基于GPU的高质量交互式可视化技术研究
|
摘要
近十年来，可视化技术成为科学研究的一个热点方向。随着医学影像技术的发展，迫切需要有效的可视化技术对海量体数据进行分析。由于体绘制技术可以真实地显示三维物体内部信息，逐渐成为主要的可视化手段。高质量的体绘制效果需要大量的运算，从而导致交互性能的严重下降，不能应用于许多对实时性要求较高的领域。同时，由于缺乏适合用于描述和建模真实物体内在特性的物理模型，绘制参数的选择和交互工具的设计对体绘制非常关键。本文重点研究基于通用图形处理器(GPU)的直接体绘制技术，力图在绘制的真实感与交互性能之间寻求一个良好的平衡，最终设计实现能够具有应用价值的可视化处理系统。本文的主要贡献包括以下四个方面：
1．在体绘制的光照效果方面，利用GPU的可编程性提出了一种基于per-pixel光照的体绘制算法。在绘制过程中使用归一化梯度对每个像素实时计算光照贡献，明显改善了绘制的明暗效果，在一个绘制通道中完成所有绘制过程，得到可交互的高质量绘制结果。
2．在体绘制的传递函数设计方面，利用GPU的纹理特性提出了一种基于空间信息的交互式多维传递函数设计算法。在传递函数中根据体数据值和位置信息对局部空间区域指定绘制参数，并将整个绘制过程映射到GPU上，实现了对数据场中感兴趣区域的自由绘制。
3．在体数据的交互式分析方面，利用图像分割理论根据组织结构对数据场分类，提出了一种基于组织分割的多物体混合体绘制算法。在GPU的像素处理阶段完成对分割物体的独立绘制，实现了数据场中不同物体结构的快速分析。另外，利用体素的空间位置完成数据场区域分类，提出了一种基于空间区域标识的交互式体切割算法。绘制中GPU的并行处理能力提高了切割操作的实时性，实现了对数据场中任意区域隐藏信息的分析。
4．在大规模数据场实时绘制方面，充分利用GPU资源，提出了一种基于动态纹理载入的实时体绘制算法。通过分块绘制的方式改进绘制流程，图形硬件中仅存储一部分体数据，并在绘制中实时计算梯度，减少纹理内存的占用，在普通PC平台上实现了大规模数据场的高质量实时体绘制。
The techniques for volume visualization have been one of the active topics over the last decade. With rapid progress of modern medicine, larger and larger scale volumetric datasets demand on more effective and efficient visualization algorithms. Recently, surface extraction techniques are gradually taken placed by direct volume rendering, which can visualize the volumetric information with a semitransparent realistic effect. There are two challenges on direct volume rendering. Firstly, due to the high computational expense of accurate ray integration, high quality image and optimized performance can not be obtained simultaneously. Secondly, the complexity of the volumetric dataset often increases the difficulty on the efficient volume analysis. In this thesis, we focus on the techniques of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) based volume rendering. We propose to seek for a tradeoff between the realistic effects and interactive performance. The main contributions of this thesis are listed in the following four respects:
1. Volume Shading: We propose a novel algorithm for texture-based volume rendering based on the per-pixel shading which can improve the rendering quality greatly. The pixel-wise accurate shading is produced for the arbitrary and dynamically changing directional light source using the normalized gradient during the lighting. Furthermore, the flexible GPU functionality is utilized to enable fast data loading and interactive rendering.
2. Transfer Function Design: We propose a mechanism to induce interactive spatial multi-dimensional transfer functions, which can assign color and opacity to the volume based not only on the scalar intensity of the dataset but also on the position of voxels. The proposed technique is implemented by the GPU texture functionality to enable interactively select and explore regions of the volumetric dataset.
3. Data-Centered Volume Analysis and Rendering: To distinguish the data structures efficiently, we propose a multi-object hybrid volume rendering algorithm based on image segmentation. The effect volume analysis is archived by data classification. The proposed technique is implemented on the GPU pixel processor to provide the reasonable performance. Moreover, an efficient interactive volume clipping method based on the dataset region marking is proposed to expose the hidden important information. The proposed technique is integrated into the graphics hardware to accelerate volume rendering.
4. Rendering Pipeline: We propose a modified pipeline to load the dataset dynamically, and reside only one data brick on texture memory during the rendering. The method is very efficient for rendering large-scale volumetric dataset interactively on general purpose PCs. Using the GPU as a co-processor, the gradient is estimated on the fly to avoid the memory consumption.
