摘要
本文以纳米生物技术的最新研究成果为基础,对纳米生物技术的应用可能产生的安全性问题进行了伦理上的分析,并对纳米生物技术的研发和应用存在的安全性问题提出了管理的对策。
首先,本文分析了纳米生物技术的应用对人类健康潜在的危害以及可能引发的伦理问题。这些问题包括:纳米生物技术的应用对大气质量的影响以及导致的人类健康问题:纳米生物技术在医学中的应用可能危害人类健康,应该在不伤害患者的基础上尊重患者的自主权、知情同意权,维护患者的利益;纳米生物技术在日用品中的应用对人类健康存在潜在危害。因此,纳米生物技术在日用品中的应用应该进行标识,不仅要不伤害消费者,更要向着有利于消费者的方向发展。
其次,本文分析了纳米生物技术的应用可能引发的环境危害问题。这些问题包括:为了追求经济利益,某些机构可能在对纳米生物技术的环境安全评估尚不充分的情况下就推行纳米生物技术的商业化,从而污染环境、危害他人的利益和健康,造成代内不公正;纳米生物技术的应用可能破坏生态系统,这种破坏很可能是造成致命的、不可挽回的损失,这违反了环境伦理学的代际公正的原则。
最后,本文分析了纳米生物技术的应用可能对社会稳定造成的危害以及引发的伦理问题。这些问题包括:纳米生物技术的应用可能改变世界格局,违背世界和平与发展的主题;如果被恐怖组织利用,纳米生物武器巨大的军事破坏力无疑将严重威胁社会安全;以美国为首的发达资本主义国家在掌握了纳米生物武器之后,新的霸权主义也将产生,国家、地区间的不平等也会越加严重;如果纳米生物技术应用于复制人,是对人类尊严的挑战,对家庭的影响也是不可忽视的,从而危害了社会最基本的元素,可能引起社会动荡;同样,纳米生物技术应用于优化基因是对人的尊严和价值的否定,引发种族之间的冲突,危害社会稳定。
针对以上提出的伦理问题,本文对纳米生物技术的安全管理提出了相应的对策。首先,从伦理审查方面来说,要加强纳米生物技术的伦理导向、建立伦理预见与评价体系;其次,从完善相关的法律规范和进行适当的行政干预两个方面来加强对纳米生物技术的政治控制;再次,要加强纳米生物技术的道德控制,包括提高科研人员的道德责任感、加强新闻媒体和生产人员以及销售人员的责任感、把握科学自由与伦理道德之间的尺度三个方面:最后,加强社会对纳米生物技术科技活动的安全评价与监督。
Based on the latest nano-biotechnology research, based on the application of biotechnology, nanotechnology may have security issues on the ethical analysis, nanotechnology and biotechnology research and development and application of existing security measures proposed by the management.
First of all, this article analyzes the application of nano-biotechnology on human health as well as potential hazards may lead to ethical issues. These include: biotechnology, nanotechnology application of air quality, as well as lead to human health problems; biotechnology, nanotechnology in medicine may harm human health, should not harm patients on the basis of respect for the autonomy of patients, informed consent The right to safeguard the interests of patients; nano-biotechnology in the daily application of the potential hazards to human health. As a result, nano-biotechnology in the daily necessities of the logo should be applied not only to consumers or harm, but also is conducive towards the direction of the consumer.
Second, this article analyzes the application of biotechnology; nanotechnology may lead to environmental hazards. These include: the pursuit of economic interests, certain organizations in the biotechnology, nanotechnology environmental assessment of the security situation is not yet fully on the implementation of nano-biotechnology commercialization, which pollute the environment, endanger other people's interests and health, lead With injustice; nano-biotechnology applications could undermine the ecosystem, such damage is likely to be fatal, irreversible losses, in violation of environmental ethics of the principle of intergenerational justice.
Finally, an analysis of bio-nano technology may harm social stability as well as the ethical issues arising. These include: bio-nano-technology could change the world order, contrary to world peace and development of theme; if the use of terrorist organizations, nano-biological weapons of great destructive power of the military will no doubt be a serious threat to social security; led by the United States developed capitalist In the country to master the nano-biological weapons, a new hegemony will also have the national, regional inequalities will be more serious; if bio-nano technology in human reproduction is a challenge to human dignity, on the family Can not be ignored, so as to endanger the society's most basic elements that could cause social unrest; Similarly, nano-biotechnology is applied to optimize the gene for human dignity and value in the negative, lead to ethnic conflict and endanger social stability.
