陕北煤炭开采重点区地质灾害特征及防治
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摘要
本文以陕北煤炭开采重点区——榆神府矿区为研究区域,在广泛调查研究区水文、地质、采矿、环境等因子的基础,结合矿区煤炭资源赋存特点,对研究区地质灾害特征及其致灾机理进行分析,并对其防治技术进行研究总结,主要结论如下:
(1)陕北煤炭开采重点区地质灾害以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷为主要形式,人类资源开发活动是直接动因,崩塌是地质灾害的主导类型,地面塌陷危害最为严重。
(2)对研究区几种主要地质灾害类型的发育特征(频率、规模、空间分布、类型构成及危害程度等)进行了分析。结合研究区内典型的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害实例,剖析了其致灾机理,分析了主要地质灾害发生发展的影响因子。影响崩、滑、流等地质灾害的主要因素是地形与斜坡形态、地层岩性、构造运动、人类工程活动及水文、气象条件等自然因素;影响地面塌陷的主要因素为埋藏深度、松散层厚度、断层、倾角等资源自身赋存条件和开采时间、开采强度、采厚等人为开采设计条件。
(3)运用定性与定量相结合的方法,以MAPGIS软件为平台,以灾害发生的密度、类型、危害程度为依据,对研究区地质灾害危险性进行分区。得到地质灾害高易发区11个、中易发区12个、低易发区8个和不发育区3个。并对每一级分区所涵盖的范围、面积、地质灾害类型、数量、分布特征等做出评价。
(4)基于上述结果,对于斜坡类地质灾害和地面塌陷类地质灾害分别提出了技术防治措施。对斜坡类地质灾害和地面塌陷类地质灾害分别提出了防治措施,对于斜坡类地质灾害而言,可因地制宜采取抗滑工程、排水工程、减重与加载、护坡工程、搬迁避让等措施进行防治。对于地面塌陷类地质灾害而言,可采取预测预报、搬迁避让,合理设计采煤方法、控制采高和开采强度以及区域综合治理等措施。同时在宏观的角度提出地质灾害防治工作管理技术与措施。
This article takes YuShenFu mining area which is key areas of coal mining in the northern Shaanxi as study area. On the basis of collecting materials of several fields such as hydrology, geology, environment, this paper studies characteristics and prevention of geological disasters combined with the characteristics of coal resources in the study area. Main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) This passage analyzed and summarized seriously geological conditions and characteristics including topography geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, and environmental geology in YuShenFu mining area. On this basis, it analyzed development features of five kinds of geological hazards which are collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground subsidence and unstable slopes. The development features includes frequency, size, spatial distribution, type composition and harmful levels.
(2) Based on the characteristics of this area, this paper analyzed and elaborated formation mechanism of five kinds of geological hazards with typical instance deeply and specificly in the study area. On this basis, it proposed impact factors of the development of geological disasters. The main impact factors of the development of collapse, landslide, and debris flow are topography and slope morphology, lithology, tectonic movement, human engineering activities and natural factors such as meteorological, hydrological, etc. The main impact factors of the development of ground subsidence are from two aspects. The one hand, impact factors come from the characteristics of coal resources in the study area such as depth, loose thickness, fault, dip, etc. On the other hand, impact factors come from mining design conditions such as mining time, mining intensity, and mining height.
(3) The study used qualitative and quantitative methods to divide the study area to several regions with MAPGIS as a platform. The results show that there are 11 high-prone areas, 12 medium-prone areas, 8 low-prone areas and 3 no-developed areas. This study drawn map of prone areas and assessed the characteristics of every level area including range, area, type, quantity, and spatial distribution.
(4) Based on these results, the essay presents different types of engineering measures for slope and ground subsidence type of geological disasters respectively. As the same time it presents management techniques and measures of prevention and control of geological disasters from the macro perspective.
