农民工回乡创业与农村经济发展
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国农业发展取得了长足进步,但长期形成的城乡经济发展失衡的格局并没有得到根本扭转,集中表现在：城乡整体竞争力差距较大；城乡二元经济结构矛盾突出；农村资源要素持续外流；农村耕地大量被占用等等。由于农业本身的弱质性和工业化过程中路径依赖的影响,使得加大农村资金、项目支持成为了各级政府在解决三农问题上的政策首选。但是任何地区的发展都是内因和外因共同作用的结果。农村发展水平缓慢和政府投资力度逐年增大在另一个侧面反映了农村自身发展活力的不足,如何选择适合当前农村发展的产业,如何调动农民自身的生产积极性,如何改造传统农民,一直是需要关注和解决的重要问题。近期,在金融危机的影响下,部分农民工经历数年打工生涯后返回农村,利用打工获得的资本和学到的技术创办实业发展农村经济,形成了“民工潮”之后的“创业潮”,同时也为解决三农问题提供了新的视野。
本文首先对农民工回乡创业的时代背景、整体特征及动因进行了分析,认为劳动密集型企业向中西部转移为农民工回乡创业创造了产业基础,城乡协调战略的实施为农民工回乡创业创造了有利条件,金融危机是农民工创业的外在诱因。外出打工、乡土情结及农村投资环境的改善是农民工回乡创业的主要动因。然后重点分析了农民工回乡创业的行为如何在破除农村经济发展“空洞化”、整合农村经济发展要素和促进小城镇发展方面发挥重要作用。接着辅之以大悟县的实践,对农民工回乡创业问题进行实证研究,最后提出引导农民工回乡创业促进农村长远发展的整体思路。
Through opening and reform, Chinese agricultural development has made considerable progress, however; the long formed rural imbalanced economic development pattern not change, expression in these examples:the gap between the urban and rural is wider than before; rural dualistic economic structure also exist; the rural resources sustained outflow; rural arable land and so on. Since its frail agricultural and industrial impact of path dependence, making increased funding in rural areas, the project support has become the choice of solving the issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers. The development of any region is the internal and external interaction results. Rural development is slow and the government investment increased year by year in another reflection of the lack of vitality of rural self-development, how to choose the current industry in rural area, how to mobilize the enthusiasm of the peasant, how to transform the traditional farmers, has been that we need concerns and problems to be solved. As large-scale rural labor transfer of young adults, the inherent dual economic structure constraints and the 80th of migrant workers have characteristics which make the development appeared the trend of hollowing. The human resources hollow, abandoned land-based, village hollow, hollow funds and public services will be formed between the hollow circle between cause and effect, mutually reinforcing, increasing the development of modern agriculture and rural economic prosperity, and increase their own difficult in solving the problem.
In the financial crisis, under the influence of some farmers gone several years experience working career when returnees to rural areas, use the capital they save and the technology they studied, also give us a new vision. This article attempts to Chinese migrant workers return home of industrialization and urbanization process to consider; in depth analysis of migrant workers return home business background of the times, the overall characteristics and motivation; focuses on the migrant workers return home business model is how to get rid of the rural the development of "hollowing out", such as integrated approach to economic development in rural areas to promote long-term development of rural economy, supplemented by DaWu as an example. And in the end attempt to guide the rural migrant workers return home start thinking long-term development as a whole.