1．在体绘制的光照效果方面，利用GPU的可编程性提出了一种基于per-pixel光照的体绘制算法。在绘制过程中使用归一化梯度对每个像素实时计算光照贡献，明显改善了绘制的明暗效果，在一个绘制通道中完成所有绘制过程，得到可交互的高质量绘制结果。
2．在体绘制的传递函数设计方面，利用GPU的纹理特性提出了一种基于空间信息的交互式多维传递函数设计算法。在传递函数中根据体数据值和位置信息对局部空间区域指定绘制参数，并将整个绘制过程映射到GPU上，实现了对数据场中感兴趣区域的自由绘制。
3．在体数据的交互式分析方面，利用图像分割理论根据组织结构对数据场分类，提出了一种基于组织分割的多物体混合体绘制算法。在GPU的像素处理阶段完成对分割物体的独立绘制，实现了数据场中不同物体结构的快速分析。另外，利用体素的空间位置完成数据场区域分类，提出了一种基于空间区域标识的交互式体切割算法。绘制中GPU的并行处理能力提高了切割操作的实时性，实现了对数据场中任意区域隐藏信息的分析。
4．在大规模数据场实时绘制方面，充分利用GPU资源，提出了一种基于动态纹理载入的实时体绘制算法。通过分块绘制的方式改进绘制流程，图形硬件中仅存储一部分体数据，并在绘制中实时计算梯度，减少纹理内存的占用，在普通PC平台上实现了大规模数据场的高质量实时体绘制。
The techniques for volume visualization have been one of the active topics over the last decade. With rapid progress of modern medicine, larger and larger scale volumetric datasets demand on more effective and efficient visualization algorithms. Recently, surface extraction techniques are gradually taken placed by direct volume rendering, which can visualize the volumetric information with a semitransparent realistic effect. There are two challenges on direct volume rendering. Firstly, due to the high computational expense of accurate ray integration, high quality image and optimized performance can not be obtained simultaneously. Secondly, the complexity of the volumetric dataset often increases the difficulty on the efficient volume analysis. In this thesis, we focus on the techniques of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) based volume rendering. We propose to seek for a tradeoff between the realistic effects and interactive performance. The main contributions of this thesis are listed in the following four respects:
1. Volume Shading: We propose a novel algorithm for texture-based volume rendering based on the per-pixel shading which can improve the rendering quality greatly. The pixel-wise accurate shading is produced for the arbitrary and dynamically changing directional light source using the normalized gradient during the lighting. Furthermore, the flexible GPU functionality is utilized to enable fast data loading and interactive rendering.
2. Transfer Function Design: We propose a mechanism to induce interactive spatial multi-dimensional transfer functions, which can assign color and opacity to the volume based not only on the scalar intensity of the dataset but also on the position of voxels. The proposed technique is implemented by the GPU texture functionality to enable interactively select and explore regions of the volumetric dataset.
3. Data-Centered Volume Analysis and Rendering: To distinguish the data structures efficiently, we propose a multi-object hybrid volume rendering algorithm based on image segmentation. The effect volume analysis is archived by data classification. The proposed technique is implemented on the GPU pixel processor to provide the reasonable performance. Moreover, an efficient interactive volume clipping method based on the dataset region marking is proposed to expose the hidden important information. The proposed technique is integrated into the graphics hardware to accelerate volume rendering.
4. Rendering Pipeline: We propose a modified pipeline to load the dataset dynamically, and reside only one data brick on texture memory during the rendering. The method is very efficient for rendering large-scale volumetric dataset interactively on general purpose PCs. Using the GPU as a co-processor, the gradient is estimated on the fly to avoid the memory consumption.
引文
[1] Advanced visualization solutions. http://www.barco.com/medical/en/solutions/3D_home.asp.
[2] Advancing healthcare through innovation software solutions http://www.cedara.com/.
[3] AMD Corporation. ATI Developer Relation Site. http://ati.amd.com/developer/index.html.
[4] ARBFragmentProgram. http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/registry/ARB/fragment_program.txt.
[5] ARB Vertex Program.http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/registry/ARB/vertex _program.txt.
[6] Best practices for shader model 3.0. http://download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2004/6800_Leagues/6800_Leagues_SM3_Best_Practices.pdf
[7] S. Bergner, T. Moller, M. Drew, and G Finlayson. Interactive spectral volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 101-108, 2002.
[8] F. Bernardon, S. Callahan, L. Comba, and T. Silva. Interactive volume rendering of unstructured grids with time-varying scalar fields. Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Parallel Graphics and Visualization'06, pages 51-58, 2006.
[9] F. Blinn. Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures. Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH 77), 11:192-198,1977.
[10] F. Blinn. Light reflection functions for simulation of clouds and dusty surfaces.Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH 82), 16:21-29,1982.
[11] J. Bolz, I. Farmer, E. Grinspun, and P. Schroder. The GPU as numerical simulation engine. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAH'03, pages 917-924, 2003.
[12] M. Bosma, J. Smit, and J. Scheltinga. Super resolution volume rendering Hardware. Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Graphics Hardware,.EuroGraphics Technical Report Series, pages 117-122,1995.
[13] S. Bruckner, S. Grimm, A. Kanitsar, and M. Groller. Illustrative context-preserving exploration of volume data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(6):1559-1569, 2006.
[14] S. Bruckner, M. Groller. Exploded views for volume data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(5): 1077-1084, 2006.
[15] M. Burns, J. Klawe, S. Rusinkiewicz, A. Finkelstein, D. DeCarlo. Line drawings from volume data. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 24(3):512-518, 2005.
