商业银行中小企业信贷业务之国际借鉴与研究
|
摘要
环顾当今世界,不论是在发达国家还是发展中国家,中小企业都已成为或正在成为国民经济的重要支柱。同样,中小企业在我国经济中扮演着重要的角色。据统计,目前我国中小企业占全国注册企业总数的99%。绝大多数中小企业是民营企业,有相对明晰的所有权结构,资信状况良好。帮助中小企业更加容易地获得贷款,有助于整个银行业的稳健发展,也有助于银行主动对资产负债结构进行调整,对于保持我国经济持续、快速、协调、健康发展,构建社会主义和谐社会具有十分重要的意义。但我们也必须看到,虽然目前中小企业数量多、贡献大,但受银行业金融机构利益导向、企业融资渠道匾乏、信息不对称、信用担保缺失等缺陷的限制,面临着严重的融资难问题。
在欧美许多发达国家,关于中小企业信贷的研究已较为成熟,也不乏成功的案例。早在上个世纪,面临银行间日益残酷的竞争和存贷利差日益缩短的局面,欧美一些跨国银行就将中小企业信贷业务作为重要的利润增长点,并且取得了巨大成功。然而在中国,国内商业银行普遍对中小企业信贷业务缺乏足够的重视,加之在中小企业信贷流程和管理方式上存在严重问题,中小企业贷款难问题始终得不到解决。根据WTO的协议,06年底中国金融业将全面对外开放,届时大量的外资银行将纷纷涌入,我国银行能否解决好中小企业信贷问题,不仅关系到我国中小企业的发展,更关系到我国银行业的未来。
本文通过借鉴国外银行的成功经验,并结合中国商业银行的实际情况,试图提出建议解决我国商业银行中小企业信贷难于开展的问题。
Looking around the world, whether developed countries or developing countries, SME(small and medium-sized enterprises) have been or being the important support of the national economy. SME is also very important in economy of our country. In accordance with statistics, SME take over 99% in all Chinese enterprises. Most of SME belong to private person, have relative explicit proprietor's authority structures, and keep a rather good credit record. Therefore, helping SME to get financing smoothly, contributes to the steadily development of all banking industry, and conduce to adjustment in banks' asset-liability construction. It also has optimistic meaning to keep steadily, quickly, harmoniously and healthily development of Chinese economy, and construct harmonious society in socialism. But we must realize that because of the limits such as profit-oriented conception in financial institutions, lack of financing channels, dissymmetry in message exchange, shortage of credit guarantees and etc., SME have confronted with many difficulties in financing in spite of their large quantity and contribution.
At many developed countries in Europe and America, the research of SME's loan has already matured, and has many successful cases. But the problem of SME's loan have not yet solved. According to the agreement of WTO, bank industry will open up to all country in the end of 2006, at that time international bank will come in china, the problem of SME's loan will not only relate to development of our country's SME, but also relate to future of our bank industry.
From bank's eyes, The article firstly discusses the actuality and problem of SME's loan, secondly introduces the cases of financing in SME in some other countries and areas, lastly put forwards the measures of SME's loan in China.
在欧美许多发达国家,关于中小企业信贷的研究已较为成熟,也不乏成功的案例。早在上个世纪,面临银行间日益残酷的竞争和存贷利差日益缩短的局面,欧美一些跨国银行就将中小企业信贷业务作为重要的利润增长点,并且取得了巨大成功。然而在中国,国内商业银行普遍对中小企业信贷业务缺乏足够的重视,加之在中小企业信贷流程和管理方式上存在严重问题,中小企业贷款难问题始终得不到解决。根据WTO的协议,06年底中国金融业将全面对外开放,届时大量的外资银行将纷纷涌入,我国银行能否解决好中小企业信贷问题,不仅关系到我国中小企业的发展,更关系到我国银行业的未来。
本文通过借鉴国外银行的成功经验,并结合中国商业银行的实际情况,试图提出建议解决我国商业银行中小企业信贷难于开展的问题。
Looking around the world, whether developed countries or developing countries, SME(small and medium-sized enterprises) have been or being the important support of the national economy. SME is also very important in economy of our country. In accordance with statistics, SME take over 99% in all Chinese enterprises. Most of SME belong to private person, have relative explicit proprietor's authority structures, and keep a rather good credit record. Therefore, helping SME to get financing smoothly, contributes to the steadily development of all banking industry, and conduce to adjustment in banks' asset-liability construction. It also has optimistic meaning to keep steadily, quickly, harmoniously and healthily development of Chinese economy, and construct harmonious society in socialism. But we must realize that because of the limits such as profit-oriented conception in financial institutions, lack of financing channels, dissymmetry in message exchange, shortage of credit guarantees and etc., SME have confronted with many difficulties in financing in spite of their large quantity and contribution.
