基于遗传算法的多目标智能辐射屏蔽方法研究
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摘要
辐射屏蔽系统设计是核工程设计的重要组成部分,其设计方案直接关系到核装置及人员的辐射安全,并极大的影响装置总体性能及工程造价等,甚至会制约最终目标的实现。对于现代先进核装置的辐射屏蔽设计,如：商用核电站、复杂核设施、大型加速器及靶站等,尤其对于舰船用核动力反应堆、空间反应堆,除要求规定区域的辐射剂量率满足设计目标值、工程造价可接受外,还要严格的控制重量指标和尺寸指标,使得设计过程非常复杂、耗时。此外,屏蔽设计方案的选取还受屏蔽设计人员的知识背景、设计经验的影响。因此复杂核装置的辐射屏蔽优化问题,实际上是多维、多目标优化问题。针对核辐射屏蔽优化问题,国内外还未建立完善、成熟的多目标辐射屏蔽设计优化理论。
本论文采用将遗传算法与先进屏蔽计算方法有机结合的方案,建立了完整的遗传算法多维、多目标核辐射屏蔽设计优化理论体系。基于上述理论体系并参照软件工程的开发流程研发了多维、多目标辐射屏蔽设计智能优化软件平台,实现了辐射屏蔽设计方案选取过程的自动化,消除了人因出错的影响,并极大的提高了屏蔽设计分析的效率。本文对辐射屏蔽智能优化平台进行了严格测试,并将其应用于中国散裂中子源(CSNS)靶站主体屏蔽与中子孔道屏蔽设计,以及Sefaner号舰船反应堆的二次屏蔽体区域的屏蔽设计中,验证了多目标智能屏蔽设计理论及其软件系统在工程应用中的正确性和可行性。主要研究内容为：
(1)建立了基于遗传算法的辐射屏蔽多目标优化数学模型。采用混合编码的方式对辐射屏蔽优化过程的各个变量进行表达,使得遗传算法的实现过程中各变量的表达简单,同时采用多种杂交、变异操作方式实现遗传操作过程。引入了目标的适应度函数的自适应权重系数,从而达到了消除子目标函数值域的差别和实现各子目标之间权值系数可调节的目的。给出了各个子目标的求解方法,包括：体积、重量、造价、剂量率等。引入温度限值并将其作为方案评价的标准之一,使得寻优方案的结果更加可行。
(2)建立了多维快速耦合剂量率计算方法,成功解决了遗传算法随机寻优速度问题。即：在遗传种群迭代过程中,屏蔽计算首先采用快速的一维离散纵标方法或三维点核积分方法获得一个初步优化的种群,在此基础上采用计算速度较慢但精度很高的多维离散纵标法或多维蒙特卡洛方法进行最终优化模型计算,这样既能保证寻优过程对计算速度的要求又能保证寻优结果的精度。
(3)研究了遗传算子与种群规模等参数的设置范围对多目标核辐射屏蔽设计寻优速度的影响。这些参数最佳设置范围的获得为平台的工程应用提供了经验和借鉴。
(4)采用美国核管会的压力容器基准实验文档NUREG/CR-6453和NUREG/CR-6115,对优化设计软件平台中的多维计算模块进行了基准验证并设计算例对平台进行了严格的测试。最后,将辐射屏蔽多目标优化理论应用于大型复杂核装置(中国散裂中子源靶站系统、舰船反应堆本体)屏蔽系统工程设计中。
建立了较完整的基于遗传算法的多维、多目标核辐射屏蔽优化设计方法,开发了基于该方法的智能辐射屏蔽设计软件平台,并验证了多目标智能屏蔽设计理论及其软件系统在工程应用中的正确性和可行性。基于遗传算法的智能屏蔽设计方法将部分取代已有的屏蔽设计方法,从而为核辐射屏蔽设计提供新的途径。
The design of radiation shielding system is an important part of the nuclear engineering design, that is directly related to the radiation safety of nuclear installations and personnel, and has a great impact on the overall performance of the device and project cost, or even restricts the realization of the ultimate goal. Radiation shielding design for the modern state-of-the-art nuclear devices, such as: commercial nuclear power plant, complex nuclear facilities, large-scale accelerator and target station, especially for ship nuclear power reactors, space reactors, not only the radiation dose of specified area to meet the design limit, but also the project cost is acceptable. Even more, indicators of weight and size are stringent controlled which make the design process very complex and time-consuming. In addition, the selection of the shielding design is also affected by the knowledge of shielding designer and his engineering experience. Complex nuclear device radiation shielding design is actually a multi-dimensional, multi-objective optimization problem.The mature mult-objective radiation shielding optimization design theory for complex nuclear device radiation shielding design has not been established at home and abroad.