本文首先对农民工回乡创业的时代背景、整体特征及动因进行了分析,认为劳动密集型企业向中西部转移为农民工回乡创业创造了产业基础,城乡协调战略的实施为农民工回乡创业创造了有利条件,金融危机是农民工创业的外在诱因。外出打工、乡土情结及农村投资环境的改善是农民工回乡创业的主要动因。然后重点分析了农民工回乡创业的行为如何在破除农村经济发展“空洞化”、整合农村经济发展要素和促进小城镇发展方面发挥重要作用。接着辅之以大悟县的实践,对农民工回乡创业问题进行实证研究,最后提出引导农民工回乡创业促进农村长远发展的整体思路。
Through opening and reform, Chinese agricultural development has made considerable progress, however; the long formed rural imbalanced economic development pattern not change, expression in these examples:the gap between the urban and rural is wider than before; rural dualistic economic structure also exist; the rural resources sustained outflow; rural arable land and so on. Since its frail agricultural and industrial impact of path dependence, making increased funding in rural areas, the project support has become the choice of solving the issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers. The development of any region is the internal and external interaction results. Rural development is slow and the government investment increased year by year in another reflection of the lack of vitality of rural self-development, how to choose the current industry in rural area, how to mobilize the enthusiasm of the peasant, how to transform the traditional farmers, has been that we need concerns and problems to be solved. As large-scale rural labor transfer of young adults, the inherent dual economic structure constraints and the 80th of migrant workers have characteristics which make the development appeared the trend of hollowing. The human resources hollow, abandoned land-based, village hollow, hollow funds and public services will be formed between the hollow circle between cause and effect, mutually reinforcing, increasing the development of modern agriculture and rural economic prosperity, and increase their own difficult in solving the problem.
In the financial crisis, under the influence of some farmers gone several years experience working career when returnees to rural areas, use the capital they save and the technology they studied, also give us a new vision. This article attempts to Chinese migrant workers return home of industrialization and urbanization process to consider; in depth analysis of migrant workers return home business background of the times, the overall characteristics and motivation; focuses on the migrant workers return home business model is how to get rid of the rural the development of "hollowing out", such as integrated approach to economic development in rural areas to promote long-term development of rural economy, supplemented by DaWu as an example. And in the end attempt to guide the rural migrant workers return home start thinking long-term development as a whole.
引文
[1]财政部教科文司,华中师范大学,全国农村文化联合调研课题组.中国农村文化建设的现状分析与战略思考[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007(7)：101-111
[2]Bai Nansheng, He Yupeng. Returning to the Countryside versus Continuing to Work in the Cities:A Study on Rural Urban Migrants and Their Return to the Countryside of China[J]. SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA,2000(2):149-159
[3]王西玉,崔传义,赵阳.打工与回乡：就业转变和农村发展——关于部分进城民工回乡创业的研究[J].管理世界,2003(7)：99-109
[4]林斐.对90年代回流农村劳动力创业行为的实证研究[J].人口与经济,2004(2)：50-54
[5]刘光明,宋洪远.外出劳动力回乡创业：特征、动因及其影响——对安徽、四川两省四县71位回乡创业者的案例分析[J].中国农村经济,2002(3)：65-71
[6]韩俊,崔传义.我国农民工回乡创业面临的困难及对策[J].经济纵横,2008(11)：3-8
[7]崔传义.要因势利导支持农民工回乡创业[J].农林工作通讯,2008(12)：36-38
[8]李文辉,徐邓耀.金融危机下打工者返乡创业的实证分析[J].统计与决策,2009(16)：90-92
[9]唐明刚.关于返乡农民工创业典型金融需求情况的调查——南充市60户返乡农民工创业典型问卷[J].西南金融,2009(8)：55-56
[10]郭克莎.中国工业化的进程、问题与出路[J].中国社会科学,2000(3)：60-71
[11]许经勇,对中国特色城镇化道路的深层思考[J].经济经纬,2006(1)：101-104
[12]国家人口计生委流动人口服务管理司.提前返乡流动人口调查报告[J].人口研究,2009(3)：1-3
[13]许巍,邢大伟.金融危机下农民工回流问题的调查报告[J].现代农业科技,2009(22)：376-381
[14]阳立高,廖进中,张文婧,李伟舵.农民工返乡创业问题研究——基于对湖南省的实证分析[J].经济问题,2008(4)：85-88
[15]卢志鹏,胡林,邢宏峰.瑞昌农村成人教育现状的调查与思考[J].九江学院学报,2008(6)：109-112
[16]刘成玉.“空心化”趋势下的农业科技推广体系：现状、影响、出路[J].四川省情,2006(10)：37-38
[17]夏莉艳.农村劳动力流失对农村经济发展的影响及对策[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)2009(9)：14-19
[18]刁怀宏.农村金融空洞化的成因及其破解：信贷合约交易的分析[J].中国农村经济,2007(8)：15-22
[19]Jang-Sup Shin. The Economics of The Latecomers:Catching-up, Technology Transfer and Institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea[M]. Routledge,1996
[20]Alexander Gerschenkron. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective[M]. Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press,1962.
