36.
[9]黄珊秋.塔式起重机动态响应分析和测试[J].建筑机械,2000,(5):21-25.
[10]张俊. ALGOR FEAS软件在塔式起重机结构动态分析的应用[J].机械设计与研究,2001,17(2):20-22.
[11]李学洪.塔式起重机十字型底架的受力计算[J].建筑机械化,2003,(3):18-20.
[12]苗雨顺,许芹祖.塔式起重机回转平台有限元分析[J].建筑机械化,2004,(3):55-56.
[13]桑志建. HC系列塔式起重机整机结构有限元分析[J].起重运输机械,1997(6).
[14]黄珊秋. QTZ80型塔式起重机振动分析[J].起重运输机械,2000,20-24.
[15]门长根.塔机常见事故的分析和预防[J].建筑安全.2002,8.18-19.
[17]郑启海.塔式起重机事故原因分析与措施[J].建筑安全。2004,(15).
[16]鞠晖.塔式起重机常见事故分析及安全监督管理[J].建筑安全,2005,(03).
[18]姚新胜,黄洪钟.塔式起重机安全性研究[J].工业安全与防尘,2000,(4). 35-39.
[19]国家质量技术监督局[S].
[20]《塔式起重机安全规程》[S].
[21]胡宗武,阎以诵.起重机动力学[M].北京:机械土业出版社,1988,9.
[22]王继东,李纲.风对工程起重机的影响及防风措施[J].建筑机械,1995.
[23]崔碧海.起重技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006,8.
[24] H.O.Fuchs, R.I.Stephens. Metal Fatigue in Engineering[M]. 1990.
[25] DavidRoylance. Fatigue.Department of Materials Scienceand Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge[M], 2001(5):21-39.
[26] McDiarmid D L.A General Criterion for High Cycle Multiaxial Fatigue Failure Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Material and Structure[M], 1991(14):429-453.
[27] Wang C H,B row n M W. Life Predict ion Techniques for Variable Amplitude Mult iaxialFatigue-Par 1:Theories.A SM E Journal of Engineering Material and Technology[M],1996(118):367-370.
[28]杜平安,于亚婷.有限元法——原理、建模及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004.9.
[29]朱伯芳.有限元法原理与应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[30]李景涌.有限元法.北京邮电大学出版社,1999,261-292.
[31] C.S.Desal, J.Faberl. Introduction of Finite Element Method[M],1972.
[32] K.H.Huebner, The Finite Element Method of Engineers[M],1975.
[33] K.H.Huebner, Finite Element Analysis Fundamentals[M], 1975.
[34] I.Hollad, K.Bell, Finite Element Method in Stress Analysis[M], 1972.
[35] K.H.Huebner, The Finite Element Method of Engineers(2nd Edition) [M],1982.
[36] RaoSS, The Finite Element Method in Engineering, Oxford, Pergamon[M],1982 .
[37] Baidurya Bhattacharya,Bruce E1lingwood.Continuum damage mechanics analysis of fatigue crack initiation. International Journal of Fatigue[M],1998,20(9):631-639.
[38] Glinka G. Calculation of Inelastic Notch-tip Strain Stress Histories under Cyclic Loading Engineering Fracture Mechanics[M], 1985(22):839-854.
[39] Fatemi A, Socie DF. A Critical Plane Approach to Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Including Out of Phase Loading. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures[M],1988(11):149-165.
[40]武江传. ANSYS在结构分析中的应用[J].连云港化工高等专科学校学报.
[41] ANSYS User Manual, Swanson Analysis Systems[M], Inc.1994.
[42]任重. ANSYS使用分析教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.
[43]龚曙光,谢桂兰. ANSYS操作命令与参数化编程[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[44]张萍. ANSYS建模过程中单元属性的定义[M].现代电子技术.2003.
[45] GB/T 13752- 92.塔式起重机设计规范[S].
[46]张利英,吴建松. ANSYS在塔式起重机结构分析中的应用[J].建筑机械化.2004, (9) .
[47]徐树东.塔式起重机机构分析中有限元技术的应用[J].建筑机械化,2006.
[48]胡宗武,顾迪民.起重机设计计算—遵循国际《起重机设计规范》的计算法[M],北京科学技术出版社,1989年8月.
[49]胡宗武,顾迪民.起重机设计计算[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1989.
[50]张明勤,草明晓.塔式起重机结构体系动态分析计算工况的选择[J].建筑机械,2002.5.
[51]许尚贤.机械设计中的有限元法[M].高等教育出版社,1992年7月.
[52]赵汝嘉.机械结构有限元分析[M].西安交通大学出版社,1990.