[16] B. Cabral, N. Cam, and I. Foran. Accelerated volume rendering and tomographic reconstruction using texture mapping hardware. Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Volume Visualization'94, pages 91-98, 1994.
[17] W. Chen, L. Ren, M. Zwicker, and H. Pfister. Hardware-accelerated adaptive EWA volume splatting. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2004, 2004.
[18] J. Clark. The geometry engine: A VLSI geometry system for graphics.Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH '82, pages 127-133,1982.
[19] F. Dachille, K. Kreeger, B. Chen, I. Bitter, and A. Kaufman. High-quality volume rendering using texture mapping hardware. Proceedings of Eurographics/SIGGRAPH Workshop on Graphics Hardware'98, pages 69-76,1998.
[20] D. Daneels, D. Campenhout. Interactive outlining: an improved approach using active contours. Proceedings of SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pages 226-233,1993.
[21] R. Dougherty, R. Edward. An introduction to morphological image processing,SPIE Optical Engineering Press, TT-9.1992.
[22] R. Drebin, L. Carpenter, and P. Hanrahan. Volume rendering. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'88), pages 65-74,1998.
[23] D. Ebert, C. Morris, P. Rheingans, and T. Yoo. Designing effective transfer functions for volume rendering from photographics volumes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(2):183-197, 2002.
[24] K. Engel, M. Kraus, and T. Ertl. High-quality Pre-integrated volume rendering using hardware-accelerated pixel shading. Proceedings of Eurographics /SIGGRAPH Workshop Graphics Hardware'01, pages 9-16, 2001.
[25] J. Eyles, J. Austin, H. Fuchs, T. Greer, and J. Poulton. Pixel-Plane 4: A summary,advances in computer graphics hardware II. Proceedings of Eurographics Seminars Tutorials and Perspectives in Computer Graphics, pages 183-208, 1988.
[26] Feng Dong, G Clapworthy, Hai Lin, M. Krokos. Nonphotorealistic rendering of medical volume data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 23(4):44-52,2003.
[27] N. Fout, H. Akiba, K. Ma, A. Lefohn, and J. Kniss. High-quality rendering of compressed volume data formats. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization 2005, pages 77-84, 2005.
[28] H. Fuchs, L. Israel, J. Poulton, J. Eyles, T. Greer, J. Goldfeather, D. Ellsworth, S.Molnar, G. Turk, and B. Tebbs. Pixel-Planes 5: A heterogeneous multiprocessor graphics system using processor-enhanced memories. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'89, pages 79-88,1989.
[29] I. Fujishiro, Y. Takeshima, T. Azuma, and S. Takahashi. Volume data mining using 3D field topology analysis. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 20(5):46-51,2000.
[30] E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, J. Vlissides. Design patterns-elements of reusable object-oriented software. Addison-Wesley, 1995.
[31] V. Gelder, K. Kim. Direct volume rendering with shading via three-dimensional textures. Proceedings of Volume Visualization Symposium'96, pages 23-30,1996.
[32] H. Gouraud. Computer display of curved surface. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 20(6):623-629,1971.
[33] H. Fuchs, J. Poulton. Pixel-Planes: A VLSI-oriented design for a raster graphics engine. VLSI Design, 2(3):20-28,1981.
[34] J. Gao, J. Huang, C. R. Johnson, and S. Atchley. Distributed data management for large volume visualization. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'05, pages 183-189,2005.
[35] GPU: Changes Everything. http://www.nvidia.com/object/gpu.html.
[36] M.H. Gross, L. Lippert, R. Dittrich, S. Haring. Two methods for wavelet-based volume rendering. Computers and Graphics, 21(2):237-252,1997.
[37] S. Guthe, S. Roettger, A. Schieber, W. Strasser, and T. Ertl. High-quality unstructured volume rendering on the PC platform. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH /Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'02, pages 119-125, 2002.
[38] S. Guthe, M. Wand, J. Gonser, and W. Strasser. Interactive rendering of large volume data sets. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 104-115, 2002.
[39] M. Harris, G Coombe, T. Scheuermann, and A. Lastra. Physically based visual simulation on graphics hardware. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'02, pages 109-118, 2002.
[40] T. He, L. Hong, A. Kaufman, and H. Pfister. Generation of transfer functions with stochastic search techniques. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'96, pages 227-234,1996.
[41] T. He. Wavelet-assisted volume ray casting. Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing'98, pages 153-164,1998.
[42] S.Horbelt, M.Vetterli, and M. Unser. High-quality wavelet splatting for volume rendering. Wavelets and ApplicationsWorkshop (WAW), Monte Verita, Ticino,Switzerland, September 28 - October 2,1998.
[43] J. Huang, N. Shareef, R. Crawfis, P. Sadayappan, and K. Mueller. A parallel splatting algorithm with occlusion culling. Proceedings of Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualization'00, pages 125-132, 2000.
