基于粒子系统的喷焰流场实时仿真研究
|
摘要
在三维仿真的渲染过程中,传统的建模方法一般只适用于外形比较规则的物体,对于那些像雨、雪、瀑布、喷泉以及火焰等没有固定形状,甚至要随着外部环境或者其他因素的改变而改变的物质建模,传统的方法就显得无能为力了。对于火箭尾喷焰效果的三维仿真,由于其具有不规则的几何外形和内在的不确定性,更不能用通常的三维建模方法来制作。火箭在发射时,火箭发动机尾部会产生尾焰,同时产生大量烟雾,火箭尾焰是推进剂燃烧后生成的高温、高速气体在喷管后形成的复杂湍流。它不同于静态景物,具有产生、发展和消灭的历程,对于这种景物,计算机图形学是用粒子系统来描述的。本文对高度欠膨胀射流流动物理模型进行分析,对喷焰流场喷管出口处,马赫盘波前和马赫盘波后三处截面参数进行计算,总结喷焰流场气体运动的一般规律并且对火箭尾焰物理模型进一步简化,研究粒子系统中粒子的运动算法。采用粒子系统和纹理贴图相结合的方法,对粒子进行面片化。最后本文使用Visual C++和OpenGL图形库编程实现本文算法,并在三维场景中模拟火箭尾喷焰的三维效果。
In the process of the three-dimensional simulation rendering, the traditional modeling method is only applicable to the regular objects. When those things who have no fixed shape like the rain、snow、waterfalls、fountains and flame, even the shape of the things change by the changes of the external environment or other factors, the traditional modeling method is powerless. In the simulation of flame spray, because of its regular shape and the inherent uncertainty, we can not use the traditional modeling method. When the rocket launched, there are flame generating under the tail of rocket engine, at the same time it generate a lot of smoke behind. The high temperature and high-speed flame and smoke are generated by the propellant burn. This airflow is different from the static scene, its process include generation、development and destroy. In Computer Graphics, we use particle system to simulate it. This thesis analysis the flow field of the fire, calculated the parameters of section 1 to 3, summed up the movement of air current, simplified the model and researched the particle system algorithm, and finally we use Visual C++ and OpenGL programming to simulate it.
In the process of the three-dimensional simulation rendering, the traditional modeling method is only applicable to the regular objects. When those things who have no fixed shape like the rain、snow、waterfalls、fountains and flame, even the shape of the things change by the changes of the external environment or other factors, the traditional modeling method is powerless. In the simulation of flame spray, because of its regular shape and the inherent uncertainty, we can not use the traditional modeling method. When the rocket launched, there are flame generating under the tail of rocket engine, at the same time it generate a lot of smoke behind. The high temperature and high-speed flame and smoke are generated by the propellant burn. This airflow is different from the static scene, its process include generation、development and destroy. In Computer Graphics, we use particle system to simulate it. This thesis analysis the flow field of the fire, calculated the parameters of section 1 to 3, summed up the movement of air current, simplified the model and researched the particle system algorithm, and finally we use Visual C++ and OpenGL programming to simulate it.
引文
[1] W. T. Reeves,R. Blau. Approximate and Probabilistic Algorithms for Shading and Rendering Particle Systems. Computer Graphics,1985,19(3):313-322
[2]彭群生等.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M],北京:科学出版社,2003,28(7):73-76
[3] B. Eberhardt,A. Weber,W. Strasser. A fast, flexible,particle-system model for cloth draping[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1996,16:52-59
[4] D. Baraff,A. Witkin. Large Steps in Cloth Simulation[C]. In:SIGRAPH98,Orlando,1998:19-24
[5] T. S. Lock,D. Tan,H.S. Seah,et al. Rendering Fireworks Displays. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1992.5,12(3):33-43
[6] R. Szeliski,D. Tonnesen. Surface Modeling with Oriented Particle Systems. Computer Graphics,1992,26(2):185-794
[7] John Burg. Building an Advanced Particle System,Game Developer,2000,3:44-55
[8] J.X. Chen,E.J. Wegman,Xiaodong Fu et al. Near Real-Time Simulation of Particle Systems. In:Distributed Interactive Simulation and Real-Time Applications,Proceedings. 3rd IEEE International Workshop on. Glasgow:IEEE Computer Society Press,1990:33-40
