上向阶段充填法充填料对上部矿体影响的研究
|
摘要
充填采矿法以其高回收率、低贫化率的优点,在开采较高价值的难采矿床中取得了突破性进展。出现了无轨机械化胶结充填采矿法,点柱充填采矿法,阶段充填采矿法等。同时,计算机广泛应用于充填体与围岩互相力学作用机理方面的研究,为设计和生产提供依据。
司家营铁矿南区处于滦河冲积扇及滦河河漫滩阶地上,矿区内村庄较多。铁矿床隐伏于第四系之下,地下水丰富,绝大部分赋存于第四系地层中。采用露天开采,如果对第四系含水层进行疏干,将对矿区周围大范围水资源环境造成破坏;如果在方圆数公里的露天开采境界外,对厚达百米的第四系含水层进行帷幕注浆,技术难度及投资都很大。露天采矿场、排土场、尾矿库需要占用大量土地,上述问题在目前条件下很难解决。
根据中冶京诚(秦皇岛)工程技术有限公司设计,推荐采用上向阶段充填采矿法。如何保证下层充填后,充填体变形不会引起第四系含水层破坏,在进行安全开采的同时,获得较好的技术经济效果,是急需解决的问题。
选择国内金属矿山应用较广泛的17种充填材料,采用统计方法,选择适合司家营铁矿的充填材料。结合司家营铁矿南区的岩体实验,采用上向阶段充填采矿法,在试验室测出不同膏体的强度特性,运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件建立了司家营铁矿上向充填开采模型,以充填后充填体所受水平应力和顶板所受垂直应力为指标,分析了不同充填体强度对覆岩应力的影响。证明上向阶段充填采矿法在司家营铁矿南区的实施安全可行,并且为之选择了较为经济合理的充填材料,以进一步指导生产实践。
With the advantages of high recovery and lost rate, flashing system obtains a breakthrough progress in mining high value and mining bed. It appeared trackless mechanized mining method, cemented filling column stoping, and phase stoping etc. At the same time, the computer is widely applied to filling and surrounding rock mechanics of mutual mechanism and provides basis for design and production.
There are so many villages in South area of Sijiaying iron ore. The deposit concealed under Quaternary system, and with plenty of underground. water. If adopt to opencast mining, unwater Quaternarysystem aquiclude, wide range of water environment around the mining will be damaged. If curtain grouting Quaternarysystem aquiclude, there are hundreds of meters in thickness in outer open mining realm for many kilometers. Open-pit working and tailings must occupies a lot of land, The problems difficult to solve now.
According to the design by Capital Engineering & Research Incorporation LTD, the method that upward sublevel cementing filling can be used. And how to protect Quaternarysystem aquiclude to avoid destroying after lower levels filling, and gaining better technique and economic benefits are the urgent problems at the same time.
17 kinds of the widely application of filling material in civil are chosen, adopt statistical survey, suitable filling material for Sijiying iron ore are choosen. Combine rock mass experiment of Sijiaying south area, adopt upward sublevel cementing fillin, measured different paste strength properties in laboratory, using FLAC3D numerical simulation software set up upward sublevel production model of this iron ore, choose horizontal stress and roof perpendicular stress as the target, analysis the influence of the different filling intensity of overburden rock stress. Demonstrate upward sublevel cementing filling can be implemented in south area of Sijiaying iron ore, and the most suitable choices of filling material to further the production practice.
司家营铁矿南区处于滦河冲积扇及滦河河漫滩阶地上,矿区内村庄较多。铁矿床隐伏于第四系之下,地下水丰富,绝大部分赋存于第四系地层中。采用露天开采,如果对第四系含水层进行疏干,将对矿区周围大范围水资源环境造成破坏;如果在方圆数公里的露天开采境界外,对厚达百米的第四系含水层进行帷幕注浆,技术难度及投资都很大。露天采矿场、排土场、尾矿库需要占用大量土地,上述问题在目前条件下很难解决。
根据中冶京诚(秦皇岛)工程技术有限公司设计,推荐采用上向阶段充填采矿法。如何保证下层充填后,充填体变形不会引起第四系含水层破坏,在进行安全开采的同时,获得较好的技术经济效果,是急需解决的问题。
选择国内金属矿山应用较广泛的17种充填材料,采用统计方法,选择适合司家营铁矿的充填材料。结合司家营铁矿南区的岩体实验,采用上向阶段充填采矿法,在试验室测出不同膏体的强度特性,运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件建立了司家营铁矿上向充填开采模型,以充填后充填体所受水平应力和顶板所受垂直应力为指标,分析了不同充填体强度对覆岩应力的影响。证明上向阶段充填采矿法在司家营铁矿南区的实施安全可行,并且为之选择了较为经济合理的充填材料,以进一步指导生产实践。
With the advantages of high recovery and lost rate, flashing system obtains a breakthrough progress in mining high value and mining bed. It appeared trackless mechanized mining method, cemented filling column stoping, and phase stoping etc. At the same time, the computer is widely applied to filling and surrounding rock mechanics of mutual mechanism and provides basis for design and production.