[44] J. Kajiya, and B. Von Herzen. Ray tracing volume densities. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'84, pages -, 1984.
[45] A. Kanitsar. Advanced Visualization Techniques for Vessel Investigation. Master Thesis, Vienna University of Technology, February 2001.
[46] A. Kaufman. Volume visualization. ACM Computing Surveys, 28(1):165-167,1996.
[47] T. Kay, J. Kajiya. Ray tracing complex scenes. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'86,pages 269-278, 1986.
[48] J. Kessenich, R. Baldwin. OpenGL 2.0 shading language. http://www.opengl. org/documentation/oglsl/ShaderSpecV 1.051 .pdf.
[49] G Kindlmann, W. J. Durkin. Semi-automatic generation of transfer functions for direct volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Volume Visualization Symposium'98, pages 79-86, 1998.
[50] G Kindlmann, R. Whitaker, T. Tasdizen, and T. Moller. Curvature-based transfer functions for volume rendering: methods and applications. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 513-520, 2003.
[51] J. Kniss, G Kindlmann, and C. Hansen. Interactive volume rendering using multi-dimensional transfer functions and direct manipulation widgets. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'01, pages 255-262, 2001.
[52] J. Kniss, P. McCormick, A. McPherson, J. Ahrens, J. Painter, A. Keahey, C.Hansen. Interactive texture-based volume rendering for large data sets. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(4):52-61, 2001.
[53] J. Kniss, C. Hansen, M. Grenier, and T. Robinson. Volume rendering multivariate data to visualize meteorological simulations: a case study. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'02, pages 189-194, 2002.
[54] J. Kniss, S. Premoze, C. Hansen, and D. Ebert. Interactive translucent volume rendering and procedural modeling. Proceedings IEEE Visualization'02, pages 109-116, 2002.
[55] J. Kniss, G Kindlmann, and C. Hansen. Multidimensional transfer functions for interactive volume rendering. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(4):270-285, 2002.
[56] J. Kniss, S. Premoze, M. Ikits, A. Lefohn, C. Hansen, E. Praun. Gaussian transfer functions for multi-field volume visualization. Proceedings IEEE Visualization'03,pages 497-504, 2003.
[57] J. Kniss, S. Premoze, C. Hansen, P. Shirley, and A. McPherson. A model for volume lighting and modeling. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(2): 150-162, 2003.
[58] J. Kniss, J. Schulze, U. Wossner, P. Winkler, U. Lang, C. Hansen. Medical applications of multi-field volume rendering. Proceeding of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'04, pages 249-254, 2004.
[59] J. Kniss, R. Van Uitert, A. Stephens, G. Li, T. Tasdizen. Statistically quantitative volume visualization. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2005, pages 99-99, 2005.
[60] G Knittel, T. Caster. Extensions to 3D-texturing units for accelerated volume rendering. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'99, pages 25-34,1999.
[61] A. Konig, E. Groller. Mastering transfer function specification by using VolumePro technology. Proceedings of the 17th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG'01), pages.279-286, 2001.
[62] M. Kraus, T. Ertl. Adaptive texture maps. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'02, pages 7-15,2002.
[63] M. Kraus. Direct volume visualization of geometrically unpleasant meshes. PhD Thesis, University of Stuttgart, 2003.
[64] M. Kraus. Scale-invariant volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'05, pages 295-302, 2005.
[65] J. Kruger, R. Westermann. Acceleration techniques for GPU-based volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 287-292, 2003.
[66] P. Lacroute, M. Levoy. Fast volume rendering using a shear-warp factorization of the viewing transformation. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'94, pages 451-458,1994.
[67] P. Lacroute. Analysis of a parallel volume rendering system based on the shear-warp factorization. IEEE Transactions of Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2(3):218-231, 1996.
[68] E. Larsen, D. McAllister. Fast matrix multiplies using graphics hardware.Proceedings of Supercomputing'01, pages 43-49, 2001.
[69] A. Lefohn, J. Kniss, C. Hansen, and R. Whitaker. Interactive deformation and visualization of level-set surfaces using graphics hardware. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 75-82, 2003.
[70] A. Lefohn, J. Kniss, C. Hansen, and R. Whitaker. A streaming narrow-band algorithm: interactive deformation and visualization of level-sets. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 10(40):422-433, 2004.
[71] M. Levoy. Display of surfaces from volume data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 8(3):29-37,1988.
[72] M. Levoy. A hybrid ray tracer for rendering polygon and volume data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 10(2):33-40,1990.
[73] M. Levoy. Efficient ray tracing of volume data. ACM Transactions on Graphics,9(3):245-261,1990.
[74] W. Li, A. Kaufman. Accelerating volume rendering with texture hulls. Proceedings of IEEE/SIGGRAPH Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics'02, pages 115-122, 2002.
[75] W. Li, K. Mueller, and A. Kaufman. Empty space skipping and occlusion clipping for texture-based volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 317-324, 2003.
[76] W. Li. Accelerating simulation and visualization on graphics hardware. PhD Thesis, Stony Brook University, August 2004.
