二重大宗物资采购供应策略研究及应用
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摘要
在当今竞争激烈的市场环境中,随着科学技术的快速发展,全球范围内的竞争日趋激烈,企业面临着越来越严峻的生存和发展压力,传统的经营管理模式已经不能满足不断变化的市场要求,采购管理逐渐成为企业新的利润创造源。尽管供应链管理的概念提出的时间并不长,人们已经逐渐认识到供应链管理是提升企业竞争力的重要手段,是企业适应全球竞争的有效管理模式。因此,供应链管理在企业的生存和发展中的地位也越来越重要。加强供应链管理的理论研究,推进供应链管理的运用,从而提高企业的竞争力,增强企业的竞争优势是当前企业管理的重要内容。
在激烈的市场竞争中,中国二重面临着需求多样化和个性化的双重挑战。面对这两种严峻挑战,企业的物资采购不但要能够满足生产过程对物资多样化的需求,以保证企业生产出个性化的产品,并且需要以最低的采购物流成本完成这一环节,从而使企业的生产成本整体降低。可见,采购物流成本的高低对于企业产品成本的构成及提升企业核心竞争力有着举足轻重的作用。中国二重基于供应链实施集中式战略采购,将采购职能和供应商资源跨部门集中管理,通过加强与供应商协作,力求实现供应链总成本最低化和效率最大化的采购模式。
本文通过系统的阐述供应链的原则和内容,构筑了本文的理论基础;并通过进一步分析提出全文核心研究的问题:企业采购管理在供应链环境下面临的挑战;供应链环境下企业采购管理的实施方案,分析二重物资采购管理现状和存在的问题,对二重的采购组织模式进行分析研究;结合供应链管理的特点,制定出二重大宗物资的采购策略,不同物资供应商的管理策略,以及二重供应商选择评价程序,建立二重供应商综合指标评价体系。本研究突出影响采购管理的企业内外部因素,如:经济库存、市场行情预测以及供应商等,重点研究这三者与企业相互影响、动态变化的关系,采用先进的物流与供应链理论,优化二重大宗物资采购现状模式,结合二重单件小批量定制生产的特点,降低采购成本,提高管理水平,提高经济效益。
With the rapid development of science and technology plus the fierce market competition of the global economy, the competition among the enterprises has become more and more intensively all over the world and the enterprises have to face more austere surviving condition and high developing presure. Now the old traditional pattern of business administration can't achieve the requirement of the variational market, the purchasing management is becoming the new headspring to the new profit. In spite of the short period from bringing forward the new concept of supply chains, people gradually realize the supply chains is the moer important means to improve the enterprise's competition capacity in addition to the valid and effective management pattern for the enterprises to acclimatize themselve to the global competition, in this case the purchase chains become more and more important in the process of the enterprises' surviving and developing. The important content of the enterprise management lies in the two aspects of Strenthening the theoretic research and putting the theory of supply chains into use, which can improve the competitive ability and predominance.
The action of purchase joins the buyer and supplier. Because of the position of purchasing in the supply chains, To optimize the supply chains will start at the stage of purchase. It is necessary to research the theory of purchase management, which will provide a basis and experience for its transformation from traditional pattern to a new type and improve the efficiency of the purchase management under the condition or supply chains. In the fierce market competion, Chine Erzhong meets the two challenge of diversification and individuation of the requirement, so enterprise's purchase action not only must achieve the requirement of the diversification in the producing process, which can help to make the individual product, but also finish purchasing job with lowest cost, which can help to reduce the whole manufacture cost. It is obvious that purchasing cost will play a very important role to form the whole manufacture cost and improve the enterprise's core competition. The centralized strategic purchase is defined as that China Erzhong Co. bases on the type of purchase chain to put the mode of the centralized strategic purchase into practice, and centralize the purchasing action and the suppliers to be managed together and strengthen the cooperation with the suppliers so that the company can make the purchase mode with the lowest purchasing cost in the purchase chain and most high efficiency to be true.
This research focuses on the company's outer factor affected the purchase management such as the economic store, market value information forecast and supplier, and give emphasis on the relation and influence between the three factors and the company, applying the advanced theory of material flow and supply chain to strengthen the price quotation forecast, supplier management, to confirm the economic store and optimize Erzhong Co.'s large scale purchase mode at present, in view of Erzhong Co.'s manufacture character mode of small batch to each kind of production, reduce purchase cost, improve management level and economical benefit.
