农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用研究
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摘要
十六大提出全面建设小康社会的目标，使“三农”问题再度引起关注。而农户作为我国农村一个重要的经济组织，其经济收入增长，已成为解决“三农”问题的焦点。
就当前而言，影响农户经济收入增长的原因错综复杂，然而农户投资仍然是其中最为直接、最为主要的影响因素。为此，本文以农户投资为切入点，采用规范分析与实证研究相结合的方法，主要运用山西固定跟踪观察户资料与问卷调查资料，系统研究了农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用。
研究思路为：通过系统分析投资与经济增长理论的发展过程以及农户经济的相关研究，根据农户投资与技术进步的内在关系，提出农户投资对其经济收入增长作用的理论分析框架。在理论分析基础上，实证研究农户投资量、投资结构、投资效率的变动规律特征及其对农户经济收入增长的作用，最后将本文研究的主题置于制度环境中进行分析与思考。
研究的主要结论有：
(1)在分析投资理论的基础上，根据投资与资本的关系，界定了农户投资的概念，并依据农户投资与技术进步的内在关系，构建了资本品质量水平提高的农户生产函数。
(2)对农户投资的变动规律特征进行了系统和动态考察，结果表明，农户投资呈现规模偏小、力度不足、分布不均的特征。就农户物质资本投资而言，投资力度有下降趋势，但投资比重较为平稳，存量呈偏正态状分布；就农户人力资本投资而言，以正规教育投资为主，家庭劳动者文化程度表现为由偏正态分布向正态分布转移的趋势，相对正规教育，农户的职业技术培训与健康投资力度较弱，劳动力流动半径较小。
(3)运用新古典综合资本理论，将农户物质资本投资分为资本加宽和资本加厚，同时建立了农户物质资本加宽和加厚与劳均收入之间的函数关系，并实证分析得出，物质资本加厚对农户经济收入增长的作用大于物质资本加宽。同时运用Romer内生经济增长模型测算出农户物质资本投资对其经济收入增长的贡献率为80.87％。
(4)在农户人力资本与其经济收入增长关系的研究中，实证分析了劳动者文化程度和职业技术培训对农户经济收入增长的作用。结果表明：①随家庭主要劳动者
浙江大学博士学位论文农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用研究一一以山西省为例
文化程度的提高，家庭人均纯收入呈增长趋势，同时主要劳动者文化程度与劳务收
入以及在技术含量较高产业的收入之间表现出较强的相关性;②随家庭劳动者综合
文化程度提高，劳均纯收入呈增长趋势，且表现出较为明显的递增报酬关系，但与
家庭经营内部一些业别的劳均收入之间呈现弱相关性;③从农户家庭劳动者接受职
业技术培训情况看，总体上接受培训的农户收入高于没有接受培训的农户收入，且
文盲户接受培训后收入增长较高中以上户显著。
(5)受产业间比较利益的驱动，农户投资的非粮化与非农化倾向显现。在农户
产业分化过程中，不同业别的投资对农户经济收入增长的作用呈现出较大的差异。
计量分析结果显示，农户对工业、运输业、园地作物、畜牧业、商饮业、粮食作物、
其他农作物的投资对其家庭经营性收入存在显著影响，这7个变量对农户经营性收
入增长的解释程度达90%，其中工业投资的解释程度达到75.5%。
(6)实证研究表明，随着农户投资结构的变化，家庭各收入来源的增长速度和
力度存在明显的不均衡态势，进而导致经济收入结构变迁。农户经济收入结构变迁
是其经济发展的必然结果，而农户投资的形式结构与产业结构优化，是实现农户经
济收入增长与结构变迁的重要途径。
(7)对农户投资效率的时序与截面分析表明:农户物质资本投资效率与人力资
本利用效率的时序变化不明显，而同一时期资本在不同业别间的投资效率与用工效
率却呈现一定的差异，总体上表现为非农业效率高于农业效率。但从不同经营类型
看并非总是如此即:非农户的非农用工效率较高，但投资效率并不高，反而低于
兼业户;而纯农户的农业用工效率与投资效率均表现出明显的“主业”优势而高于
其他类型户;对于兼业户，不论是以农业为主，还是以非农业为主，其非农用工效
率与投资效率均高于农业。
(8)对农户资本利用效率与其经济收入增长关系的实证研究表明，二者之间具
有“趋同”、“趋异”等规律特征，且总体上农户家庭资金利用效率对其经济收入增
长的作用最强。从不同经营类型看，纯农户与非农户的资本利用效率与其经济收入
增长表现为趋同性，而兼业户则呈现不一致性。从不同文化类型看，文盲户和小学
户的资本利用效率与其经济收入增长表现为不一致性，而初中户和高中及以上户则
呈趋同性，且高中户的相关性较初中户显著。这些结果反映出，随着农村经济体制
市场化改革的深入推进，影响农户经济收入增长的因素更加多元化、复杂化。
(9)在从农户自身角度分析了农户投资对其经济收入增长作用的基础上，进一
步分析制度环境对农户投资及其经济收入增长的影响。研究结果表明，在目前农户
浙江大学博士学位论文农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用研究一一以山西省为例
投资需求扩大的情况下，农村公共品供给不足与结
The aims of attaining well-off life being raised in CPC's 16th Congress, from then on, the problems of China's agriculture rural and farmer draw people's attention to it once again. In our country, fanner is an important economic organization in rural area, so income growth of farmer households (abr. IGFH) has been the key to dissolve the problem of China's agriculture rural and farmer.
By now, the causes influencing IGFH are complicated. Above all, investment of farmer households (abr. IFH) is the most important factor. So on the basis of analyzing IFH by the successively observed date of fixed farmer households in Shanxi province, combined normative analysis with positive analysis, the influence of IFH upon IGFH has been demonstrated in the dissertation.