[77] L. Lippert, M. H. Gross. Fast wavelet based volume rendering by accumulation of transparent texture maps. Computer Graphics Forum, 14(3):431-443,1995.
[78] P. Ljung, C. Lundstrom, A. Ynerman, and K. Musrth. Transfer function based adaptive decompression for volume rendering of large medical data sets. Proceedings of IEEE Volume Visualization and Graphics Symposium'04, pages 25-32, 2004.
[79] P. Ljung, C. Lundstrom, and A. Ynnerman. Multiresolution interblock interpolation in direct volume rendering. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'06, pages 259-266, 2006,
[80] W. Lorensen, H. Cline. Marching Cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 21(4): 163-169,July 1987.
[81] E. Lum, K. Ma, and J. Clyne. Texture hardware assisted rendering of time-varying volume data, Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '01, pages 262-270, 2001.
[82] E. Lum, A. Stompel, K. Ma. Using motion to illustrate static 3D shape-kinetic visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,9(2):115-126, 2003.
[83] E. Lum, K. Ma. Lighting transfer functions using gradient aligned sampling.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'04, pp.289-296, 2004.
[84] K. Ma. Parallel volume ray-casting for unstructured-grid data on distributed-memory architectures. Proceedings of Parallel Rendering Symposium'95, pages 23-30, 1995.
[85] K. Ma, T. Crockett. A scalable parallel cell-projection volume rendering algorithm for 3D unstructured data. Proceedings of Parallel Rendering Symposium'97,pages 95-104,1997.
[86] B. Mark, S. Glanville, K. Akeley, and M. Kilgard. Cg: A system for programming graphics hardware in a C-like language. ACM Transactions on Graphics,22(3):896-907, 2003.
[87] W. Mark, K. Proudfoot. Compiling to a VLIW fragment pipeline. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics Hardware, pages 47-55,2001.
[88] J. Marks, B. Andalman, and H. Pfister, et al. Design Galleries: a general approach to setting parameters for computer graphics and animation. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'97, pages 389-400,1997.
[89] N. Max. Light diffusion through clouds and haze. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 33:280-292,1986.
[90] N. Max. Optical models for direct volume rendering. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics, l(2):99-108, June 1995.
[91] Medical imaging toolkit. http://www.mitk.net/.
[92] M. MeiBner, J. Huang, D. Bartz, K. Mueller and R. Crawfis. A practical comparison of popular volume rendering algorithms. Proceedings of Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics'OO, pages 81-90, 2000.
[93] M. Meiβner, M. Doggett, U. Kanus, and J. Hirche. Efficient space leaping for ray-casting architectures. Proceedings of Workshop on Volume Graphics'01,pages 149-161, 2001.
[94] M. MeiBner, U. Hoffmann, and W. StraBer. Enabling classification and shading for 3D texture based volume rendering using OpenGL and extensions. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'99, pages 207-214,1999.
[95] M. MeiBner, S. Guthe, and W. StraBer. Interactive lighting models and pre-integration for volume rendering on PC graphics accelerators. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2002, pages 209-218, 2002.
[96] D. Meyers, S.Skinner, and K.Sloan. Surfaces from contours. ACM Transaction on Graphics, 11(3):228-258, July 1992.
[97] B. Mora, J. Jessel, and R. Caubet. A new object-order ray-casting algorithm.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 203-210,2002.
[98] K. Morel, E. Angel. The FFT on a GPU. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics Hardware 2003, pages 112-119, 2003.
[99] K. Moreland. Fast High Accuracy Volume Rendering. PhD Thesis, The University of New Mexico, July 2004.
[100] C. Morris, D. Ebert. Direct volume rendering of photographic volumes using multi-dimensional color-based transfer functions. Proceedings of Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'02, pages 115-124, 2002.
[101] K. Mueller, R. Crawfis. Eliminating popping artifacts in sheet buffer-based splatting. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'98, pages 239-245,1998.
[102] K. Mueller, R. Yagel. Fast perspective volume rendering with splatting by using a ray-driven approach. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'96, pages 65-72,1996.
[103] K. Mueller, N. Shareef, J. Huang, and R. Crawfis. High-quality splatting on rectilinear grids with efficient culling of occluded voxels. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 5(2):116-134,1999.
[104] K. Mueller, T. Moller, J. E. Swan, R. Crawfis, N. Shareef, and R. Yagel. Splatting errors and antialiasing. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 4(2):178-191,1998.
[105] K. Mueller, T. Moller, and R. Crawfis. Splatting without the blur. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'99, pages 363-371, 1999.
[106] N. Neophytou, K. Mueller. Space-time points: 4D splatting on efficient grids.Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics'02, pages 97-106, 2002.
[107] N. Neophytou, K. Mueller. Postconvolved splatting. Joint Eurographics-IEEE TCVG Symposium on Visualization '03, pages 223-230, 2003.