[9] M. Unbescheiden,A. Trembilski. Cloud Simulation in Virtual Environments. In:Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium,Proceedings IEEE 1998. California: IEEE Computer Society Press,1998:98-104
[10] Lindenmayer , Aristid. Mathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development,Parts 1 and 2. Journal of Theoretical Biology,1968(18):280-315
[11] K. Perlin. An Image Synthesizer Computer Graphics,1985.7,19(3):287-296
[12] C.W. Reynolds. Flocks,Herds,and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model Association of Computing Machinery,ACM,1987,21:25-34
[13] K.Sims. Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation. Computer Graphics,1990,24(4):405-413
[14] M. Sabo,Improving Advanced Particle System by Adding Property Milestones to Particle Life Cycle,CESCG'04 proceedings,Maribor,Slovenia,2004:96-99
[15] T. Iimonen,Kontkanen. The Second Order Particle System. Journal of WSCG,2003,11(1):1213-6972
[16] P. Beaudoin,,S. Paquet,P. Poulin. Realistic and Controllable Fire Simulation. Proceedings of Graphics interface,Ottawa,2001:159-166
[17] C.H. Perry,R.W. Picard. Synthesizing Flames and Their Spreading. Proceeding 5th Eurographics Workshop on Animation and Simulation. Oslo,Eurographics,1994:56-66
[18] H. Lee,L. Kim,M. Meyer,etc. Meshes on Fire. Eurographics Workshop on Animation,Manchester,UK,2001:75-84
[19] S. King,R. Crawfis,W. Reid. Fast Volume Rendering and Animation of Amorphous Phenomena. Proceeding Volume Graphics Workshop. London,1999:229-242
[20] D.O. Brien,S. Fisher,M.C. Lin. Automatic Simplification of Particle System Dynamics. The Fourteenth Conference on Computer Animation,Seoul,Korea,2001:210-257
[21] T. Holtkamper. Real-Time Gaseous Phenomena-phenomenological Approach to Interactive Smoke and Steam. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Graphics,Virtual Reality,Visualization and Interaction in Africa,Cape Town,South Africa,2003:25-30
[22]张芹,吴慧中,谢隽毅等.基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学报,2001,13(10):78-82
[23]李建微,陈崇成,唐丽玉等.基于粒子系统的林火实时绘制研究及实现.中国图像图形学报,2005,10(9):1161-1165
[24]费少梅,彭艳莹,陆国栋等.基于粒子系统的湍流燃烧火焰的可视化研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(3):461-466
[25]何希平,朱庆生.自然燃烧火焰的快速仿真.计算机仿真,2005,11:193-197
[26]马登武,叶文,邓建求等.一种简便高效的导弹尾焰的绘制算法.系统仿真学报,2006,18(3):663-665
[27]高颖,金岩通,杨永强等.虚拟视景系统中粒子系统的接口设计与实现.系统仿真学报,2006,18(2):384-386
[28]周洁琼,邹北骥,朱岳等.一种改进的实时火焰模拟算法[J].计算机工程科学,2006,28(7):71-76
[29]张福祥.火箭燃气射流动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1988
[30]阿列玛索夫B.E.火箭发动机原理[M].张中钦,庄逢辰.北京:宇航出版社,1991
[31]苗瑞生,居贤铭.火箭气体动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,,1985
[32]陈新华.火箭推进技术[M].北京:装备指挥技术学院,1998
[33]赵承庆.燃气自由射流流场计算[M ].北京:北京工业学院,1983
[34]张军,冯振声.粒子系统在导弹飞行尾焰图形仿真中的应用.计算机工程与应用,2000,(12)
[35]彭晓明,王坚. OpenGL深入编程与实例揭密.北京:人民邮电出版社,1999,06
[36]高波,,叶定友,侯晓.固体发动机燃烧室内流场数值模拟研究现状[J].固体火箭技术,1999,22(1):23-34
[37] Philip.E.O,Buelow,Douglas A. Schwer,Jinzhang Feng,Charles L. Merkle. A preconditioned dual-time,diagonalized ADI scheme for unsteady computations[J]. AIAA97-2101,1997
[38]王松涛,冯国泰,王仲奇等.尾喷管内部及其射流流场的数值模拟[J ].推进技术,2000,21(3):257-312
[39] [美] JonBates,Tim Tompkins.实用Visual++ 6.0.何健辉,董方鹏等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2001,3:31-46
[40]刘小石,郑淮,马林伟等.精通Visual++ 6.0.北京:清华大学出版社,2000:58-94
[41]邓宝松,宋汉辰,吴玲达.虚拟环境中火焰及爆炸效果生成.系统仿真学报,2003,9(15):145-147
[42]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[43]孙家广,杨长贵.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[44]王治刚等.基于粒子系统和纹理映射的火焰模拟[J].工程图形学学报,2002,10(4):49-52
[45]李颖,薛海斌,朱伯立等. OpenGL技术应用实例精粹[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[2]彭群生等.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M],北京:科学出版社,2003,28(7):73-76
[3] B. Eberhardt,A. Weber,W. Strasser. A fast, flexible,particle-system model for cloth draping[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1996,16:52-59
[4] D. Baraff,A. Witkin. Large Steps in Cloth Simulation[C]. In:SIGRAPH98,Orlando,1998:19-24
[5] T. S. Lock,D. Tan,H.S. Seah,et al. Rendering Fireworks Displays. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1992.5,12(3):33-43