There are so many villages in South area of Sijiaying iron ore. The deposit concealed under Quaternary system, and with plenty of underground. water. If adopt to opencast mining, unwater Quaternarysystem aquiclude, wide range of water environment around the mining will be damaged. If curtain grouting Quaternarysystem aquiclude, there are hundreds of meters in thickness in outer open mining realm for many kilometers. Open-pit working and tailings must occupies a lot of land, The problems difficult to solve now.
According to the design by Capital Engineering & Research Incorporation LTD, the method that upward sublevel cementing filling can be used. And how to protect Quaternarysystem aquiclude to avoid destroying after lower levels filling, and gaining better technique and economic benefits are the urgent problems at the same time.
17 kinds of the widely application of filling material in civil are chosen, adopt statistical survey, suitable filling material for Sijiying iron ore are choosen. Combine rock mass experiment of Sijiaying south area, adopt upward sublevel cementing fillin, measured different paste strength properties in laboratory, using FLAC3D numerical simulation software set up upward sublevel production model of this iron ore, choose horizontal stress and roof perpendicular stress as the target, analysis the influence of the different filling intensity of overburden rock stress. Demonstrate upward sublevel cementing filling can be implemented in south area of Sijiaying iron ore, and the most suitable choices of filling material to further the production practice.
引文
[1]汤丽,肖卫国.采场中充填料浆流动规律的研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2005 (4):16-18.
[2]刘同有.充填采矿技术与应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[3]季元辉,解世俊.阶段充填采矿方法[J].金属矿山,2006 (6):13-15.
[4]张春.山东金岭铁矿侯庄矿区-160m水平以上矿体回采初步设计[R].淄博:化学工业部连云港设计研究院齐鲁分院,2004.
[5] Le R K, Bawden W F. Comparison of the material properties of in laboratory prepared cemented paste backfill,Proceedings of Mines, Minerals and Society-A future in Balance[J]. CIM Annual CONF, Vancouver, 28 April-1 May.
[6]郭析兴,李向东.上向进路胶结充填法的工艺改进[J].矿业研究与开发,2008 (12):7-9.
[7]肖智政.我国金属矿山充填技术[J].西部矿业2004年科技年会暨首届博士后学术报告会论文选,地质出版社,2004 (2):35-43.
[8] Landriaul D. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies[J]. SME: 601-614.
[9]李茂,周孑民,梁叔全.粉末注射成型充填过程数值模拟[J].矿冶工程,2006,(12):33-35.
[10]解伟,隋利军,何哲详.基于采矿充填的尾矿处置技术应用前景[J].工业安全与环保,2008,34(8):22-23.
[11] Kesima A, EIkdI B, YIlmaz E. The effect of desliming by sedimentation on paste backfill performance[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2003, 16(10): 1009-1011.
[12]周爱民.有色矿山采矿技术新进展[J].采矿技术,2006 (3):19-21.
[13]刘荣,李事捷,卢才武.我国金属矿山采矿技术进展及趋势综述[J].金属矿山,2007 (10):14-17.
[14]刘同有.充填采矿技术与应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[15]吕辉,陈广平.矿山胶结充填技术述评与展望[J].矿业快报,2004 (10):20-22.
[16]胡家国,古德生.水泥粉煤灰尾砂胶结充填料配比优化及特性研究[J].矿冶,2003,(4):31-32.
[17]张传信.地下采空区改建尾矿库的几个关键问题[J].金属矿山,2002 (7):7-8.
[18]周爱民.中国充填技术概述[C].北京:中国有色金属学会第八届国际充填采矿会议论文集,2004.