[108] N. Neophytou, K. Mueller, K. McDonnell, W. Hong, X. Guan, H. Qin, and A.Kaufman. GPU-accelerated volume splatting with elliptical IRBFs. Joint Eurographics-IEEE TCVG Symposium on Visualization'06, pages 13-20, 2006.
[109] G. Nicoletti. Advances in direct volume rendering for visualizing large 3D data sets from scientific and medical applications. Proceedings of the 5th Bi-annual,World Automation Congress, pages 245-250, 2002.
[110] G Nielson and B Hamann. The asymptotic decider: resolving the ambiguity in marching cubes. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'91, pages 83-91,1991.
[111] G Nielson. On marching cubes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(3): 283-297, 2003.
[112] nVidia Developer Relation Site. http://developer.nvidia.com.
[113] J. Orchard, T. Moller. Accelerated splatting using a 3D adjacency data structure.Graphics Interface, pages 191-200, 2001.
[114] C. Peeper, J. Mitchell. Introduction to the DirectX 9 high-level shader language.http://ati.amd.com/developer/ShaderX2IntroductionToHLSL.pdf, 2003.
[115] M. Peercy, J. Airey, and B. Cabral. Efficient bump mapping hardware.Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'97, pages 303-306, 1997.
[116] B. Phong. Illumination for computer generated pictures. Communications of the ACM, 18(6):311-317,1975.
[117] H. Pfister, B. Lorensen, C. Bajaj, G. Kindlmann, W. Schroeder, S. Avila, K. Raghu,R. Machiraju and J. Lee. The transfer function bake-off. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(3):16-22, 2001.
[118] A. Pommert, U. Tiede, G. Wiebecke, and K.H. Hohne. Surface shading in tomographic volume visualization. Proceedings of the First Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing, pages 19-26, 1990.
[119] T. Porter and T. Duff. Compositing digital images. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'84). Pages 253-259,1994.
[120] K. Proudfoot, W. Mark, P. Hanrahan, S. Tzvetkov. A real time procedural system for programmable graphics hardware. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'01,pages 159-170, 2001.
[121] Powering innovation along the imaging pathway. http://www.terarecon.com/
[122] T. Purcell, I. Buck, W. Mark, and P. Hanrahan. Ray tracing on programmable hardware. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'02, pages 703-712, 2002.
[123] C. Rezk-Salama, K. Engel, M. Bauer, G Greiner, and T. Ertl. Interactive volume rendering on standard PC graphics hardware using multi-texturing and multi-stage rasterization. Proceedings of Eurographics/SIGGRAPH Workshop on Graphics Hardware'OO, pages 109-118, 2000.
[124] C. Rezk-Salama. Volume Rendering Techniques for General Purpose Graphics Hardware. PhD thesis, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 2002.
[125] S. Roettger, T. Ertl. A two-step approach for interactive pre-integrated volume rendering of unstructured grids. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 23-28, 2002.
[126] S. Roettger, S. Guthe, D. Weiskopf, T. Ertl, and W. Strasser. Smart hardware-accelerated volume rendering. Proceedings of Symposium on Visualization'03, pages 231-238, 2003.
[127] GW. Romney, GS. Watkins and D.C. Evans. Real time display of computer generated half-tone perspective pictures. Proceedings of IFIP Congress 1968,pages 973-978,1968.
[128] R. Rost. OpenGL shading language. Addison-Wesley, 2004.
[129] P. Sabella. A rendering algorithm for visualizing 3D scalar fields. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'88), pages 51-58,1988.
[130] M. Segal, C. Korobkin, and P. Haeberli. Fast shadows and lighting effects using texture mapping. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'92), pages 249-253,1992.
[131] C. Schlick. A fast alternative to Phong's specular model. Graphics gems IV, pages 385-386, Heckbert P., (Ed.). Academic Press, 1994.
[132] J. Schneider, R. Westermann. Compression domain volume rendering.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '03, pages 293-300, 2003.
[133] J. P. Schulze, M. Kraus, U. Lang, and T. Ertl. Integrating pre-integration into the shear-warp algorithm. Proceedings of Volume Graphics'03, pages 109-118, 2003.
[134] Seeing is believing. http://www.viatronix.com/.
[135] A. Sherbondy, M. Houston, and S. Napel. Fast volume segmentation with simultaneous visualization using programmable graphics hardware. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 171-176, 2003.
[136] I. Sobel. An isotropic 3x3x3 volume gradient operator. Unpublished manuscript,1995.
[137] R. Strzodka, A. Telea. Generalized distance transforms and skeletons in graphics hardware. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'04, pages 221-230, 2004.
[138] A. Sud, M. Otaduy, and D. Manocha. Difi: Fast 3D distance field computation using graphics hardware. Computer Graphics Forum, 23(3):557-566, 2004.
[139] N Svakhine, D. Ebert, D. Stredney. Illustration motifs for effective medical volume illustration, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 25(3), pages 31-39, 2005.
[140] J. Sweeney, K. Mueller. Shear-warp deluxe: the shear-warp algorithm revisited.Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'02,pages 95-104, 2002.
