城镇化进程中留守儿童健康状况及其改善政策研究
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摘要
伴随着我国产业结构调整和城市化进程的加快,大规模的农村劳动力从农村流动到城镇,外出务工人员选择把孩子留在家中,于是产生了大批留守儿童。本文结合农村地区的现实情况,主要以安徽省农村地区(肥东、无为和涡阳)为研究区域,在分析农村留守儿童现状基础上,控制住影响体质健康状况的不同层面(个人特征变量,家庭特征变量,学校特征变量,社区特征变量,地区虚拟变量)的因素,运用实证分析,考察劳动力转移行为本身对其子女健康是否存在影响以及影响程度是怎样的,如何利用目前现有的条件来加速解决这一问题,从而使处于人生成长关键时期的农村儿童能够和其他正常家庭的儿童一样健康成长。为达到该目标,本项研究分为以下几个内容:简述农村留守儿童现状及可能影响体质健康的因素,在此基础上建立计量模型,通过模型估计,来探讨农村留守儿童的健康营养状况,定量分析各影响因素对儿童体质健康的影响。最后,依据分析结果,提出改善留守儿童健康营养问题的有效途径。本文使用了ordered logistic模型对儿童的体质状况进行了估计和讨论。
研究结果表明,父亲外出务工会对孩子的体质健康产生不利的影响,且外出本身对儿童的营养状况的负面影响效果显著。由于调查地区的经济状况普遍较差,母亲一方或双方外出务工对留守儿童的体质发育影响不显著。家庭特征对儿童营养状况的影响还主要体现在父亲的体质上。父亲的体质指数与孩子的营养状况之间的关系具有显著性意义,子女的营养状况随着父亲体质指数的升高而升高。而在个人层面上,每月食肉频率对子女体质健康的影响具有正向性,随着每月肉类食品使用量的增加,儿童的体质指数也相应的增加。儿童锻炼频率对其体质状况也会产生正向影响,在保证营养供给充足的前提下,体育活动是促进身体发育和增强体质的最有效的方法,而儿童体育活动减少,会引起健康状况下降。但营养知识得分变量其回归系数符号方向与预期相反,究其原因可能是由于调查地区经济确实比较落后,这种发展程度的缓慢阻碍了儿童体质发育。由于地区差异的存在,地区变量对儿童的体质状况也会产生影响。与无为县相比,涡阳县儿童营养不良发生比接近1.31倍;而肥东县儿童营养不良的可能性更高,达到1.79倍,且对子女营养状况的影响效果显著。总的来说,农村地区大多数家庭的日常饮食都是粗茶淡饭,种类比较单一,监护人很少注意儿童的饮食搭配是否合理、营养,在这样一个大环境下,无论是留守儿童还是非留守儿童都已经习惯了这样的生活。留守儿童的健康成长,关系广大农民群众的切身利益,关系社会主义新农村建设和和谐社会稳定。
综合上述研究结论,本研究提出改善留守儿童体质状况的有效途径:从家庭层面来看,良好的亲子关系是一种无法代替的资源,也是孩子健康成长的关键。所以关怀与沟通是促使儿童健康成长的重要途径之一。从学校层面来看,学生的大部分时间都是在学校度过,因此,学校的教育和管理对于儿童的健康成长至关重要。从国家层面来看,留守儿童问题已经成为整个社会问题,政府可以通过调整基础教育投资结构、提高进城务工人员的待遇、加大对留守儿童关爱的宣传力度以及加快户籍制度改革,逐步消除城乡差距等措施来改善留守儿童健康问题。
Along with the structural adjustment of agricultural production and the quickening of urbanized advancement, large-scale rural labor force flows from countryside to cities, and keeps their children in the family, which produced large numbers of left-behind children. This article using the realistic situation of the countryside,on the basis of analyzing the left-behind children’s present situation,mainly takes Anhui Province (eg.Feidong, Wuwei and Guoyang) for example, and controls the different factor (eg.individual characteristic variable, family characteristic variable, school characteristic variable, community characteristic variable,and local hypothesized variable) which would be influential to the health state.Using real diagnosis analysis, this article wants to find whether the shift behavior itself has the influence to children health as well as what is the influence,and how solve this problem quickly using the present condition,in order to cause the countryside children who are in the crucial phase to grow up have the same healthy growth with other children in normal family.To achieve this goal, this research divides into several contents as follows: Summarize the present situation of the left-behind children and the factor possible to affect the physical health, on which basis establish the measurement model to discusses the left-behind children's nutrition condition through the model estimate,and to analyse each influential factor to the children’s physical health, finally rely on the analysis result, put forward the effective measure to improve the left-behind children’s health status.This article uses the ordered logistic model to estimate and discuss children's physical condition.