(1)陕北煤炭开采重点区地质灾害以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷为主要形式,人类资源开发活动是直接动因,崩塌是地质灾害的主导类型,地面塌陷危害最为严重。
(2)对研究区几种主要地质灾害类型的发育特征(频率、规模、空间分布、类型构成及危害程度等)进行了分析。结合研究区内典型的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害实例,剖析了其致灾机理,分析了主要地质灾害发生发展的影响因子。影响崩、滑、流等地质灾害的主要因素是地形与斜坡形态、地层岩性、构造运动、人类工程活动及水文、气象条件等自然因素;影响地面塌陷的主要因素为埋藏深度、松散层厚度、断层、倾角等资源自身赋存条件和开采时间、开采强度、采厚等人为开采设计条件。
(3)运用定性与定量相结合的方法,以MAPGIS软件为平台,以灾害发生的密度、类型、危害程度为依据,对研究区地质灾害危险性进行分区。得到地质灾害高易发区11个、中易发区12个、低易发区8个和不发育区3个。并对每一级分区所涵盖的范围、面积、地质灾害类型、数量、分布特征等做出评价。
(4)基于上述结果,对于斜坡类地质灾害和地面塌陷类地质灾害分别提出了技术防治措施。对斜坡类地质灾害和地面塌陷类地质灾害分别提出了防治措施,对于斜坡类地质灾害而言,可因地制宜采取抗滑工程、排水工程、减重与加载、护坡工程、搬迁避让等措施进行防治。对于地面塌陷类地质灾害而言,可采取预测预报、搬迁避让,合理设计采煤方法、控制采高和开采强度以及区域综合治理等措施。同时在宏观的角度提出地质灾害防治工作管理技术与措施。
This article takes YuShenFu mining area which is key areas of coal mining in the northern Shaanxi as study area. On the basis of collecting materials of several fields such as hydrology, geology, environment, this paper studies characteristics and prevention of geological disasters combined with the characteristics of coal resources in the study area. Main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) This passage analyzed and summarized seriously geological conditions and characteristics including topography geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, and environmental geology in YuShenFu mining area. On this basis, it analyzed development features of five kinds of geological hazards which are collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground subsidence and unstable slopes. The development features includes frequency, size, spatial distribution, type composition and harmful levels.
(2) Based on the characteristics of this area, this paper analyzed and elaborated formation mechanism of five kinds of geological hazards with typical instance deeply and specificly in the study area. On this basis, it proposed impact factors of the development of geological disasters. The main impact factors of the development of collapse, landslide, and debris flow are topography and slope morphology, lithology, tectonic movement, human engineering activities and natural factors such as meteorological, hydrological, etc. The main impact factors of the development of ground subsidence are from two aspects. The one hand, impact factors come from the characteristics of coal resources in the study area such as depth, loose thickness, fault, dip, etc. On the other hand, impact factors come from mining design conditions such as mining time, mining intensity, and mining height.
(3) The study used qualitative and quantitative methods to divide the study area to several regions with MAPGIS as a platform. The results show that there are 11 high-prone areas, 12 medium-prone areas, 8 low-prone areas and 3 no-developed areas. This study drawn map of prone areas and assessed the characteristics of every level area including range, area, type, quantity, and spatial distribution.
(4) Based on these results, the essay presents different types of engineering measures for slope and ground subsidence type of geological disasters respectively. As the same time it presents management techniques and measures of prevention and control of geological disasters from the macro perspective.
引文
[1] Bai Z K,Zhao J K.Some problem about reclamation and reconstruction of opencast coal mine[J].Metal Mine Design & Construction,2000,(32):33~38
[2]高新民,赵生茂,余子彤.立足煤炭资源发展学循环经济[J].工作研究,2006,(2):1~3
[3]赵淑英.煤炭过度开采对生态环境的破坏及防治措施[J].问题探讨,2004,(1):25~27
[4]国家安全监督管理局研究中心.我国煤炭城市采空塌陷灾害及防治对策研究[R]. 2004.6
[5]殷跃平,柳源.中国地质灾害防治研究—对国际减灾十年活动(1990—2000年)的思索[J].工程地质学报,2000,增刊:1~10
[6] R.P.Gupta, B.C.Joshi.Landslide hazard zoning using the GIS approach—A case study from the Ramganga catchment,Himalayas[J].Engineering Geology,1990,28:119~131
[7] Mario Mejia-navarro,Postdoctoral Fellow.1996. Natural hazard and risk assessment using decision support systems,application:Glenwood Springs,Colorado.Environmental and Engineering Geosicence,1996,II:299~324
[8] R.Anbalagan, Bhawani. Landslide hazard and risk assessment maping of mountainous terrains—a case study from kumaun himalaya[J].Engineering Geology,1996,43:237~246
[9] P.J.Finlay,Robin.Landslides:Risk perception and acceptance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1997,34(2):169~188
[10] Cross,Martin,Landslide susceptibility mapping using the matrix assessment approach Derbyshire case study,1998
[11] Fausto Guzzetti.Landslide fatalities and the evaluation of landslide risk in Italy[J]. Engineering Geology,2000,58(2):89~107
[12] Piyoosh Rautelal,Ramesh Chandra Lakhera. Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya(India)[J].ITC Journal/the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences,2000,2(3～4):153~160
[13] G.C.Ohlmacher,J.C.Davis.Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in Northeast Kansas,USA[J],Engineering Geology, 2003,69: 331-343
[14] P Aleotti,R.Chowdhury.1999.Landslide hazard assessment:summary reviewand new perspectives.Bull Eng Geol Env,1999,58: 21~44.