[19]杨小聪,贯鸿林.全尾砂高水速凝充填材料特性的研究[J],矿冶. 1995 (4):5-12.
[20]彭续承.充填采矿法科学研究论文集[C].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1992.
[21]杨宏宝.廉江银矿上向进路尾砂胶结充填采矿法试验研究报告之一[R].长沙矿山研究院,2006.
[22] Blightg E, Earing A S. The properties of cemented silcate backfill for use narrow hardrock tu bularmines[J]. Saimm, 1996, 96(1): 17-22.
[23] Shant K U, Mbhakar D D. Signand development of cemented system[J]. The Indian Mining & Engineering Journal.2001, 40(5-6): 29-36.
[24] Li Z, Zhang D S. Influence of flyash on the rheological behavior of self-closely-concrete[J]. Fly ash comprehensive utilization,2005 (5): 3-5.
[25] Zhang D S, Ma L Q,Miao X X. Factor analysis on deformation of gobside entry retaining with entry-in packing in top-coal caving mining face[J]. Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2006, 35(1): 17-19.
[26] Shang M S, Nnghtnet anvironmentalim pact of flyash and itsm anagement[J]. The Indian m ining & Engineeirng Journal.2001, 40(5-6): 37-40.
[27] Karakue M L, Fowell R J. Effects of different tunnel face advance excavation on settiement by FEM[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2003 (18): 125-130.
[28]王新民,史良贵.减水剂在充填料浆中的作用机理及应用研究[J].金属矿山,2004,(4):6-9.
[29]朱晓明,晋城矿区并下综合利用粉煤灰的研究与探索[J].应用技术,2003,(3):23-27.
[30]吴浩,管学茂.粉煤灰充填注浆材料研究[J].粉煤灰综合利用,2004,(4):7-9.
[31]王忠军,戴立新,张万超等.光面爆破控项技术在上向分层采矿中的应用[J].黄金,2006,27(9):26-29.
[32]毅尔力.上向水平分层胶结充填采矿法的顶板管理[J].江西有色金属,1998,12(1):17-19.
[33] Xu J H,Liu K G, Lu A H. Viscoelas-ticity analysis and application of key dtrata of covering rock to short wall mining[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006, 25(6): 1147-1151.
[34]贾静丽,吕广忠.地下采空区充填材料的模拟选择[J].金属矿山,2006 (11):20-22.
[35]邓代强,姚中亮,杨耀亮.高浓度水泥尾砂充填料浆渗透性能研究[J].有色金属,2006,58 (2):87- 90.
[36] Carter E K, Ercikd B. Strength properties in varying cement dosages for paste backfill samples[J]. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste, USA,2006, 12(3):109-114.
[37]崔刚.胶结充填系统充填料浆浓度的稳定控制[J].有色矿山,2007 (9):5-8.
[38]吉学文,曾普海.全尾砂-水淬渣胶结充填材料试验研究[J].云南冶金,2005 (6):13-16.
[39] Yilmaz E. Investigation of the strength characteristics of the cemented paste backfill samples prepared for sulphide bearing mine tailings[J]. Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon. 2007, 23-26
[40]周爱民.矿山废料胶结充填[M].冶金工业出版社,2007.
[41] Kousuo A, YIlmaz E, EIkdI B. Paste backfill technology in underground mining-A case study[J]. Istanbul University Geosound Journal,2007, 16(1): 45-53.
[42] Kesimal A. Optimization of test results obtained from different size slumps with varying cement contents for Cayeli Mine's elastic and spec ore tailings[J]. Revolving Fund Project Report,Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon,2006 (2): 38-40.
[43]陈云嫩,梁礼明.低成本充填胶凝材料的开发研究[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2004 (5):9-11.
[44]崔刚,陈文楷,段洪杰.胶结充填料浆合理配比的确定[J].中国矿业大学学报,2004 (3):29-32.
[45]路世豹,李晓等.充填采矿法的应用前景与环境保护[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2004 (1):2-4.
[46]王方汉,缪建成,曹维勤.矿山固体废物综合利用的研究与实践[J].矿业快报,2003 (8):12-14.
[47]杨纶标,高英仪.模糊数学原理及应用[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2006.
[48]李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[49]郭金峰.矿山废弃空间排放尾矿的技术进展及应用前景[J].江西有色金属,2002,16(1):l-4.