The results shows: Father going out to work has significantly negative impact on children’s physical health, but mother or both of the parents going out to work does not effect the left-behind children’s health significantly due to the bad local economic conditions.The relationships of BMI between father and children is positively.At individual level, the frequency of meat intake per month has positive effect on children’s health. The children eating more meat actually have higher BMI. Regular exercising also affects children’s physical health positively. But children’s nutrition knowledge does not have the positive effect as we expected on their health status. That is due to local behindhand economic conditions. The regional factors also have significant effect on children’s health. The occurrence of children malnutrition in Wuwei county is 1.31 times than those in Guoyang county. And the occurrence of children malnutrition in Feidong county is the highest. It is about 1.79 times than those in Wuwei county. We can conclude from the above analysis: the type of food people take in rural areas is few, and parents there pay little attention to children’s food habits. It is harmful to children’s growth. How to realize numerous peasants benefits is crucial to creating harmonious society and constructing new countryside. So we should concerned the left-behind children’s health status.
From what has been discussed above, this research gives the following effective ways to improve the left-behind children’physical condition: From the family stratification plane, good parentage is resource that can’t be unable to replace, and also the key to children’s health growth. Therefore concern and communication is one of the important ways to be sure the children keep healthy.From the school stratification plane, students spend majority of time in the school,therefore, school education and management is very important regarding children's healthy growth.From the national stratification plane, the left-behind children’s problem has already become the entire social problem, the government would take measures to improve the left-behind children’s healthy condition,for example that adjust the investment structure of elementary education, enhance the work personnel's treatment, enlarge the propaganda degree to take care of the left-behind children as well as speed up the lateral economic reform, gradually eliminate the disparity between city and countryside.
研究结果表明,父亲外出务工会对孩子的体质健康产生不利的影响,且外出本身对儿童的营养状况的负面影响效果显著。由于调查地区的经济状况普遍较差,母亲一方或双方外出务工对留守儿童的体质发育影响不显著。家庭特征对儿童营养状况的影响还主要体现在父亲的体质上。父亲的体质指数与孩子的营养状况之间的关系具有显著性意义,子女的营养状况随着父亲体质指数的升高而升高。而在个人层面上,每月食肉频率对子女体质健康的影响具有正向性,随着每月肉类食品使用量的增加,儿童的体质指数也相应的增加。儿童锻炼频率对其体质状况也会产生正向影响,在保证营养供给充足的前提下,体育活动是促进身体发育和增强体质的最有效的方法,而儿童体育活动减少,会引起健康状况下降。但营养知识得分变量其回归系数符号方向与预期相反,究其原因可能是由于调查地区经济确实比较落后,这种发展程度的缓慢阻碍了儿童体质发育。由于地区差异的存在,地区变量对儿童的体质状况也会产生影响。与无为县相比,涡阳县儿童营养不良发生比接近1.31倍;而肥东县儿童营养不良的可能性更高,达到1.79倍,且对子女营养状况的影响效果显著。总的来说,农村地区大多数家庭的日常饮食都是粗茶淡饭,种类比较单一,监护人很少注意儿童的饮食搭配是否合理、营养,在这样一个大环境下,无论是留守儿童还是非留守儿童都已经习惯了这样的生活。留守儿童的健康成长,关系广大农民群众的切身利益,关系社会主义新农村建设和和谐社会稳定。
综合上述研究结论,本研究提出改善留守儿童体质状况的有效途径:从家庭层面来看,良好的亲子关系是一种无法代替的资源,也是孩子健康成长的关键。所以关怀与沟通是促使儿童健康成长的重要途径之一。从学校层面来看,学生的大部分时间都是在学校度过,因此,学校的教育和管理对于儿童的健康成长至关重要。从国家层面来看,留守儿童问题已经成为整个社会问题,政府可以通过调整基础教育投资结构、提高进城务工人员的待遇、加大对留守儿童关爱的宣传力度以及加快户籍制度改革,逐步消除城乡差距等措施来改善留守儿童健康问题。