To deal with ethical issues raised by this paper on nano- technology, safety management of the corresponding countermeasures. First of all, from an ethical review of the terms, it is necessary to strengthen the ethics of biotechnology, nano-oriented,predictable and the establishment of ethical evaluation system; Secondly, to improve related laws and regulations and the appropriate administrative intervention to strengthen the two sides of the nano-biotechnology political Control; again, it is necessary to strengthen the morality of biotechnology, nano-control, including researchers and moral responsibility to strengthen the news media as well as sales and production staff a sense of responsibility, grasp the scientific freedom and ethical standards between the three areas; Finally, to strengthen Nano-biotechnology community in science and technology activities and supervision of the safety evaluation.
引文
[1]姜忠义,成国祥.纳米生物技术.北京:化学工业出版社 2003
[2]刘谦,朱鑫泉.生物安全[M].北京:科学出版社 2001
[3]邱仁宗.生命伦理学[M].上海:上海人民出版社 1987
[4]邱仁宗,翟晓梅.生命伦理学概论[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社 2003
[5]陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版 2003
[6]刘大春.在真与善之间----科技时代的伦理问题与道德选择[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社 2001
[7]张华夏.现代科学和伦理世界[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社 1999
[8]卢启华.医学伦理学[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社 2002
[9]张玉堂.利益论----关于利益冲突与协调问题的研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社 2001
[10]雷毅.生态伦理学[M].西安:陕西人民教育出版社 2000
[11]霍春涛.生物技术危险性的评价与社会控制[J].自然辩证法研究 1998
[12]邱仁宗.高新生物技术的伦理难题[J].自然辩证法研究 2001年第1期
[13]范云六.迎接21世纪生物技术的挑战[J].生物技术通报 1999
[14]邱仁宗 高新生命技术的伦理问题 自然辩证法研究 2001年第5期第17卷
[15](美) 古德塞尔(Goodsell,D.S.)著,张文熊,张鹏,王文雅等译.生物纳米技术----来自自然的启示.北京:化学工业出版社 2006
[16]王国清,钟季康,王保华.生物医学工程与临床 2002
[17]沈铭贤 生命伦理学 北京:高等教育出版社 2003
[18]翟晓梅 生命伦理学导论 北京:清华大学出版社 2005
[19]李凌,马文丽.中国生物化学与分子生物学学报 2000
[20]杨蓉,谢文章,张亮等.生物工程进展 1999
[21]贾帅争,孙红琰,王全立.生物化学与生物物理进展 2002
[22]邱仁宗 生命伦理学 上海人民出版社 1987
[23]梅茜,张春秀,唐祖明,顾宁,陆祖宏 中国医科大学学报 2001
[24]张元颖,何农跃,陆祖宏.科技进展 2002
[25]陈华友,崔振玲,吴自荣.中国医学杂志 2002
[26]《安徽农业大学学报》 2002年第2期。
[27]《西安电子科技大学学报》 社会科学版 2003年第3期
[28]兆文编译.美国国家纳米计划 2006年新部署[J].新材料产业,2006,1:71.1
[29]刘县书.纳米疑云[N].中国青年报,2004-12-15.
[30]中国癌症信息库.纳米生物技术全景扫描.http://www.bufotanine.com/html/0532/27ec.
[31]龚国军.纳米技术是一把双刃剑?[N].中华工商时报,2004-04-12
[32]白春礼.关注“纳米安全”[N].科技日报,2004-06-20.
[33]任建国.端粒及端粒酶的研究进展[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1999(5):45.
[34](美)阿西摩夫.人体与思维[M].北京:科学出版社,1978:2.
[35]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1972:462.
[36]刘吉平,郝向阳.纳米科学与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2002(8):17.
[37]胡永生.特别关注一纳米技术:福兮祸兮[N].科技日报,2003-07-30
[38]汤鸿宵.环境纳米污染物与微界面水质过程[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(2):149.
[39]露西·谢里夫.纳米技术对环境以及生物体造成潜在威胁[N].中国高新技术产业导报,2005-07-12
[40]李培超.自然的伦理尊严[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2001,165.
[41]科泽.纳米技术也要戴上“安全帽”[N].高新技术产业周刊,2005-03-17.9纳米技术的社会问题研究
[42]王忠武.科学技术可持续发展的系统学思考[J].系统辨证学学报,2005,13(1):52.
[43]杜卡斯.爱因斯坦谈人生[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1984:61-62,75.
[44]肖峰.高技术时代的人文忧患[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2002,1:189
[45]刘同舫.技术与政治的双向互动[J].学术论坛,2005(8):78.
[46]刘文海.技术的政治价值[M].北京:人民出版社,1996:88.