[21]M. Abramjoritz. Thinking about Growth[M]. Cambridge University Press,1989
[22]聂华林.中国西部三农问题报告[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006：234-236
[23]陈秀山,徐瑛.中国区域差距影响因素的实证研究[J].中国社会科学,2004(5)：117-129
[24]聂华林,张涛,马草原.中国西部新农村建设概论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007：121-123
[25]王必达.关于我国西部大开发中资本形成问题的若干解析[J].新疆财经,2000(6)：40-43
[26]张照新,宋洪远.中国农村劳动力流动国际研讨会主要观点综述[J].中国农村观察,2002(1)：75-79
[27]聂华林,李莹华.中国西部农村文化建设概论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007：356-357
[28]韩长赋.中国农民工发展趋势与展望[J].经济研究,2006(12)：4-12
[29]聂华林,李泉.中国西部城乡关系概论[M].中国社会科学出版社,2006：345-356
[30]Yingfeng Xu. Trade liberalization in China:A CGE model with Lewis' rural surplus labor[J]. China Economic Review,1994(5):205-219
[31]A. Wahhab Khandker, Salim Rashid. Wage subsidy and full-employment in a dual economy with open unemployment and surplus labor[J].Journal of Development Economics, 1995(8):205-223
[32]Fang Cai, Meiyan Wang. Growth and structural changes in employment in transition China[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2010(3):71-81
[33]Audra J. Bowlus, Terry Sicular. Moving toward markets? Labor allocation in rural China[J].Journal of Development Economics,2003(8):561-583
[34]Maryke Dessing. Labor supply, the family and poverty:the S-shaped labor supply curve[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2002(12):433-458
[35]Thomas Glauben, Thomas Herzfeld, Xiaobing Wang. Labor market participation of Chinese agricultural households:Empirical evidence from Zhejiang province[J].Food Policy, 2008(8):329-340
[36]Marcelo Veracierto. On the cyclical behavior of employment, unemployment and labor force participation[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,2008(9):1143-1157
[37]沈燕.农民工返乡创业问题研究[J].河南社会科学,2009(1)：34-36
[38]甘立乾.新农村建设中农民工培训之我见[J].农村经济,2007,(08)
[39]孙辉.对支持农民工返乡创业的调查与思考[J].湖北农村金融研究,2009(4)：56-57
[40]胡俊波.困境与突破：扶持农民工返乡创业的理论分析框架[J].四川省社会科学院,2009(6)：23-25
[2]Bai Nansheng, He Yupeng. Returning to the Countryside versus Continuing to Work in the Cities:A Study on Rural Urban Migrants and Their Return to the Countryside of China[J]. SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA,2000(2):149-159
[3]王西玉,崔传义,赵阳.打工与回乡：就业转变和农村发展——关于部分进城民工回乡创业的研究[J].管理世界,2003(7)：99-109
[4]林斐.对90年代回流农村劳动力创业行为的实证研究[J].人口与经济,2004(2)：50-54
[5]刘光明,宋洪远.外出劳动力回乡创业：特征、动因及其影响——对安徽、四川两省四县71位回乡创业者的案例分析[J].中国农村经济,2002(3)：65-71
[6]韩俊,崔传义.我国农民工回乡创业面临的困难及对策[J].经济纵横,2008(11)：3-8
[7]崔传义.要因势利导支持农民工回乡创业[J].农林工作通讯,2008(12)：36-38
[8]李文辉,徐邓耀.金融危机下打工者返乡创业的实证分析[J].统计与决策,2009(16)：90-92
[9]唐明刚.关于返乡农民工创业典型金融需求情况的调查——南充市60户返乡农民工创业典型问卷[J].西南金融,2009(8)：55-56
[10]郭克莎.中国工业化的进程、问题与出路[J].中国社会科学,2000(3)：60-71
[11]许经勇,对中国特色城镇化道路的深层思考[J].经济经纬,2006(1)：101-104