Research process: on the basis of systemic analysis of development of investment and economic growth theory, also the correlated research on economic activity of farmer household, the model theoretically analyzing the influence of IFH upon IGFH was introduced according to the connection between IFH and development of technology. Based on theoretic analysis, the positive analysis was done to research the variant law of scale-, construction and efficiency of IFH, also it's influence on IGFH. In the end, the thesis was analyzed in the systemic surrounding.
The main results given:
(1) On the basis of analyzing investment theory, the conception of farmer's investment was defined by the relationship between investment and capital. Then, a formulation explaining the influence of IFH upon IGFH was offered according to the relationship between IFH and the improvement of technology.
(2) Based on systemic and dynamic research on the variant law of IFH, the result suggests that IFH appears small size weak dynamics and unequal distribution in general. As for material capital investment of farmer household, it's dynamics was declining, it's rate was stable and it's distribution was unequal. As for human capital investment of farmer household, normal education is the main method, the educational degree of household labors appeared partial distribution to normal distribution. Compared with normal education, dynamics of investment in technique training and health was low, also the scale of labors mobility was narrow.
(3) Farmer's material capital investment was divided into capital widening and capital thickening by using new classical capital theory, in meanwhile, a formulation shows the relationship between capital widening and capital thickening with labors average income, then through positive analysis, it was concluded that the influence of capital thickening investment was more important than farmer's human capital investment. In the meanwhile, the rate that IFH contributes to IGFH is 80.87% measured by using the Romer's endogenous growth theory.
(4) In the research of the correlation between farmer's human capital and IGFH, the influence of farmer's educational degree and technique training to IGFH was positively analyzed, it shows that: (Das while as the educational degree of familial main labor is increasing, income of farmer household is growing; in the meanwhile the correlation between educational degree of familial main labor and farmer's income from high technique industry is obviously demonstrated; (2) farmer's per labor income is increasing as general educational degree of familial labors is increasing, also farmer's income is quicken-up as their years of schooling increasing, and farmer's per labor income is not strongly correlated with some lines of business; (D As for familial labor trained for an special profession, the farmer who received training has more income, also illiterate households had more income after being trained compared with high-schooling households.