In this thesis, a multi-dimensional and multi-target nuclear radiation shielding design optimization theory based on genetic algorithm (GA) has been established by combination of GA and the advanced shielding calculation programs. Based on the theoretical and in the light of the development process of software engineering, the multi-dimensional, multi-target smart radiation shielding design and optimization software platform has been developed to achieve the automatic selection of the radiation shielding design, eliminate the impact of human factors error. Then, intelligent radiation shielding optimization platform was tested strictly and applied to the CSNS target station main shielding and neutron channels shielding design, and also used in the shielding design of the secondary shield area for the Sefaner ship reactor. At last, the correctness and feasibility of the radiation shielding design theory was verified. The main research include:
(1) Establish a multi-objective radiation shielding optimization design theory model based on GA. In this theory, hybrid coding has been used to express variables of radiation shielding optimization process to make the GA variable expression simple, variety of crossover and mutation model has been used to achieve genetic opearator. In order to eliminate the influence of different sub-objective functions on fitness function, the adaptive weight coefficients has been adopted to make the weight coefficient between the various sub-goals adjustable. The method for solving the various sub-goals are shown, such as:size, weight, cost, and dose rate. As one of the evaluation standards, the temperature limits is used for the optimization search process that ensuring the results of the optimization program realistically.
(2) The establishment of a multi-dimensional fast speed coupling dose rate calculation method and succeeded in solving the problem of speed matters for GA optimization process. In the early iterations of the genetic population, the one-dimensional discrete ordinate method or3-D point kernel integral method is used for shielding calculations to obtain a preliminary optimization population quickly, then the high precision and time-consuming multi-dimensional discrete ordinates method or MC method is used for the final optimization model calculation, this approach can meet the both requirements of optimization process fast and the accuracy of optimization results.
(3) The set range of genetic operators and population size parameters for fast radiation shielding design optimization have deen reserched. The setting range of this parameters offers an access to the engineering applications for the platform with provide experience.
(4) The radiation shielded multi-objective optimization platform has been tested by the design examples, and NUREG/CR-6453pressure vessel experiments and NUREG/CR-6115(BNL-NUREG-52395) benchmarks have been used to test the multi-dimensional calculation module of the platform. At last, the theory was used for the shielding engineering design of large and complex nuclear device, such as:China Spallation Neutron Source target station shielding design and the ship reactor main shielding.
The theory based on genetic algorithm for multi-dimensional, multi-target nuclear radiation shielding design has been developed and a software platform was developed based on it. The multi-target radiation shielding intelligent design theory and its software system correctness and feasibility of engineering applications has been verifed. Shielding design method based on genetic algorithm may partially replace the existing shielding design methods, thus opening up new avenues for radiation shielding design.
本论文采用将遗传算法与先进屏蔽计算方法有机结合的方案,建立了完整的遗传算法多维、多目标核辐射屏蔽设计优化理论体系。基于上述理论体系并参照软件工程的开发流程研发了多维、多目标辐射屏蔽设计智能优化软件平台,实现了辐射屏蔽设计方案选取过程的自动化,消除了人因出错的影响,并极大的提高了屏蔽设计分析的效率。本文对辐射屏蔽智能优化平台进行了严格测试,并将其应用于中国散裂中子源(CSNS)靶站主体屏蔽与中子孔道屏蔽设计,以及Sefaner号舰船反应堆的二次屏蔽体区域的屏蔽设计中,验证了多目标智能屏蔽设计理论及其软件系统在工程应用中的正确性和可行性。主要研究内容为：
(1)建立了基于遗传算法的辐射屏蔽多目标优化数学模型。采用混合编码的方式对辐射屏蔽优化过程的各个变量进行表达,使得遗传算法的实现过程中各变量的表达简单,同时采用多种杂交、变异操作方式实现遗传操作过程。引入了目标的适应度函数的自适应权重系数,从而达到了消除子目标函数值域的差别和实现各子目标之间权值系数可调节的目的。给出了各个子目标的求解方法,包括：体积、重量、造价、剂量率等。引入温度限值并将其作为方案评价的标准之一,使得寻优方案的结果更加可行。
(2)建立了多维快速耦合剂量率计算方法,成功解决了遗传算法随机寻优速度问题。即：在遗传种群迭代过程中,屏蔽计算首先采用快速的一维离散纵标方法或三维点核积分方法获得一个初步优化的种群,在此基础上采用计算速度较慢但精度很高的多维离散纵标法或多维蒙特卡洛方法进行最终优化模型计算,这样既能保证寻优过程对计算速度的要求又能保证寻优结果的精度。
(3)研究了遗传算子与种群规模等参数的设置范围对多目标核辐射屏蔽设计寻优速度的影响。这些参数最佳设置范围的获得为平台的工程应用提供了经验和借鉴。
(4)采用美国核管会的压力容器基准实验文档NUREG/CR-6453和NUREG/CR-6115,对优化设计软件平台中的多维计算模块进行了基准验证并设计算例对平台进行了严格的测试。最后,将辐射屏蔽多目标优化理论应用于大型复杂核装置(中国散裂中子源靶站系统、舰船反应堆本体)屏蔽系统工程设计中。
建立了较完整的基于遗传算法的多维、多目标核辐射屏蔽优化设计方法,开发了基于该方法的智能辐射屏蔽设计软件平台,并验证了多目标智能屏蔽设计理论及其软件系统在工程应用中的正确性和可行性。基于遗传算法的智能屏蔽设计方法将部分取代已有的屏蔽设计方法,从而为核辐射屏蔽设计提供新的途径。