At many developed countries in Europe and America, the research of SME's loan has already matured, and has many successful cases. But the problem of SME's loan have not yet solved. According to the agreement of WTO, bank industry will open up to all country in the end of 2006, at that time international bank will come in china, the problem of SME's loan will not only relate to development of our country's SME, but also relate to future of our bank industry.
From bank's eyes, The article firstly discusses the actuality and problem of SME's loan, secondly introduces the cases of financing in SME in some other countries and areas, lastly put forwards the measures of SME's loan in China.
引文
[1]张一平.银行与中小企业一起成长.北京中小企业服务之窗,2004.7
[2]张一平.中小企业融资策略与项目准备.北京中小企业服务之窗,2004.9
[3]李伟.商业银行对中小企业贷款的对策.经济师,2006年第5期
[4]徐晓峰,纪建悦.商业银行对中小企业贷款难的再探讨.长春金融高等专科学校学报,2006年第1期
[5]颜继荣,张婧,邓敏卿.商业银行对中小企业贷款风险与防范.交通企业管理,2006年第4期
[6]丁建平.花旗银行的中小企业营销策略.银行家,2005年第9期
[7]严谷军.关系型贷款与美国社区银行自生能力:一个文献综述.浙江社会科学,2006年第4期
[8]韩京考.从美国社区银行看我国农村金融机构发展的取向.经济纵横,2006年第6期
[9]张捷.中小企业的关系型信贷与银行组织结构.经济研究,2002年6期
[11]肖洪广,肖小勇.货款审批权的经济学分析,《技术经济》,2003年6期
[12]周宗安、金传一.对商业银行中间业务的再认识[J],财经问题研究,1999(5)。
[13]高燕增,周平,李占往.商业银行中介业务运作[M],北京,中国财政经济出版社,1997
[14]于思生,宋巍.中间业务:我国商业银行走向现代化必然而现实的选择[J].财经问题研究,2000,(8)
[15]蔡铮.提高客户忠诚度,提升商业银行关系营销质量.金融与经济,2005,第4期。
[16]杨娉.论商业银行的客户关系管理.商业研究,2006,总第341期。
[17]傅进,彭云.关于社区银行的几点研究.金融纵横,2006年第3期
[18]蒋缨.论中小城市商业银行的社区发展战略.商业时代学术评论,2006年16期
[19]卢孔标.美国社区银行发展对我国的启示.海南金融,2006年第7期
[20]张新存.花旗银行何以成功挺进全球金融市场.金融经济,2005年1期
[21]中小企业融资报告.中国人民大学社会学系,2006
[22]杨军.商业银行客户评价.中国财政经济出版社,1999年
[23]王竞天.中小企业创新与融资.上海财经大学出版社,2001年
[24]张昌彩.中小企业融资策略.经济日报出版社,2001年
[25]狄娜.中小企业信用担保.上海财经大学出版社,2001年8月
[26]金雪军,欧朝敏,李杨.民营银行与中小企业的互动机制研究.技术经济,2006年第3期(总第219期)
[27]李峻.商业银行发展中小企业信贷业务的对策建议.浙江金融,61期 2006/04
[28]吴敬琏.发展中小企业是中国的大战略.宏观经济研究,1999,(7)
[29]梅强,谭中明.中小企业信用担保的国际借鉴.现代金融,1999,(5)
[30]王黎明.美国中小企业信用担保体系和融资政策.中国中小企业,2000,(10)
[31]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,"Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance," Journal of Business,Vol.68,No.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[32]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,"Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure," Forthcoming,Economic Journal,2002.