[50] Hassani F P . Ouellet,J. andH ossein,M . 2001.S trength development in underground high-sulphate paste backfill operation. CIM Bulletin[J]. 1994 (1050): 57-62.
[51]吉学文,曾普海.全尾砂-水淬渣胶结充填材料试验研究[J].云南冶金,2005 (3):34-36.
[52]肖卫国.深井充填技术的研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[53] Tomson W Y. The characteristics of labour accidents caused by slope failure [C]// International Symposium Landslide Hazard in Orogenic Zone from the Himalaya to Island Arc in Asia, Nepal, 2005.
[54] Nilsem B. Probabilistic rock slope stability analysis for Himalayan condition [J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2004 (63): 25-32.
[55] Dawson E M. Slope stability analysis with FLAC [A]. In: FLAC and Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics[C]. Detoumay, Harted. Rotterdam Balkema, 2008.
[56] Matsui T, San K C. Finite element slope stability analysis by shear strength reduction technique [J]. Soil and Foundation, 2007, 32(1): 59-70.
[2]刘同有.充填采矿技术与应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[3]季元辉,解世俊.阶段充填采矿方法[J].金属矿山,2006 (6):13-15.
[4]张春.山东金岭铁矿侯庄矿区-160m水平以上矿体回采初步设计[R].淄博:化学工业部连云港设计研究院齐鲁分院,2004.
[5] Le R K, Bawden W F. Comparison of the material properties of in laboratory prepared cemented paste backfill,Proceedings of Mines, Minerals and Society-A future in Balance[J]. CIM Annual CONF, Vancouver, 28 April-1 May.
[6]郭析兴,李向东.上向进路胶结充填法的工艺改进[J].矿业研究与开发,2008 (12):7-9.
[7]肖智政.我国金属矿山充填技术[J].西部矿业2004年科技年会暨首届博士后学术报告会论文选,地质出版社,2004 (2):35-43.
[8] Landriaul D. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies[J]. SME: 601-614.
[9]李茂,周孑民,梁叔全.粉末注射成型充填过程数值模拟[J].矿冶工程,2006,(12):33-35.
[10]解伟,隋利军,何哲详.基于采矿充填的尾矿处置技术应用前景[J].工业安全与环保,2008,34(8):22-23.
[11] Kesima A, EIkdI B, YIlmaz E. The effect of desliming by sedimentation on paste backfill performance[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2003, 16(10): 1009-1011.
[12]周爱民.有色矿山采矿技术新进展[J].采矿技术,2006 (3):19-21.
[13]刘荣,李事捷,卢才武.我国金属矿山采矿技术进展及趋势综述[J].金属矿山,2007 (10):14-17.
[14]刘同有.充填采矿技术与应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[15]吕辉,陈广平.矿山胶结充填技术述评与展望[J].矿业快报,2004 (10):20-22.
[16]胡家国,古德生.水泥粉煤灰尾砂胶结充填料配比优化及特性研究[J].矿冶,2003,(4):31-32.
[17]张传信.地下采空区改建尾矿库的几个关键问题[J].金属矿山,2002 (7):7-8.
[18]周爱民.中国充填技术概述[C].北京:中国有色金属学会第八届国际充填采矿会议论文集,2004.
[19]杨小聪,贯鸿林.全尾砂高水速凝充填材料特性的研究[J],矿冶. 1995 (4):5-12.
[20]彭续承.充填采矿法科学研究论文集[C].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1992.
[21]杨宏宝.廉江银矿上向进路尾砂胶结充填采矿法试验研究报告之一[R].长沙矿山研究院,2006.
[22] Blightg E, Earing A S. The properties of cemented silcate backfill for use narrow hardrock tu bularmines[J]. Saimm, 1996, 96(1): 17-22.
[23] Shant K U, Mbhakar D D. Signand development of cemented system[J]. The Indian Mining & Engineering Journal.2001, 40(5-6): 29-36.
[24] Li Z, Zhang D S. Influence of flyash on the rheological behavior of self-closely-concrete[J]. Fly ash comprehensive utilization,2005 (5): 3-5.
[25] Zhang D S, Ma L Q,Miao X X. Factor analysis on deformation of gobside entry retaining with entry-in packing in top-coal caving mining face[J]. Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2006, 35(1): 17-19.