[47]殷登祥.时代呼唤-高科技与人文因素[M].福州:福建人民出版社,2002,9:50.
[48]朱葆伟.高技术的发展和社会公正[J].天津社会科学,2007(1):35,
[49]黄钢,何伦,施卫星.生物医学伦理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1998:271.
[50]王延光.基因治疗的伦理:问题与争议[J].哲学动态,2005(1):21.
[51]杨焕明.“定做婴儿”行吗?-一是大遗传学突破吗?[N].中国公众信息网.2001,7,29.
[52]雷瑞鹏.关于克隆技术的伦理思考[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2005,3:119
[53]费多益.灰色忧伤--纳米技术的社会风险[J].哲学动态,2004,1:25
[54]康德.道德形而上学原理[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1986.81
[55]韩土荣,龚静.多利,你好!--“克隆”技术的背景、现状与未来[M]上海:上海人民出版社,1997.178
[56]乌尔库塞.单面人[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社,1988.
[57]常立农,甄凌.试论技术的社会控制体系[J].自然辩证法研究,2004,20(8):83
[58]戴艳军,刘则渊.技术的道德控制初探仁[J].科学学研究,2005(7):8.
[59](英)贝尔纳.科学的社会功能仁[M].北京:商务印书馆.1982:516,46.
[60]黄健.科学自由的限度及人文解释仁[J]科学技术与辩证法,2005,(3):1.
[61]宫国鑫,李丹,娄成武.论技术的法律控制[J].中国科技信息,2006,3:187.
[62]娄成武,宫国鑫,李丹.哲学视野中的科学技术行政控制[J].自然辩证法研究,2005,21(5):99.
[63]Abrams G,Goodman SL,Nealey PF et al.,Cell Tissue Res,2000,(286):354.
[64]Freed LE,Marquis JC,Nohria A et al.,J.Biomed.Master.Res.1993,(27):11
[65]Liyong Zhang,Guoxiang Cheng,Cuo Fu,Polymer International,2002,51(8):687
[66]Rachkov A,Minoura of N,Journal of Chromatography,2000,(889):111
[67]Vlatakis G,Anderson LI,Mosbach K,et al.Nature,1993,(361):645
[68]Branden,C.and Tooze,J.(1991)Introduction to Protein Structure.Garland,New York
[69]Creighton,T.E.(1993)Proteins:Structures and Molecular Propreties.W.H.Freeman,New York
[70]Dennis,C.,editor.(2003)"The Double Helix-50 Years."Nature 421,095-453
[71]Dickcrson,R.E.and Geis,I.(1969)The Structure and Action of Proteins.Harper and Row,New York
[72]Lipowsky,R.and Sackmann,E.,editors(1995)Handbook of Biolodical Physics.Volumel:Structure and Dynamics of Membranes.Elsevier Science,Amaterdam
[73]Eisenberg.D.and Crothers,D.(1979)Physical Chemistry with Application to the Life Sciences.Benjamin/Cummings,Menlo Park,CA
[74]Addadi,L.and Weiner,S.(1992)"Control and Design Principles in · Biological Mineralization." Angewandte Chemie 31,153-169
[75]Petka,W.A.,Harden,J.L.,McGrath,K.P.,Wirtz,D.and Tirrell,D.A.(1998)"Reversible Hydrogels from Self-Assembling Artificial Proteins."Science 281,389-392
[76]Tskhovrebova,L.,Trinick,J.,Sleep,J.A.and Simmons,R.M.(1997)"Elasticity and Unfolding of Single Molecules of the Giant Muscle Protein Titin."Nature 387,308-312
[77]Waite,J.H.,(1987)″"Nature's Underwater Adhesive Specialist." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 7,9-14
[78]Anson,L.,editor.(2001)"Molecular Sensing"Nature 413,185-230
[79]Polkinghome,J.C.(2000)"Ethical Issues in Biotechnology."Trends in Biotechnology 18,8-10
[80]2 Jim Giles.Growing Nanoteeh Trade Hit by Questions over Quality[J].Nature,2004(12):791.
[81]MarkE.we lanceted Nanoteehnologies:Aprelimin Risk Analysis,on the Basisofa works hoporganizedin by the Directorate General of the Euro Peon Commission,Brussels,2004,1-Zmareh:,19.
[82]Kamet JP,teal.[J].Toxieol,2000-55:55-61.
[83]Ronwestrum.Teehnoloandsoeiety,heshaPingofPeopleandThings,x991,wadsworth,Ine.p.ⅹⅰⅶ,p.18s.
[84]Kitcher,Philip.The Lives to Come:The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities,New York:Simon & Schuster,1996.