(5) Driven by every line of business profit, farmer household apparently invests less in grain and agriculture. In the course of farmer business transferring, income of farmer household from investment in differential industry has great difference. Positively analysis re
就当前而言，影响农户经济收入增长的原因错综复杂，然而农户投资仍然是其中最为直接、最为主要的影响因素。为此，本文以农户投资为切入点，采用规范分析与实证研究相结合的方法，主要运用山西固定跟踪观察户资料与问卷调查资料，系统研究了农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用。
研究思路为：通过系统分析投资与经济增长理论的发展过程以及农户经济的相关研究，根据农户投资与技术进步的内在关系，提出农户投资对其经济收入增长作用的理论分析框架。在理论分析基础上，实证研究农户投资量、投资结构、投资效率的变动规律特征及其对农户经济收入增长的作用，最后将本文研究的主题置于制度环境中进行分析与思考。
研究的主要结论有：
(1)在分析投资理论的基础上，根据投资与资本的关系，界定了农户投资的概念，并依据农户投资与技术进步的内在关系，构建了资本品质量水平提高的农户生产函数。
(2)对农户投资的变动规律特征进行了系统和动态考察，结果表明，农户投资呈现规模偏小、力度不足、分布不均的特征。就农户物质资本投资而言，投资力度有下降趋势，但投资比重较为平稳，存量呈偏正态状分布；就农户人力资本投资而言，以正规教育投资为主，家庭劳动者文化程度表现为由偏正态分布向正态分布转移的趋势，相对正规教育，农户的职业技术培训与健康投资力度较弱，劳动力流动半径较小。
(3)运用新古典综合资本理论，将农户物质资本投资分为资本加宽和资本加厚，同时建立了农户物质资本加宽和加厚与劳均收入之间的函数关系，并实证分析得出，物质资本加厚对农户经济收入增长的作用大于物质资本加宽。同时运用Romer内生经济增长模型测算出农户物质资本投资对其经济收入增长的贡献率为80.87％。
(4)在农户人力资本与其经济收入增长关系的研究中，实证分析了劳动者文化程度和职业技术培训对农户经济收入增长的作用。结果表明：①随家庭主要劳动者
浙江大学博士学位论文农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用研究一一以山西省为例
文化程度的提高，家庭人均纯收入呈增长趋势，同时主要劳动者文化程度与劳务收
入以及在技术含量较高产业的收入之间表现出较强的相关性;②随家庭劳动者综合
文化程度提高，劳均纯收入呈增长趋势，且表现出较为明显的递增报酬关系，但与
家庭经营内部一些业别的劳均收入之间呈现弱相关性;③从农户家庭劳动者接受职
业技术培训情况看，总体上接受培训的农户收入高于没有接受培训的农户收入，且
文盲户接受培训后收入增长较高中以上户显著。
(5)受产业间比较利益的驱动，农户投资的非粮化与非农化倾向显现。在农户
产业分化过程中，不同业别的投资对农户经济收入增长的作用呈现出较大的差异。
计量分析结果显示，农户对工业、运输业、园地作物、畜牧业、商饮业、粮食作物、
其他农作物的投资对其家庭经营性收入存在显著影响，这7个变量对农户经营性收
入增长的解释程度达90%，其中工业投资的解释程度达到75.5%。
(6)实证研究表明，随着农户投资结构的变化，家庭各收入来源的增长速度和
力度存在明显的不均衡态势，进而导致经济收入结构变迁。农户经济收入结构变迁
是其经济发展的必然结果，而农户投资的形式结构与产业结构优化，是实现农户经
济收入增长与结构变迁的重要途径。
(7)对农户投资效率的时序与截面分析表明:农户物质资本投资效率与人力资
本利用效率的时序变化不明显，而同一时期资本在不同业别间的投资效率与用工效
率却呈现一定的差异，总体上表现为非农业效率高于农业效率。但从不同经营类型
看并非总是如此即:非农户的非农用工效率较高，但投资效率并不高，反而低于
兼业户;而纯农户的农业用工效率与投资效率均表现出明显的“主业”优势而高于
其他类型户;对于兼业户，不论是以农业为主，还是以非农业为主，其非农用工效
率与投资效率均高于农业。
(8)对农户资本利用效率与其经济收入增长关系的实证研究表明，二者之间具
有“趋同”、“趋异”等规律特征，且总体上农户家庭资金利用效率对其经济收入增
长的作用最强。从不同经营类型看，纯农户与非农户的资本利用效率与其经济收入
增长表现为趋同性，而兼业户则呈现不一致性。从不同文化类型看，文盲户和小学
户的资本利用效率与其经济收入增长表现为不一致性，而初中户和高中及以上户则
呈趋同性，且高中户的相关性较初中户显著。这些结果反映出，随着农村经济体制
市场化改革的深入推进，影响农户经济收入增长的因素更加多元化、复杂化。
(9)在从农户自身角度分析了农户投资对其经济收入增长作用的基础上，进一
步分析制度环境对农户投资及其经济收入增长的影响。研究结果表明，在目前农户
浙江大学博士学位论文农户投资对其经济收入增长的作用研究一一以山西省为例
投资需求扩大的情况下，农村公共品供给不足与结
The aims of attaining well-off life being raised in CPC's 16th Congress, from then on, the problems of China's agriculture rural and farmer draw people's attention to it once again. In our country, fanner is an important economic organization in rural area, so income growth of farmer households (abr. IGFH) has been the key to dissolve the problem of China's agriculture rural and farmer.
By now, the causes influencing IGFH are complicated. Above all, investment of farmer households (abr. IFH) is the most important factor. So on the basis of analyzing IFH by the successively observed date of fixed farmer households in Shanxi province, combined normative analysis with positive analysis, the influence of IFH upon IGFH has been demonstrated in the dissertation.