[26] Shang M S, Nnghtnet anvironmentalim pact of flyash and itsm anagement[J]. The Indian m ining & Engineeirng Journal.2001, 40(5-6): 37-40.
[27] Karakue M L, Fowell R J. Effects of different tunnel face advance excavation on settiement by FEM[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2003 (18): 125-130.
[28]王新民,史良贵.减水剂在充填料浆中的作用机理及应用研究[J].金属矿山,2004,(4):6-9.
[29]朱晓明,晋城矿区并下综合利用粉煤灰的研究与探索[J].应用技术,2003,(3):23-27.
[30]吴浩,管学茂.粉煤灰充填注浆材料研究[J].粉煤灰综合利用,2004,(4):7-9.
[31]王忠军,戴立新,张万超等.光面爆破控项技术在上向分层采矿中的应用[J].黄金,2006,27(9):26-29.
[32]毅尔力.上向水平分层胶结充填采矿法的顶板管理[J].江西有色金属,1998,12(1):17-19.
[33] Xu J H,Liu K G, Lu A H. Viscoelas-ticity analysis and application of key dtrata of covering rock to short wall mining[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006, 25(6): 1147-1151.
[34]贾静丽,吕广忠.地下采空区充填材料的模拟选择[J].金属矿山,2006 (11):20-22.
[35]邓代强,姚中亮,杨耀亮.高浓度水泥尾砂充填料浆渗透性能研究[J].有色金属,2006,58 (2):87- 90.
[36] Carter E K, Ercikd B. Strength properties in varying cement dosages for paste backfill samples[J]. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste, USA,2006, 12(3):109-114.
[37]崔刚.胶结充填系统充填料浆浓度的稳定控制[J].有色矿山,2007 (9):5-8.
[38]吉学文,曾普海.全尾砂-水淬渣胶结充填材料试验研究[J].云南冶金,2005 (6):13-16.
[39] Yilmaz E. Investigation of the strength characteristics of the cemented paste backfill samples prepared for sulphide bearing mine tailings[J]. Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon. 2007, 23-26
[40]周爱民.矿山废料胶结充填[M].冶金工业出版社,2007.
[41] Kousuo A, YIlmaz E, EIkdI B. Paste backfill technology in underground mining-A case study[J]. Istanbul University Geosound Journal,2007, 16(1): 45-53.
[42] Kesimal A. Optimization of test results obtained from different size slumps with varying cement contents for Cayeli Mine's elastic and spec ore tailings[J]. Revolving Fund Project Report,Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon,2006 (2): 38-40.
[43]陈云嫩,梁礼明.低成本充填胶凝材料的开发研究[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2004 (5):9-11.
[44]崔刚,陈文楷,段洪杰.胶结充填料浆合理配比的确定[J].中国矿业大学学报,2004 (3):29-32.
[45]路世豹,李晓等.充填采矿法的应用前景与环境保护[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2004 (1):2-4.
[46]王方汉,缪建成,曹维勤.矿山固体废物综合利用的研究与实践[J].矿业快报,2003 (8):12-14.
[47]杨纶标,高英仪.模糊数学原理及应用[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2006.
[48]李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[49]郭金峰.矿山废弃空间排放尾矿的技术进展及应用前景[J].江西有色金属,2002,16(1):l-4.
[50] Hassani F P . Ouellet,J. andH ossein,M . 2001.S trength development in underground high-sulphate paste backfill operation. CIM Bulletin[J]. 1994 (1050): 57-62.
[51]吉学文,曾普海.全尾砂-水淬渣胶结充填材料试验研究[J].云南冶金,2005 (3):34-36.
[52]肖卫国.深井充填技术的研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[53] Tomson W Y. The characteristics of labour accidents caused by slope failure [C]// International Symposium Landslide Hazard in Orogenic Zone from the Himalaya to Island Arc in Asia, Nepal, 2005.
[54] Nilsem B. Probabilistic rock slope stability analysis for Himalayan condition [J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2004 (63): 25-32.
[55] Dawson E M. Slope stability analysis with FLAC [A]. In: FLAC and Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics[C]. Detoumay, Harted. Rotterdam Balkema, 2008.
[56] Matsui T, San K C. Finite element slope stability analysis by shear strength reduction technique [J]. Soil and Foundation, 2007, 32(1): 59-70.