[33]Allen N.Berger,Leora F Klapper,Gregory F Udell."The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small businesses," The Journal of Banking and Finance,(2001),pp.2127-2167.
[34]Aghion,P.and P.Bolton,"An Incomplete Contracts Approach to Financial Contracting,"Review of Economic Studies,(1992),pp.472-494.
[35]Berger,Allen N,and Gregory F.Udell."Collateral,Loan Quality,and Bank Risk," Journal of Monetary Economic,(1990),pp,21-42.
[36]Berie,A,and B.Black."The Modern Corporation and Private Property," New York:Commerce Clearing House,1998.
[37]Hart,O.,"Firm,Contract,and Financial Structure," Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995.
[38]Mayer,Colin,"New issues in corporate finance," European Economic Review 32,(1988),pp.1167-1189.
[39]Mitchell A.Petersen,Raghuram G Rajah,"The Benefits of Lending Relationships:Evidence from Small Business Data," The Journal of Finance,Vol.XLIX,No.1.(1994),pp.3-37.
[40]Ralf Elsas,Jan Pieter Krahnen."Is relationship lending special? Evidence from credit file data in Germany," The journal of Banking and Finance,(1998),pp.1283-1316
[41]Stiglitz,J.E.and Andrew Weiss "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information,"American Economic Review,LXXI(1981),pp.392-410.
[42]Saunders,A.and I.Walter,"Universal Banking:Financial System Design Reconsidered."Chicago:IRWIN Professional Publishing,1996.
[43]Joseph E.Stiglitz and Andrew Weiss,'Credit Rationing in Market with Imperfect Information',American Economic Review,June 1981.
[44]Mitchell A.Petersen and Raghuram Rajan,1995,'The Effect of Credit Market Competition On Lending Relationships',Quarterly Journal of Economics,May 1995.
[45]Paul Beaudry and Michel Poltevin,'Competitive Screening in Financial Markets when Borrowers can Recontract',Review of Economic Studies(1995)62,401-423.
[46] Philip E. Strahan & James P. Weeton, 1998, 'Small Business Lending and the Changing Structure of the Banking Industry', Journal of Banking and Finance 22, 821-845.
[47] Allen N. Berger & Grogory F. Udell, 1992, 'Some Evidence on the Empirical Significance of Credit rationing', Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, No.5.
[48] Cesar Martinelli, 1997, 'Small Firms, Borrowing Constraints, and Reputation', Journal of Economic behavior and Organizations, vol.33, (1997), 91-105.
[2]张一平.中小企业融资策略与项目准备.北京中小企业服务之窗,2004.9
[3]李伟.商业银行对中小企业贷款的对策.经济师,2006年第5期
[4]徐晓峰,纪建悦.商业银行对中小企业贷款难的再探讨.长春金融高等专科学校学报,2006年第1期
[5]颜继荣,张婧,邓敏卿.商业银行对中小企业贷款风险与防范.交通企业管理,2006年第4期
[6]丁建平.花旗银行的中小企业营销策略.银行家,2005年第9期
[7]严谷军.关系型贷款与美国社区银行自生能力:一个文献综述.浙江社会科学,2006年第4期
[8]韩京考.从美国社区银行看我国农村金融机构发展的取向.经济纵横,2006年第6期
[9]张捷.中小企业的关系型信贷与银行组织结构.经济研究,2002年6期
[11]肖洪广,肖小勇.货款审批权的经济学分析,《技术经济》,2003年6期
[12]周宗安、金传一.对商业银行中间业务的再认识[J],财经问题研究,1999(5)。
[13]高燕增,周平,李占往.商业银行中介业务运作[M],北京,中国财政经济出版社,1997
[14]于思生,宋巍.中间业务:我国商业银行走向现代化必然而现实的选择[J].财经问题研究,2000,(8)
[15]蔡铮.提高客户忠诚度,提升商业银行关系营销质量.金融与经济,2005,第4期。
[16]杨娉.论商业银行的客户关系管理.商业研究,2006,总第341期。
[17]傅进,彭云.关于社区银行的几点研究.金融纵横,2006年第3期
[18]蒋缨.论中小城市商业银行的社区发展战略.商业时代学术评论,2006年16期
[19]卢孔标.美国社区银行发展对我国的启示.海南金融,2006年第7期
[20]张新存.花旗银行何以成功挺进全球金融市场.金融经济,2005年1期