在激烈的市场竞争中,中国二重面临着需求多样化和个性化的双重挑战。面对这两种严峻挑战,企业的物资采购不但要能够满足生产过程对物资多样化的需求,以保证企业生产出个性化的产品,并且需要以最低的采购物流成本完成这一环节,从而使企业的生产成本整体降低。可见,采购物流成本的高低对于企业产品成本的构成及提升企业核心竞争力有着举足轻重的作用。中国二重基于供应链实施集中式战略采购,将采购职能和供应商资源跨部门集中管理,通过加强与供应商协作,力求实现供应链总成本最低化和效率最大化的采购模式。
本文通过系统的阐述供应链的原则和内容,构筑了本文的理论基础;并通过进一步分析提出全文核心研究的问题:企业采购管理在供应链环境下面临的挑战;供应链环境下企业采购管理的实施方案,分析二重物资采购管理现状和存在的问题,对二重的采购组织模式进行分析研究;结合供应链管理的特点,制定出二重大宗物资的采购策略,不同物资供应商的管理策略,以及二重供应商选择评价程序,建立二重供应商综合指标评价体系。本研究突出影响采购管理的企业内外部因素,如:经济库存、市场行情预测以及供应商等,重点研究这三者与企业相互影响、动态变化的关系,采用先进的物流与供应链理论,优化二重大宗物资采购现状模式,结合二重单件小批量定制生产的特点,降低采购成本,提高管理水平,提高经济效益。
With the rapid development of science and technology plus the fierce market competition of the global economy, the competition among the enterprises has become more and more intensively all over the world and the enterprises have to face more austere surviving condition and high developing presure. Now the old traditional pattern of business administration can't achieve the requirement of the variational market, the purchasing management is becoming the new headspring to the new profit. In spite of the short period from bringing forward the new concept of supply chains, people gradually realize the supply chains is the moer important means to improve the enterprise's competition capacity in addition to the valid and effective management pattern for the enterprises to acclimatize themselve to the global competition, in this case the purchase chains become more and more important in the process of the enterprises' surviving and developing. The important content of the enterprise management lies in the two aspects of Strenthening the theoretic research and putting the theory of supply chains into use, which can improve the competitive ability and predominance.
The action of purchase joins the buyer and supplier. Because of the position of purchasing in the supply chains, To optimize the supply chains will start at the stage of purchase. It is necessary to research the theory of purchase management, which will provide a basis and experience for its transformation from traditional pattern to a new type and improve the efficiency of the purchase management under the condition or supply chains. In the fierce market competion, Chine Erzhong meets the two challenge of diversification and individuation of the requirement, so enterprise's purchase action not only must achieve the requirement of the diversification in the producing process, which can help to make the individual product, but also finish purchasing job with lowest cost, which can help to reduce the whole manufacture cost. It is obvious that purchasing cost will play a very important role to form the whole manufacture cost and improve the enterprise's core competition. The centralized strategic purchase is defined as that China Erzhong Co. bases on the type of purchase chain to put the mode of the centralized strategic purchase into practice, and centralize the purchasing action and the suppliers to be managed together and strengthen the cooperation with the suppliers so that the company can make the purchase mode with the lowest purchasing cost in the purchase chain and most high efficiency to be true.
This research focuses on the company's outer factor affected the purchase management such as the economic store, market value information forecast and supplier, and give emphasis on the relation and influence between the three factors and the company, applying the advanced theory of material flow and supply chain to strengthen the price quotation forecast, supplier management, to confirm the economic store and optimize Erzhong Co.'s large scale purchase mode at present, in view of Erzhong Co.'s manufacture character mode of small batch to each kind of production, reduce purchase cost, improve management level and economical benefit.