The design of radiation shielding system is an important part of the nuclear engineering design, that is directly related to the radiation safety of nuclear installations and personnel, and has a great impact on the overall performance of the device and project cost, or even restricts the realization of the ultimate goal. Radiation shielding design for the modern state-of-the-art nuclear devices, such as: commercial nuclear power plant, complex nuclear facilities, large-scale accelerator and target station, especially for ship nuclear power reactors, space reactors, not only the radiation dose of specified area to meet the design limit, but also the project cost is acceptable. Even more, indicators of weight and size are stringent controlled which make the design process very complex and time-consuming. In addition, the selection of the shielding design is also affected by the knowledge of shielding designer and his engineering experience. Complex nuclear device radiation shielding design is actually a multi-dimensional, multi-objective optimization problem.The mature mult-objective radiation shielding optimization design theory for complex nuclear device radiation shielding design has not been established at home and abroad.
In this thesis, a multi-dimensional and multi-target nuclear radiation shielding design optimization theory based on genetic algorithm (GA) has been established by combination of GA and the advanced shielding calculation programs. Based on the theoretical and in the light of the development process of software engineering, the multi-dimensional, multi-target smart radiation shielding design and optimization software platform has been developed to achieve the automatic selection of the radiation shielding design, eliminate the impact of human factors error. Then, intelligent radiation shielding optimization platform was tested strictly and applied to the CSNS target station main shielding and neutron channels shielding design, and also used in the shielding design of the secondary shield area for the Sefaner ship reactor. At last, the correctness and feasibility of the radiation shielding design theory was verified. The main research include:
(1) Establish a multi-objective radiation shielding optimization design theory model based on GA. In this theory, hybrid coding has been used to express variables of radiation shielding optimization process to make the GA variable expression simple, variety of crossover and mutation model has been used to achieve genetic opearator. In order to eliminate the influence of different sub-objective functions on fitness function, the adaptive weight coefficients has been adopted to make the weight coefficient between the various sub-goals adjustable. The method for solving the various sub-goals are shown, such as:size, weight, cost, and dose rate. As one of the evaluation standards, the temperature limits is used for the optimization search process that ensuring the results of the optimization program realistically.
(2) The establishment of a multi-dimensional fast speed coupling dose rate calculation method and succeeded in solving the problem of speed matters for GA optimization process. In the early iterations of the genetic population, the one-dimensional discrete ordinate method or3-D point kernel integral method is used for shielding calculations to obtain a preliminary optimization population quickly, then the high precision and time-consuming multi-dimensional discrete ordinates method or MC method is used for the final optimization model calculation, this approach can meet the both requirements of optimization process fast and the accuracy of optimization results.
(3) The set range of genetic operators and population size parameters for fast radiation shielding design optimization have deen reserched. The setting range of this parameters offers an access to the engineering applications for the platform with provide experience.
(4) The radiation shielded multi-objective optimization platform has been tested by the design examples, and NUREG/CR-6453pressure vessel experiments and NUREG/CR-6115(BNL-NUREG-52395) benchmarks have been used to test the multi-dimensional calculation module of the platform. At last, the theory was used for the shielding engineering design of large and complex nuclear device, such as:China Spallation Neutron Source target station shielding design and the ship reactor main shielding.
The theory based on genetic algorithm for multi-dimensional, multi-target nuclear radiation shielding design has been developed and a software platform was developed based on it. The multi-target radiation shielding intelligent design theory and its software system correctness and feasibility of engineering applications has been verifed. Shielding design method based on genetic algorithm may partially replace the existing shielding design methods, thus opening up new avenues for radiation shielding design.
引文
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