[141] The image of understanding. http://www.vitalimages.com/.
[142] The Visible Human Project?. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html.
[143] T. Theuβ1, H. Hauser, and M. Groller. Mastering windows: improving reconstruction. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'00, pages 101-108, 2000.
[144] P. Thevenaz, T. Blu, and M. Unser. Interpolation revisited. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 19(7):739-758, 2000.
[145] T. Totsuka, M. Levoy. Frequency domain volume rendering. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'93, pages 271-278,1993.
[146] F. Tzeng, E. Lum, and K. Ma. A novel interface for higher-dimensional classification of volume data. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 505-512,2003.
[147] J. K. Udupa, S. Samarasekera. Fuzzy connectedness and object definition: theory,algorithms, and applications in image segmentation. Graphical Models and Image Processing, 58(3):246-261,1996.
[148] J. K. Udupa, P. K. Saha, R. A. Lotufo. Fuzzy connected object definition in images with respect to co-objects. Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging, pages 236-245,1999.
[149] J. K. Udupa, P. K. Saha, R. A. Lotufo. Relative fuzzy connectedness and object definition: theory, algorithms, and applications in image segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(11): 1485-1500,2002.
[150] J. K. Udupa, P. K. Saha. Fuzzy connectedness and image segmentation.Proceedings of the IEEE Parallel and Large-Data Visualization and Graphics'03,pages 1649-1669, 2003.
[151] L. Vincent. Morphological grayscale reconstruction in image analysis,applications and efficient algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2(2):176-201,1993.
[152] L. Wang, Y. Zhao, K. Mueller, and A. Kaufman. The Magic Volume Lens: An interactive focus+context technique for volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '05, pages 367-374, 2005.
[153] M. Weiler, M. Kraus, M. Merz, and T. Ertl. Hardware-based view-independent cell projection. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,9(2): 163-175, 2003.
[154] M. Weiler, M. Kraus, M. Merz, and T. Ertl. Hardware-based ray-casting for tetrahedral meshes. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 333-340, 2003.
[155] D. Weiskopf, K. Engel, and T. Ertl. Volume clipping via per-fragment operations in texture-based volume visualization. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02,pages 93-100, 2002.
[156] D. Weiskopf, K. Engel, and T. Ertl. Interactive clipping techniques for texture-based volume visualization and volume shading. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(3):298-312, 2003.
[157] R. Westermann, T. Ertl. Efficiently using graphics hardware in volume rendering applications. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'99, pages 169-177, 1999.
[158] L. Westover. Footprint evaluation for volume rendering. Computer Graphics, 24(4):367-376, 1990.
[159] Y. Wu, V. Bhatia, H. Lauer, and L. Seiler. Shear-image ray-casting volume rendering. ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics'03, pages 152-162, 2003.
[160] R. Yagel, D. Cohen, and A. Kaufman. Normal estimation in 3d discrete space. The Visual Computer, 8(5-6):278-291, 1992.
[161] C. Zhang, R. Crawfis. Volumetric shadows using splatting. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '02, pages 85-92, 2002.
[162] C. Zhang, R. Crawfis. Shadows and soft shadows with participating media using splatting. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(2):139-149, 2003.
[163] Jie Zheng, Hongbing Ji, Wanhai Yang. Hardware accelerated boundary enhancement in volume rendering. Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP04), pages 1314-1317, 2004.
[164] Jie Zheng, Hongbing Ji. High quality per-pixel shading in texture-based volume rendering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks and Brain (ICNN&B2005), pages 1258-1261, 2005.
[165] Jie Zheng, Hongbing Ji, Wanhai Yang. Interactive PC texture-based volume rendering for large datasets. Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control(ICICIC2006), pages 350-353, 2006.
[166] J. Zhou, A. Drring, K. D. Tonnies. Distance based enhancement for focal region based volume rendering. Proceedings of Bildverarbeitung fur die Medizin 2004, pages 199-203, 2004.
[167] S. Zucker and R Hummel. A three-dimensional edge operator. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 3(3):324-331, 1981.
[168] M. Zwicker, H. Pfister, J. Baar, and M. Gross. Surface splatting. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'01, pages 371-78, 2001.
[169] M. Zwicker, H. Pfister, J. Baar, and M. Gross. EWA. volume splatting. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(3):223-238, 2002.
[170] 黄春桦。医学影像三维可视化系统设计及关键技术研究。西安电子科技大学硕士论文，2005年1月。
[2] Advancing healthcare through innovation software solutions http://www.cedara.com/.
[3] AMD Corporation. ATI Developer Relation Site. http://ati.amd.com/developer/index.html.
[4] ARBFragmentProgram. http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/registry/ARB/fragment_program.txt.
[5] ARB Vertex Program.http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/registry/ARB/vertex _program.txt.
[6] Best practices for shader model 3.0. http://download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2004/6800_Leagues/6800_Leagues_SM3_Best_Practices.pdf
[7] S. Bergner, T. Moller, M. Drew, and G Finlayson. Interactive spectral volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 101-108, 2002.