Research process: on the basis of systemic analysis of development of investment and economic growth theory, also the correlated research on economic activity of farmer household, the model theoretically analyzing the influence of IFH upon IGFH was introduced according to the connection between IFH and development of technology. Based on theoretic analysis, the positive analysis was done to research the variant law of scale-, construction and efficiency of IFH, also it's influence on IGFH. In the end, the thesis was analyzed in the systemic surrounding.
The main results given:
(1) On the basis of analyzing investment theory, the conception of farmer's investment was defined by the relationship between investment and capital. Then, a formulation explaining the influence of IFH upon IGFH was offered according to the relationship between IFH and the improvement of technology.
(2) Based on systemic and dynamic research on the variant law of IFH, the result suggests that IFH appears small size weak dynamics and unequal distribution in general. As for material capital investment of farmer household, it's dynamics was declining, it's rate was stable and it's distribution was unequal. As for human capital investment of farmer household, normal education is the main method, the educational degree of household labors appeared partial distribution to normal distribution. Compared with normal education, dynamics of investment in technique training and health was low, also the scale of labors mobility was narrow.
(3) Farmer's material capital investment was divided into capital widening and capital thickening by using new classical capital theory, in meanwhile, a formulation shows the relationship between capital widening and capital thickening with labors average income, then through positive analysis, it was concluded that the influence of capital thickening investment was more important than farmer's human capital investment. In the meanwhile, the rate that IFH contributes to IGFH is 80.87% measured by using the Romer's endogenous growth theory.
(4) In the research of the correlation between farmer's human capital and IGFH, the influence of farmer's educational degree and technique training to IGFH was positively analyzed, it shows that: (Das while as the educational degree of familial main labor is increasing, income of farmer household is growing; in the meanwhile the correlation between educational degree of familial main labor and farmer's income from high technique industry is obviously demonstrated; (2) farmer's per labor income is increasing as general educational degree of familial labors is increasing, also farmer's income is quicken-up as their years of schooling increasing, and farmer's per labor income is not strongly correlated with some lines of business; (D As for familial labor trained for an special profession, the farmer who received training has more income, also illiterate households had more income after being trained compared with high-schooling households.
(5) Driven by every line of business profit, farmer household apparently invests less in grain and agriculture. In the course of farmer business transferring, income of farmer household from investment in differential industry has great difference. Positively analysis re
引文
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