[15] S.Lee,K.Min.Statistical analysis of landslide susceptibility at Yongin,Korea[J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:1095-1113
[16] F.C.Dai,D.F.Lee.Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling using GIS, Lantau Island,Hong Kong[J].Geomorphology,2002,48:213-228
[17]刘希林,唐川.2004,泥石流危险性评价[M].北京,科学出版社
[18]史培军,叶陶,王静等.论自然灾害的风险的综合行政管理[J].北京示范大学学报,2006, 9(2):46~47
[19]段永候,罗元华,谢章中等.我国地质灾害现状与直接经济损失评估[J].经济研究参考,1994,5
[20]张梁,张建军.地质灾害风险区划理论和方法[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(4): 323~328
[21]向喜琼,黄润秋.地质灾害风险评价与风险管理[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(1): 38~41
[22]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992,74~85
[23]黄崇福,王家鼎.模糊信息优化处理技术及其应用[M].北京:航空航天大学出版社,1995,145~159
[24]张业成,张梁.论地质灾害风险评价[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1996,7(3):1~6
[25]张春山,张业成,胡景江等.中国地质灾害时空分布特征与形成条件[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(6):559~566
[26]殷坤龙,柳源.滑坡灾害区划系统研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2000,11(4):28~32
[27]朱良峰,殷坤龙,张梁等.GIS支持下的地质灾害风险分析[J].长江科学院院报,2002, 19(5)42~45
[28]范文,刘雪梅,高德彬,等.主成分分析法在地质灾害危险性综合评价中的应用[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(4):53~57
[29]张春山,吴满路,张业成.地质灾害风险评价方法及展望[J].自然灾害学报, 2002,12(1): 96~102
[30]魏秉亮.神府矿区突水溃砂地质灾害研究[J].中国煤田地质,1996,8(2):28~30
[31]魏秉亮.浅埋近水平煤层采动地面变形规律研究[J].中国煤田地质,1999,11(3):44~47
[32]魏秉亮.浅埋近水平煤层采动岩移与塌陷机理研究[J].中国煤田地质,2001,13(4):38~40
[33]魏秉亮,范立民.影响榆神矿区大保当井田保水采煤的地质因素及区划[J].陕西煤炭技术,2000,(4):15~17
[34]武强,王龙,魏学勇等.榆神府矿区大柳塔井田煤层群采地面沉陷可视化数值模拟[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,(6):37~39
[35]钱鸣高,刘听成.矿山压力及其控制(修订版) [M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994
[36] Bill Reid.Longwall mining in South Africa[J].Coal,1994,99(9):27~34
[37] Rajendra Singh,Singh T N,Bharaf B.Dhar.Coal pillar loading in shallow conditions [J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and mining Sciences and Geomechanics Ab- atracts,1996,53(8):48~53
[38] Henson H J,Sexton J L. Premine study of shallow coal seams using highresoltion seismi refilection methods[J].Geophysics,1991,56(9):25~30
[39] Miller R D,Steeples D W,Schulte L.Shallow seismic Reflection study of salt dissolution well field mear Hutchinson KS[J] . Mining Engineering (Littleton Colorada),1993,45(10):12~18
[40] Holla L,Buizen M.Strata movemeni due to shallow longwall mining and the effect on ground Permeability[J].Aus IMM Bullefm and Proceeding.1990,(15):61~65
[2]高新民,赵生茂,余子彤.立足煤炭资源发展学循环经济[J].工作研究,2006,(2):1~3
[3]赵淑英.煤炭过度开采对生态环境的破坏及防治措施[J].问题探讨,2004,(1):25~27
[4]国家安全监督管理局研究中心.我国煤炭城市采空塌陷灾害及防治对策研究[R]. 2004.6
[5]殷跃平,柳源.中国地质灾害防治研究—对国际减灾十年活动(1990—2000年)的思索[J].工程地质学报,2000,增刊:1~10
[6] R.P.Gupta, B.C.Joshi.Landslide hazard zoning using the GIS approach—A case study from the Ramganga catchment,Himalayas[J].Engineering Geology,1990,28:119~131
[7] Mario Mejia-navarro,Postdoctoral Fellow.1996. Natural hazard and risk assessment using decision support systems,application:Glenwood Springs,Colorado.Environmental and Engineering Geosicence,1996,II:299~324
[8] R.Anbalagan, Bhawani. Landslide hazard and risk assessment maping of mountainous terrains—a case study from kumaun himalaya[J].Engineering Geology,1996,43:237~246
[9] P.J.Finlay,Robin.Landslides:Risk perception and acceptance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1997,34(2):169~188
[10] Cross,Martin,Landslide susceptibility mapping using the matrix assessment approach Derbyshire case study,1998
[11] Fausto Guzzetti.Landslide fatalities and the evaluation of landslide risk in Italy[J]. Engineering Geology,2000,58(2):89~107
[12] Piyoosh Rautelal,Ramesh Chandra Lakhera. Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya(India)[J].ITC Journal/the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences,2000,2(3～4):153~160
[13] G.C.Ohlmacher,J.C.Davis.Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in Northeast Kansas,USA[J],Engineering Geology, 2003,69: 331-343
[14] P Aleotti,R.Chowdhury.1999.Landslide hazard assessment:summary reviewand new perspectives.Bull Eng Geol Env,1999,58: 21~44.