[21]中小企业融资报告.中国人民大学社会学系,2006
[22]杨军.商业银行客户评价.中国财政经济出版社,1999年
[23]王竞天.中小企业创新与融资.上海财经大学出版社,2001年
[24]张昌彩.中小企业融资策略.经济日报出版社,2001年
[25]狄娜.中小企业信用担保.上海财经大学出版社,2001年8月
[26]金雪军,欧朝敏,李杨.民营银行与中小企业的互动机制研究.技术经济,2006年第3期(总第219期)
[27]李峻.商业银行发展中小企业信贷业务的对策建议.浙江金融,61期 2006/04
[28]吴敬琏.发展中小企业是中国的大战略.宏观经济研究,1999,(7)
[29]梅强,谭中明.中小企业信用担保的国际借鉴.现代金融,1999,(5)
[30]王黎明.美国中小企业信用担保体系和融资政策.中国中小企业,2000,(10)
[31]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,"Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance," Journal of Business,Vol.68,No.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[32]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,"Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure," Forthcoming,Economic Journal,2002.
[33]Allen N.Berger,Leora F Klapper,Gregory F Udell."The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small businesses," The Journal of Banking and Finance,(2001),pp.2127-2167.
[34]Aghion,P.and P.Bolton,"An Incomplete Contracts Approach to Financial Contracting,"Review of Economic Studies,(1992),pp.472-494.
[35]Berger,Allen N,and Gregory F.Udell."Collateral,Loan Quality,and Bank Risk," Journal of Monetary Economic,(1990),pp,21-42.
[36]Berie,A,and B.Black."The Modern Corporation and Private Property," New York:Commerce Clearing House,1998.
[37]Hart,O.,"Firm,Contract,and Financial Structure," Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995.
[38]Mayer,Colin,"New issues in corporate finance," European Economic Review 32,(1988),pp.1167-1189.
[39]Mitchell A.Petersen,Raghuram G Rajah,"The Benefits of Lending Relationships:Evidence from Small Business Data," The Journal of Finance,Vol.XLIX,No.1.(1994),pp.3-37.
[40]Ralf Elsas,Jan Pieter Krahnen."Is relationship lending special? Evidence from credit file data in Germany," The journal of Banking and Finance,(1998),pp.1283-1316
[41]Stiglitz,J.E.and Andrew Weiss "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information,"American Economic Review,LXXI(1981),pp.392-410.
[42]Saunders,A.and I.Walter,"Universal Banking:Financial System Design Reconsidered."Chicago:IRWIN Professional Publishing,1996.
[43]Joseph E.Stiglitz and Andrew Weiss,'Credit Rationing in Market with Imperfect Information',American Economic Review,June 1981.
[44]Mitchell A.Petersen and Raghuram Rajan,1995,'The Effect of Credit Market Competition On Lending Relationships',Quarterly Journal of Economics,May 1995.
[45]Paul Beaudry and Michel Poltevin,'Competitive Screening in Financial Markets when Borrowers can Recontract',Review of Economic Studies(1995)62,401-423.
[46] Philip E. Strahan & James P. Weeton, 1998, 'Small Business Lending and the Changing Structure of the Banking Industry', Journal of Banking and Finance 22, 821-845.
[47] Allen N. Berger & Grogory F. Udell, 1992, 'Some Evidence on the Empirical Significance of Credit rationing', Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, No.5.
[48] Cesar Martinelli, 1997, 'Small Firms, Borrowing Constraints, and Reputation', Journal of Economic behavior and Organizations, vol.33, (1997), 91-105.