引文
[1]张思复,易树平,段鹰,现代工业工程学,重庆大学,2002,225-254
[2]马士华,供应链管理,北京:机械工业出版社,2000
[3]朱森第,我国装备制造业的现状与发展战略,机电工程技术,2001年第2期
[4]潘凤湖,新时期我国装备制造业发展战略研究,合肥工业大学硕士2002年学位论文
[5]戴锋,我国大型制造企业采购流程再造,西南财经大学2005年硕士论文
[6]Graham C S,Successful Supply Chain Management[J],Management Decision,1992,28(8):25-31
[7]刘丽文,张承志,面向复杂制造业企业的供应链管理实施策略,工业工程与管理2004年第4期
[8]YU Si-qin,A Comparative Study of Real—Time Logistics Strategy and Other Logistics Strategies,JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY,Vol.25 No.2,May 2004
[9]Suo Han-sheng(索寒生),Wang Jing-chun(王京春),JIN Yi-hui(金以慧),Supply Chain Coordination with Sales Effort Effects and Impact of Loss Aversion on Effort Decision,TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN 1007-0214 14/18 pp102-107 Volume 10,Number 1,February 2005
[10]Patton W E,Use of human judgment models in industrial buyers-vendor selection decisions,Industrial Marketing Management,1996,Vol.25:135-149
[11]张家善,林晓群,高树林,利用库存控制策略消除供应链中牛鞭效应,产业与科技论坛,2007年第6卷第8期
[12]张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,上海人民出版社,1996
[13]WANGYao-wu,XUEXiao-long,Improving construction performance through supply chain management,Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series),Vol.11,No.5,2004
[14]向晋乾,李杰,黄培清,工业企业原材料采购与库存策略,供应链
[15]齐美志,基于物资供应细分的战略性采购管理方法及其实施,东南大学2004年硕士论文
[16]卢蓉,企业战略采购机理及其应用研究,浙江大学2006年博士学位论文
[17]王咏源,汪波,钢铁行业原材料价格波动与企业择机采购的互动关系,价格理论与实践
[18]但斌,张旭梅,基于CPFR的供应链合作关系,工业工程与管理2000年第1期
[19]徐国虎,许芳,合作博弈下的供应链供需经济批量摸型,中国储运2004.5,32-34
[20]蒋惠园、程小飞,经济订货批量(EOQ)数学模型研究,武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版)第27卷第4期,2003年8月
[21]林勇,马士华,供应链管理环境下供应商的综合评价选择研究,管理现代化,LOGISTICS TECHNOLOGY No.5,2000(serial No.104)
[22]戴更新,于庆东,一类多阶段EOQ的最优存储策略,青岛大学学报(自然科学版),第19卷第1期,2006年3月
[23]李军,张一纯,董雄报,借鉴ISO9000的思想精华优化供应链管理,桂林电子工业学院学报第23卷第1期2003年2月
[24]王自杰,离散型制造业ERP系统的应用与开发,郑州大学2002年硕士论文
[25]马士华,论核心企业对供应链战略伙伴关系形成的影响,工业工程与管理2000年第1期
[26]王圣东,时变需求下供货商与销售商联合生产库存模型,合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2005年2月,第28卷第2期
[27]徐福缘,李敏,顾新建,韩路,项育华,实施大批量定制的基本思路及其时空集成优化模型,管理工程学报,2002年第2期
[28]LuoYixi,Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China,Engineering Sciences Vol.3No.1,March 2005
[29]LIShugang,WuZhiming,PANGXiaohong,Parallelant colony algorithm and its application in the capacitated lot sizing problem for an agile supply chain,JournalofHarbinInstituteofTechnology(NewSeries),Vol.11,No.5,2004
[30]杨建华,赵涛,李霞,与供应商的采购合作关系分析,工业工程,第6卷第4期,2003年7月
[31]张建林,钱江,浅析供应商选择决策,技术经济与管理研究,2002年第1期
[32]ZHOUShui-ying,CHENRong-qi,A Decision Model for Selecting Participants in Supply Chain,Journal of Shanghai University(English Edition),ISSN 100726417,Vol.5,No.4(Dec.2001),pp341-344
[33]JieHui,JIJian-hua,Agent Technology Application in Automating the Coordination and Decision-Making in Supply Chain,Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Science),Vol.E-10,No.4,2005,456-461
[34]马林,基于SCOR模型的供应链风险识别、评估与一体化管理研究,浙江大学2006年博士学位论文
[35]董敏,倪卫红,供应链的文化整合:动因、模式、原则、风险及对策,工业工程2005年11月第8卷第6期
[36]许淑君,马士华,供应链企业间的战略伙伴关系研究,华中科技大学学报2001年6月,第29卷增刊Ⅰ