[15] S.Lee,K.Min.Statistical analysis of landslide susceptibility at Yongin,Korea[J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:1095-1113
[16] F.C.Dai,D.F.Lee.Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling using GIS, Lantau Island,Hong Kong[J].Geomorphology,2002,48:213-228
[17]刘希林,唐川.2004,泥石流危险性评价[M].北京,科学出版社
[18]史培军,叶陶,王静等.论自然灾害的风险的综合行政管理[J].北京示范大学学报,2006, 9(2):46~47
[19]段永候,罗元华,谢章中等.我国地质灾害现状与直接经济损失评估[J].经济研究参考,1994,5
[20]张梁,张建军.地质灾害风险区划理论和方法[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(4): 323~328
[21]向喜琼,黄润秋.地质灾害风险评价与风险管理[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(1): 38~41
[22]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992,74~85
[23]黄崇福,王家鼎.模糊信息优化处理技术及其应用[M].北京:航空航天大学出版社,1995,145~159
[24]张业成,张梁.论地质灾害风险评价[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1996,7(3):1~6
[25]张春山,张业成,胡景江等.中国地质灾害时空分布特征与形成条件[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(6):559~566
[26]殷坤龙,柳源.滑坡灾害区划系统研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2000,11(4):28~32
[27]朱良峰,殷坤龙,张梁等.GIS支持下的地质灾害风险分析[J].长江科学院院报,2002, 19(5)42~45
[28]范文,刘雪梅,高德彬,等.主成分分析法在地质灾害危险性综合评价中的应用[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(4):53~57
[29]张春山,吴满路,张业成.地质灾害风险评价方法及展望[J].自然灾害学报, 2002,12(1): 96~102
[30]魏秉亮.神府矿区突水溃砂地质灾害研究[J].中国煤田地质,1996,8(2):28~30
[31]魏秉亮.浅埋近水平煤层采动地面变形规律研究[J].中国煤田地质,1999,11(3):44~47
[32]魏秉亮.浅埋近水平煤层采动岩移与塌陷机理研究[J].中国煤田地质,2001,13(4):38~40
[33]魏秉亮,范立民.影响榆神矿区大保当井田保水采煤的地质因素及区划[J].陕西煤炭技术,2000,(4):15~17
[34]武强,王龙,魏学勇等.榆神府矿区大柳塔井田煤层群采地面沉陷可视化数值模拟[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,(6):37~39
[35]钱鸣高,刘听成.矿山压力及其控制(修订版) [M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994
[36] Bill Reid.Longwall mining in South Africa[J].Coal,1994,99(9):27~34
[37] Rajendra Singh,Singh T N,Bharaf B.Dhar.Coal pillar loading in shallow conditions [J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and mining Sciences and Geomechanics Ab- atracts,1996,53(8):48~53
[38] Henson H J,Sexton J L. Premine study of shallow coal seams using highresoltion seismi refilection methods[J].Geophysics,1991,56(9):25~30
[39] Miller R D,Steeples D W,Schulte L.Shallow seismic Reflection study of salt dissolution well field mear Hutchinson KS[J] . Mining Engineering (Littleton Colorada),1993,45(10):12~18
[40] Holla L,Buizen M.Strata movemeni due to shallow longwall mining and the effect on ground Permeability[J].Aus IMM Bullefm and Proceeding.1990,(15):61~65