[8] F. Bernardon, S. Callahan, L. Comba, and T. Silva. Interactive volume rendering of unstructured grids with time-varying scalar fields. Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Parallel Graphics and Visualization'06, pages 51-58, 2006.
[9] F. Blinn. Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures. Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH 77), 11:192-198,1977.
[10] F. Blinn. Light reflection functions for simulation of clouds and dusty surfaces.Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH 82), 16:21-29,1982.
[11] J. Bolz, I. Farmer, E. Grinspun, and P. Schroder. The GPU as numerical simulation engine. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAH'03, pages 917-924, 2003.
[12] M. Bosma, J. Smit, and J. Scheltinga. Super resolution volume rendering Hardware. Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Graphics Hardware,.EuroGraphics Technical Report Series, pages 117-122,1995.
[13] S. Bruckner, S. Grimm, A. Kanitsar, and M. Groller. Illustrative context-preserving exploration of volume data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(6):1559-1569, 2006.
[14] S. Bruckner, M. Groller. Exploded views for volume data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(5): 1077-1084, 2006.
[15] M. Burns, J. Klawe, S. Rusinkiewicz, A. Finkelstein, D. DeCarlo. Line drawings from volume data. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 24(3):512-518, 2005.
[16] B. Cabral, N. Cam, and I. Foran. Accelerated volume rendering and tomographic reconstruction using texture mapping hardware. Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Volume Visualization'94, pages 91-98, 1994.
[17] W. Chen, L. Ren, M. Zwicker, and H. Pfister. Hardware-accelerated adaptive EWA volume splatting. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2004, 2004.
[18] J. Clark. The geometry engine: A VLSI geometry system for graphics.Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH '82, pages 127-133,1982.
[19] F. Dachille, K. Kreeger, B. Chen, I. Bitter, and A. Kaufman. High-quality volume rendering using texture mapping hardware. Proceedings of Eurographics/SIGGRAPH Workshop on Graphics Hardware'98, pages 69-76,1998.
[20] D. Daneels, D. Campenhout. Interactive outlining: an improved approach using active contours. Proceedings of SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pages 226-233,1993.
[21] R. Dougherty, R. Edward. An introduction to morphological image processing,SPIE Optical Engineering Press, TT-9.1992.
[22] R. Drebin, L. Carpenter, and P. Hanrahan. Volume rendering. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'88), pages 65-74,1998.
[23] D. Ebert, C. Morris, P. Rheingans, and T. Yoo. Designing effective transfer functions for volume rendering from photographics volumes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(2):183-197, 2002.
[24] K. Engel, M. Kraus, and T. Ertl. High-quality Pre-integrated volume rendering using hardware-accelerated pixel shading. Proceedings of Eurographics /SIGGRAPH Workshop Graphics Hardware'01, pages 9-16, 2001.
[25] J. Eyles, J. Austin, H. Fuchs, T. Greer, and J. Poulton. Pixel-Plane 4: A summary,advances in computer graphics hardware II. Proceedings of Eurographics Seminars Tutorials and Perspectives in Computer Graphics, pages 183-208, 1988.
[26] Feng Dong, G Clapworthy, Hai Lin, M. Krokos. Nonphotorealistic rendering of medical volume data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 23(4):44-52,2003.
[27] N. Fout, H. Akiba, K. Ma, A. Lefohn, and J. Kniss. High-quality rendering of compressed volume data formats. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization 2005, pages 77-84, 2005.
[28] H. Fuchs, L. Israel, J. Poulton, J. Eyles, T. Greer, J. Goldfeather, D. Ellsworth, S.Molnar, G. Turk, and B. Tebbs. Pixel-Planes 5: A heterogeneous multiprocessor graphics system using processor-enhanced memories. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'89, pages 79-88,1989.
[29] I. Fujishiro, Y. Takeshima, T. Azuma, and S. Takahashi. Volume data mining using 3D field topology analysis. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 20(5):46-51,2000.
[30] E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, J. Vlissides. Design patterns-elements of reusable object-oriented software. Addison-Wesley, 1995.
[31] V. Gelder, K. Kim. Direct volume rendering with shading via three-dimensional textures. Proceedings of Volume Visualization Symposium'96, pages 23-30,1996.
[32] H. Gouraud. Computer display of curved surface. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 20(6):623-629,1971.
[33] H. Fuchs, J. Poulton. Pixel-Planes: A VLSI-oriented design for a raster graphics engine. VLSI Design, 2(3):20-28,1981.
[34] J. Gao, J. Huang, C. R. Johnson, and S. Atchley. Distributed data management for large volume visualization. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'05, pages 183-189,2005.
[35] GPU: Changes Everything. http://www.nvidia.com/object/gpu.html.
[36] M.H. Gross, L. Lippert, R. Dittrich, S. Haring. Two methods for wavelet-based volume rendering. Computers and Graphics, 21(2):237-252,1997.
[37] S. Guthe, S. Roettger, A. Schieber, W. Strasser, and T. