勐兴铅锌矿矿坑涌水量的数值模拟研究
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摘要
勐兴铅锌矿自1958年建矿以来,经过多次技改扩建逐步壮大起来。到目前为止,矿山共开拓了1020、860、860-Ⅱ和795四个坑口,并由此开掘出多个运输巷道和斜井,进行大规模的探采工作。现已开采到580中段,并向550中段掘进,现有生产坑道不同开采标高大部分中段均有涌水,88线以北的795坑尤其突出,目前涌水量达4294m3/d,且涌水量有随开采深度的加深而增大的趋势。而根据目前最新探矿成果显示,矿区含矿层位延深低于200m,200m处均有矿化体(矿体)存在。因此,未来矿床开采深度将低于200m标高,与地表高程垂直高差超过800m,矿坑涌水成为制约矿山深部开采的主要因素。为确保未来矿床深部采矿活动的安全,对矿区进行详细的水文地质调查研究以及深部矿坑涌水量的数值模拟具有十分重要的意义。
本次研究分丰水期和枯水期对矿区进行水文地质调研,取得了一大批水文地质资料和观测数据,在前人研究基础上系统的分析了矿区水文地质特征,较为全面地认识了矿区的水文地质条件,合理的划分含水层组以及水文地质单元,进一步确定了矿床水文地质类型和主要充水来源。系统分析了矿区地下水化学成分,查明了矿区地下水的补、径、排条件。在系统分析矿区所处水文地质单元的水文地质条件的基础上,概化了矿区水文地质概念模型,并建立模拟区的数学模型,应用GMS地下水模拟系统软件构建了矿区地下水三维有限差分网格模型,利用modflow模块计算模拟了矿区不同开采条件下的渗流场变化特征,并分析各项参数对模型的敏感程度。经研究主要获得以下几点认识：
1.渗透系数、储水系数、尾矿库渗漏是未来深部开采矿坑涌水的重要影响因素。
2.影响矿床充水的因素主要有大气降水强度、裂隙发育程度、地层产状、尾矿库和地形条件。地势高低和地形坡度的陡缓决定着地表水对矿床充水的影响大小；大气降水是矿坑地下水的主要补给来源；构造裂隙和层间裂隙是地下水流的主要通道,并控制着地下水渗流场的变化规律；而矿床疏干抽排水是矿区深部地下水主要的排泄方式。
3.研究结果表明未来矿区深部开采仍以消耗地下水静储量为主,但随着开采深度加深,地下水水头越来越高,静水压力也越来越大,且深部构造复杂,裂隙含水层富水地段分布极不均匀,坑道揭穿富水地段可能会造成短时涌水突水的现象。
4.应用校正后的modflow数值模拟模型,模拟预测了未来不同开采涌水量条件下地下水的渗流场变化特征,结果表明地下水渗流场随开采抽排水时间的延长,深部开采中段揭穿含水层部位形成较深的降落漏斗。对于富水性较差的含水层,部分巷道涌水将由于补给来源有限而逐渐被疏干。
Since been building in 1958, MENGXING lead-zinc mine has gradually expand after several technical innovation. So far, a total of four Tunnels:1020,860,860-Ⅱand 795 have been opened up, some transportation roadway and inclined have been dug to carry out large-scale mining exploration work. Now they are mining in the 580 center-sections, and excavating direct towords 550 center-sections, water inflow in most of the center-sections at different mining elevation of the current production tunnel, especially in 795 center-sections located on north of the 88 line, it's water inflow reaches at 4294m3/d, and the water yield increased as the depth of mining. According to the latest exploration results, there are mineralized bodys (ore) with seam-bit extension below to 200 meters deep. Therefore, in the future the mining depth of deposit will be lower than 200 meters elevation and more than 800m to the vertical height difference between the surface elevation,so water inflow will be the the main factors constrained deep mining.To ensure the security of future mining activities in the deep deposits, it is great significance to do a detailed hydrogeological investigation and research, as well as numerical simulation of the deep mine water inflow forecasting.
This study is to investigate the hydrogeological of the mine area by wet and dry seasons, we obtained a large number of hydrogeological information and observational data, analysed the mining hydrogeological features in-depth based on the previous research, understood the hydrogeological conditions of the mining area comprehensively, in addition, the aquifer group and hydrogeological unit have been divided reasonably, the hydrogeological type of deposits and the main source of water filling have been further confirmed. Besides this, we analysis the groundwater chemical composition of mining area systematically, identified the recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of groundwater in the mining area. Based on systematic analysis the hydrogeological conditions of hydrogeological unit in the mining area, we generalized the hydrogeological conceptual model of groundwater in the mining area and established a mathematical model for the simulation area. Finally, we built the three-dimensional finite difference mesh model of groundwater in mining area with GMS, using the Modflow Module computing and simulation seepage field features variation of groundwater under different mining conditions in the area, and analyzes the sensitivity of various hydrogeological parameters to the simulation models. The study obtained the following understanding:
1. Permeability coefficient, water storage coefficient, tailings leakage is the important factor of water inflow at deep mining condition in the future.
2. The mainly factors that affect the deposits water-filled are atmosphere precipitation intensity, degree of crack development, stratigraphic occurrence, Tailings Reservoir, and terrain conditions. Terrain height and the steep of terrain slope determines the size of surface water recharge on the deposits water filling; atmospheric precipitation is the main recharge source for sap groundwater; structural cracks and fissures between layers is the main Channels of groundwater flow, and it controls the variation of groundwater seepage field; while deposit mine dewatering pumping is a major drainage way in deep groundwater discharge.
3. The results show that consuming groundwater static reserves is the main way in mine deep mining in the future, but with the depth of exploitation deeper, the lever of groundwater head become higher, hydrostatic pressure is also growing, moreover, which might cause short-term water flush and water inrush phenomenon in the exposing rich water segment that the deep structure is complicated, the distribution of rich water segment of the fractured aquifer is extremely uneven.
4. Appling the corrected Modflow numerical simulation model to simulation seepage field features variation of groundwater under different mining water inflow conditions of the area, The results showed that:with the pumping and drainage of exploitation time prolonged, the seepage field of deep exploitation center-sections which have expose the aquifers will formation a deep landing funnel.For the less water abundance aquifer, the water inflow of some part of the tunnel will gradually have been dewatering due to limited sources of supply.
本次研究分丰水期和枯水期对矿区进行水文地质调研,取得了一大批水文地质资料和观测数据,在前人研究基础上系统的分析了矿区水文地质特征,较为全面地认识了矿区的水文地质条件,合理的划分含水层组以及水文地质单元,进一步确定了矿床水文地质类型和主要充水来源。系统分析了矿区地下水化学成分,查明了矿区地下水的补、径、排条件。在系统分析矿区所处水文地质单元的水文地质条件的基础上,概化了矿区水文地质概念模型,并建立模拟区的数学模型,应用GMS地下水模拟系统软件构建了矿区地下水三维有限差分网格模型,利用modflow模块计算模拟了矿区不同开采条件下的渗流场变化特征,并分析各项参数对模型的敏感程度。经研究主要获得以下几点认识：
1.渗透系数、储水系数、尾矿库渗漏是未来深部开采矿坑涌水的重要影响因素。
2.影响矿床充水的因素主要有大气降水强度、裂隙发育程度、地层产状、尾矿库和地形条件。地势高低和地形坡度的陡缓决定着地表水对矿床充水的影响大小；大气降水是矿坑地下水的主要补给来源；构造裂隙和层间裂隙是地下水流的主要通道,并控制着地下水渗流场的变化规律；而矿床疏干抽排水是矿区深部地下水主要的排泄方式。
3.研究结果表明未来矿区深部开采仍以消耗地下水静储量为主,但随着开采深度加深,地下水水头越来越高,静水压力也越来越大,且深部构造复杂,裂隙含水层富水地段分布极不均匀,坑道揭穿富水地段可能会造成短时涌水突水的现象。
4.应用校正后的modflow数值模拟模型,模拟预测了未来不同开采涌水量条件下地下水的渗流场变化特征,结果表明地下水渗流场随开采抽排水时间的延长,深部开采中段揭穿含水层部位形成较深的降落漏斗。对于富水性较差的含水层,部分巷道涌水将由于补给来源有限而逐渐被疏干。
Since been building in 1958, MENGXING lead-zinc mine has gradually expand after several technical innovation. So far, a total of four Tunnels:1020,860,860-Ⅱand 795 have been opened up, some transportation roadway and inclined have been dug to carry out large-scale mining exploration work. Now they are mining in the 580 center-sections, and excavating direct towords 550 center-sections, water inflow in most of the center-sections at different mining elevation of the current production tunnel, especially in 795 center-sections located on north of the 88 line, it's water inflow reaches at 4294m3/d, and the water yield increased as the depth of mining. According to the latest exploration results, there are mineralized bodys (ore) with seam-bit extension below to 200 meters deep. Therefore, in the future the mining depth of deposit will be lower than 200 meters elevation and more than 800m to the vertical height difference between the surface elevation,so water inflow will be the the main factors constrained deep mining.To ensure the security of future mining activities in the deep deposits, it is great significance to do a detailed hydrogeological investigation and research, as well as numerical simulation of the deep mine water inflow forecasting.
This study is to investigate the hydrogeological of the mine area by wet and dry seasons, we obtained a large number of hydrogeological information and observational data, analysed the mining hydrogeological features in-depth based on the previous research, understood the hydrogeological conditions of the mining area comprehensively, in addition, the aquifer group and hydrogeological unit have been divided reasonably, the hydrogeological type of deposits and the main source of water filling have been further confirmed. Besides this, we analysis the groundwater chemical composition of mining area systematically, identified the recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of groundwater in the mining area. Based on systematic analysis the hydrogeological conditions of hydrogeological unit in the mining area, we generalized the hydrogeological conceptual model of groundwater in the mining area and established a mathematical model for the simulation area. Finally, we built the three-dimensional finite difference mesh model of groundwater in mining area with GMS, using the Modflow Module computing and simulation seepage field features variation of groundwater under different mining conditions in the area, and analyzes the sensitivity of various hydrogeological parameters to the simulation models. The study obtained the following understanding:
1. Permeability coefficient, water storage coefficient, tailings leakage is the important factor of water inflow at deep mining condition in the future.
2. The mainly factors that affect the deposits water-filled are atmosphere precipitation intensity, degree of crack development, stratigraphic occurrence, Tailings Reservoir, and terrain conditions. Terrain height and the steep of terrain slope determines the size of surface water recharge on the deposits water filling; atmospheric precipitation is the main recharge source for sap groundwater; structural cracks and fissures between layers is the main Channels of groundwater flow, and it controls the variation of groundwater seepage field; while deposit mine dewatering pumping is a major drainage way in deep groundwater discharge.
3. The results show that consuming groundwater static reserves is the main way in mine deep mining in the future, but with the depth of exploitation deeper, the lever of groundwater head become higher, hydrostatic pressure is also growing, moreover, which might cause short-term water flush and water inrush phenomenon in the exposing rich water segment that the deep structure is complicated, the distribution of rich water segment of the fractured aquifer is extremely uneven.
4. Appling the corrected Modflow numerical simulation model to simulation seepage field features variation of groundwater under different mining water inflow conditions of the area, The results showed that:with the pumping and drainage of exploitation time prolonged, the seepage field of deep exploitation center-sections which have expose the aquifers will formation a deep landing funnel.For the less water abundance aquifer, the water inflow of some part of the tunnel will gradually have been dewatering due to limited sources of supply.
引文
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