[6] R. Szeliski,D. Tonnesen. Surface Modeling with Oriented Particle Systems. Computer Graphics,1992,26(2):185-794
[7] John Burg. Building an Advanced Particle System,Game Developer,2000,3:44-55
[8] J.X. Chen,E.J. Wegman,Xiaodong Fu et al. Near Real-Time Simulation of Particle Systems. In:Distributed Interactive Simulation and Real-Time Applications,Proceedings. 3rd IEEE International Workshop on. Glasgow:IEEE Computer Society Press,1990:33-40
[9] M. Unbescheiden,A. Trembilski. Cloud Simulation in Virtual Environments. In:Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium,Proceedings IEEE 1998. California: IEEE Computer Society Press,1998:98-104
[10] Lindenmayer , Aristid. Mathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development,Parts 1 and 2. Journal of Theoretical Biology,1968(18):280-315
[11] K. Perlin. An Image Synthesizer Computer Graphics,1985.7,19(3):287-296
[12] C.W. Reynolds. Flocks,Herds,and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model Association of Computing Machinery,ACM,1987,21:25-34
[13] K.Sims. Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation. Computer Graphics,1990,24(4):405-413
[14] M. Sabo,Improving Advanced Particle System by Adding Property Milestones to Particle Life Cycle,CESCG'04 proceedings,Maribor,Slovenia,2004:96-99
[15] T. Iimonen,Kontkanen. The Second Order Particle System. Journal of WSCG,2003,11(1):1213-6972
[16] P. Beaudoin,,S. Paquet,P. Poulin. Realistic and Controllable Fire Simulation. Proceedings of Graphics interface,Ottawa,2001:159-166
[17] C.H. Perry,R.W. Picard. Synthesizing Flames and Their Spreading. Proceeding 5th Eurographics Workshop on Animation and Simulation. Oslo,Eurographics,1994:56-66
[18] H. Lee,L. Kim,M. Meyer,etc. Meshes on Fire. Eurographics Workshop on Animation,Manchester,UK,2001:75-84
[19] S. King,R. Crawfis,W. Reid. Fast Volume Rendering and Animation of Amorphous Phenomena. Proceeding Volume Graphics Workshop. London,1999:229-242
[20] D.O. Brien,S. Fisher,M.C. Lin. Automatic Simplification of Particle System Dynamics. The Fourteenth Conference on Computer Animation,Seoul,Korea,2001:210-257
[21] T. Holtkamper. Real-Time Gaseous Phenomena-phenomenological Approach to Interactive Smoke and Steam. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Graphics,Virtual Reality,Visualization and Interaction in Africa,Cape Town,South Africa,2003:25-30
[22]张芹,吴慧中,谢隽毅等.基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学报,2001,13(10):78-82
[23]李建微,陈崇成,唐丽玉等.基于粒子系统的林火实时绘制研究及实现.中国图像图形学报,2005,10(9):1161-1165
[24]费少梅,彭艳莹,陆国栋等.基于粒子系统的湍流燃烧火焰的可视化研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(3):461-466
[25]何希平,朱庆生.自然燃烧火焰的快速仿真.计算机仿真,2005,11:193-197
[26]马登武,叶文,邓建求等.一种简便高效的导弹尾焰的绘制算法.系统仿真学报,2006,18(3):663-665
[27]高颖,金岩通,杨永强等.虚拟视景系统中粒子系统的接口设计与实现.系统仿真学报,2006,18(2):384-386
[28]周洁琼,邹北骥,朱岳等.一种改进的实时火焰模拟算法[J].计算机工程科学,2006,28(7):71-76
[29]张福祥.火箭燃气射流动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1988
[30]阿列玛索夫B.E.火箭发动机原理[M].张中钦,庄逢辰.北京:宇航出版社,1991
[31]苗瑞生,居贤铭.火箭气体动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,,1985
[32]陈新华.火箭推进技术[M].北京:装备指挥技术学院,1998
[33]赵承庆.燃气自由射流流场计算[M ].北京:北京工业学院,1983
[34]张军,冯振声.粒子系统在导弹飞行尾焰图形仿真中的应用.计算机工程与应用,2000,(12)
[35]彭晓明,王坚. OpenGL深入编程与实例揭密.北京:人民邮电出版社,1999,06
[36]高波,,叶定友,侯晓.固体发动机燃烧室内流场数值模拟研究现状[J].固体火箭技术,1999,22(1):23-34
[37] Philip.E.O,Buelow,Douglas A. Schwer,Jinzhang Feng,Charles L. Merkle. A preconditioned dual-time,diagonalized ADI scheme for unsteady computations[J]. AIAA97-2101,1997
[38]王松涛,冯国泰,王仲奇等.尾喷管内部及其射流流场的数值模拟[J ].推进技术,2000,21(3):257-312
[39] [美] JonBates,Tim Tompkins.实用Visual++ 6.0.何健辉,董方鹏等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2001,3:31-46
[40]刘小石,郑淮,马林伟等.精通Visual++ 6.0.北京:清华大学出版社,2000:58-94
[41]邓宝松,宋汉辰,吴玲达.虚拟环境中火焰及爆炸效果生成.系统仿真学报,2003,9(15):145-147
[42]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[43]孙家广,杨长贵.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[44]王治刚等.基于粒子系统和纹理映射的火焰模拟[J].工程图形学学报,2002,10(4):49-52
[45]李颖,薛海斌,朱伯立等. OpenGL技术应用实例精粹[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003