Along with the structural adjustment of agricultural production and the quickening of urbanized advancement, large-scale rural labor force flows from countryside to cities, and keeps their children in the family, which produced large numbers of left-behind children. This article using the realistic situation of the countryside,on the basis of analyzing the left-behind children’s present situation,mainly takes Anhui Province (eg.Feidong, Wuwei and Guoyang) for example, and controls the different factor (eg.individual characteristic variable, family characteristic variable, school characteristic variable, community characteristic variable,and local hypothesized variable) which would be influential to the health state.Using real diagnosis analysis, this article wants to find whether the shift behavior itself has the influence to children health as well as what is the influence,and how solve this problem quickly using the present condition,in order to cause the countryside children who are in the crucial phase to grow up have the same healthy growth with other children in normal family.To achieve this goal, this research divides into several contents as follows: Summarize the present situation of the left-behind children and the factor possible to affect the physical health, on which basis establish the measurement model to discusses the left-behind children's nutrition condition through the model estimate,and to analyse each influential factor to the children’s physical health, finally rely on the analysis result, put forward the effective measure to improve the left-behind children’s health status.This article uses the ordered logistic model to estimate and discuss children's physical condition.
The results shows: Father going out to work has significantly negative impact on children’s physical health, but mother or both of the parents going out to work does not effect the left-behind children’s health significantly due to the bad local economic conditions.The relationships of BMI between father and children is positively.At individual level, the frequency of meat intake per month has positive effect on children’s health. The children eating more meat actually have higher BMI. Regular exercising also affects children’s physical health positively. But children’s nutrition knowledge does not have the positive effect as we expected on their health status. That is due to local behindhand economic conditions. The regional factors also have significant effect on children’s health. The occurrence of children malnutrition in Wuwei county is 1.31 times than those in Guoyang county. And the occurrence of children malnutrition in Feidong county is the highest. It is about 1.79 times than those in Wuwei county. We can conclude from the above analysis: the type of food people take in rural areas is few, and parents there pay little attention to children’s food habits. It is harmful to children’s growth. How to realize numerous peasants benefits is crucial to creating harmonious society and constructing new countryside. So we should concerned the left-behind children’s health status.
From what has been discussed above, this research gives the following effective ways to improve the left-behind children’physical condition: From the family stratification plane, good parentage is resource that can’t be unable to replace, and also the key to children’s health growth. Therefore concern and communication is one of the important ways to be sure the children keep healthy.From the school stratification plane, students spend majority of time in the school,therefore, school education and management is very important regarding children's healthy growth.From the national stratification plane, the left-behind children’s problem has already become the entire social problem, the government would take measures to improve the left-behind children’s healthy condition,for example that adjust the investment structure of elementary education, enhance the work personnel's treatment, enlarge the propaganda degree to take care of the left-behind children as well as speed up the lateral economic reform, gradually eliminate the disparity between city and countryside.
引文
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