[12]国家人口计生委流动人口服务管理司.提前返乡流动人口调查报告[J].人口研究,2009(3)：1-3
[13]许巍,邢大伟.金融危机下农民工回流问题的调查报告[J].现代农业科技,2009(22)：376-381
[14]阳立高,廖进中,张文婧,李伟舵.农民工返乡创业问题研究——基于对湖南省的实证分析[J].经济问题,2008(4)：85-88
[15]卢志鹏,胡林,邢宏峰.瑞昌农村成人教育现状的调查与思考[J].九江学院学报,2008(6)：109-112
[16]刘成玉.“空心化”趋势下的农业科技推广体系：现状、影响、出路[J].四川省情,2006(10)：37-38
[17]夏莉艳.农村劳动力流失对农村经济发展的影响及对策[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)2009(9)：14-19
[18]刁怀宏.农村金融空洞化的成因及其破解：信贷合约交易的分析[J].中国农村经济,2007(8)：15-22
[19]Jang-Sup Shin. The Economics of The Latecomers:Catching-up, Technology Transfer and Institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea[M]. Routledge,1996
[20]Alexander Gerschenkron. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective[M]. Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press,1962.
[21]M. Abramjoritz. Thinking about Growth[M]. Cambridge University Press,1989
[22]聂华林.中国西部三农问题报告[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006：234-236
[23]陈秀山,徐瑛.中国区域差距影响因素的实证研究[J].中国社会科学,2004(5)：117-129
[24]聂华林,张涛,马草原.中国西部新农村建设概论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007：121-123
[25]王必达.关于我国西部大开发中资本形成问题的若干解析[J].新疆财经,2000(6)：40-43
[26]张照新,宋洪远.中国农村劳动力流动国际研讨会主要观点综述[J].中国农村观察,2002(1)：75-79
[27]聂华林,李莹华.中国西部农村文化建设概论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007：356-357
[28]韩长赋.中国农民工发展趋势与展望[J].经济研究,2006(12)：4-12
[29]聂华林,李泉.中国西部城乡关系概论[M].中国社会科学出版社,2006：345-356
[30]Yingfeng Xu. Trade liberalization in China:A CGE model with Lewis' rural surplus labor[J]. China Economic Review,1994(5):205-219
[31]A. Wahhab Khandker, Salim Rashid. Wage subsidy and full-employment in a dual economy with open unemployment and surplus labor[J].Journal of Development Economics, 1995(8):205-223
[32]Fang Cai, Meiyan Wang. Growth and structural changes in employment in transition China[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2010(3):71-81
[33]Audra J. Bowlus, Terry Sicular. Moving toward markets? Labor allocation in rural China[J].Journal of Development Economics,2003(8):561-583
[34]Maryke Dessing. Labor supply, the family and poverty:the S-shaped labor supply curve[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2002(12):433-458
[35]Thomas Glauben, Thomas Herzfeld, Xiaobing Wang. Labor market participation of Chinese agricultural households:Empirical evidence from Zhejiang province[J].Food Policy, 2008(8):329-340
[36]Marcelo Veracierto. On the cyclical behavior of employment, unemployment and labor force participation[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,2008(9):1143-1157
[37]沈燕.农民工返乡创业问题研究[J].河南社会科学,2009(1)：34-36
[38]甘立乾.新农村建设中农民工培训之我见[J].农村经济,2007,(08)
[39]孙辉.对支持农民工返乡创业的调查与思考[J].湖北农村金融研究,2009(4)：56-57
[40]胡俊波.困境与突破：扶持农民工返乡创业的理论分析框架[J].四川省社会科学院,2009(6)：23-25