[37]二重内部数据
[2]马士华,供应链管理,北京:机械工业出版社,2000
[3]朱森第,我国装备制造业的现状与发展战略,机电工程技术,2001年第2期
[4]潘凤湖,新时期我国装备制造业发展战略研究,合肥工业大学硕士2002年学位论文
[5]戴锋,我国大型制造企业采购流程再造,西南财经大学2005年硕士论文
[6]Graham C S,Successful Supply Chain Management[J],Management Decision,1992,28(8):25-31
[7]刘丽文,张承志,面向复杂制造业企业的供应链管理实施策略,工业工程与管理2004年第4期
[8]YU Si-qin,A Comparative Study of Real—Time Logistics Strategy and Other Logistics Strategies,JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY,Vol.25 No.2,May 2004
[9]Suo Han-sheng(索寒生),Wang Jing-chun(王京春),JIN Yi-hui(金以慧),Supply Chain Coordination with Sales Effort Effects and Impact of Loss Aversion on Effort Decision,TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN 1007-0214 14/18 pp102-107 Volume 10,Number 1,February 2005
[10]Patton W E,Use of human judgment models in industrial buyers-vendor selection decisions,Industrial Marketing Management,1996,Vol.25:135-149
[11]张家善,林晓群,高树林,利用库存控制策略消除供应链中牛鞭效应,产业与科技论坛,2007年第6卷第8期
[12]张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,上海人民出版社,1996
[13]WANGYao-wu,XUEXiao-long,Improving construction performance through supply chain management,Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series),Vol.11,No.5,2004
[14]向晋乾,李杰,黄培清,工业企业原材料采购与库存策略,供应链
[15]齐美志,基于物资供应细分的战略性采购管理方法及其实施,东南大学2004年硕士论文
[16]卢蓉,企业战略采购机理及其应用研究,浙江大学2006年博士学位论文
[17]王咏源,汪波,钢铁行业原材料价格波动与企业择机采购的互动关系,价格理论与实践
[18]但斌,张旭梅,基于CPFR的供应链合作关系,工业工程与管理2000年第1期
[19]徐国虎,许芳,合作博弈下的供应链供需经济批量摸型,中国储运2004.5,32-34
[20]蒋惠园、程小飞,经济订货批量(EOQ)数学模型研究,武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版)第27卷第4期,2003年8月
[21]林勇,马士华,供应链管理环境下供应商的综合评价选择研究,管理现代化,LOGISTICS TECHNOLOGY No.5,2000(serial No.104)
[22]戴更新,于庆东,一类多阶段EOQ的最优存储策略,青岛大学学报(自然科学版),第19卷第1期,2006年3月
[23]李军,张一纯,董雄报,借鉴ISO9000的思想精华优化供应链管理,桂林电子工业学院学报第23卷第1期2003年2月
[24]王自杰,离散型制造业ERP系统的应用与开发,郑州大学2002年硕士论文
[25]马士华,论核心企业对供应链战略伙伴关系形成的影响,工业工程与管理2000年第1期
[26]王圣东,时变需求下供货商与销售商联合生产库存模型,合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2005年2月,第28卷第2期
[27]徐福缘,李敏,顾新建,韩路,项育华,实施大批量定制的基本思路及其时空集成优化模型,管理工程学报,2002年第2期
[28]LuoYixi,Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China,Engineering Sciences Vol.3No.1,March 2005
[29]LIShugang,WuZhiming,PANGXiaohong,Parallelant colony algorithm and its application in the capacitated lot sizing problem for an agile supply chain,JournalofHarbinInstituteofTechnology(NewSeries),Vol.11,No.5,2004
[30]杨建华,赵涛,李霞,与供应商的采购合作关系分析,工业工程,第6卷第4期,2003年7月
[31]张建林,钱江,浅析供应商选择决策,技术经济与管理研究,2002年第1期
[32]ZHOUShui-ying,CHENRong-qi,A Decision Model for Selecting Participants in Supply Chain,Journal of Shanghai University(English Edition),ISSN 100726417,Vol.5,No.4(Dec.2001),pp341-344
[33]JieHui,JIJian-hua,Agent Technology Application in Automating the Coordination and Decision-Making in Supply Chain,Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Science),Vol.E-10,No.4,2005,456-461
[34]马林,基于SCOR模型的供应链风险识别、评估与一体化管理研究,浙江大学2006年博士学位论文
[35]董敏,倪卫红,供应链的文化整合:动因、模式、原则、风险及对策,工业工程2005年11月第8卷第6期
[36]许淑君,马士华,供应链企业间的战略伙伴关系研究,华中科技大学学报2001年6月,第29卷增刊Ⅰ
[37]二重内部数据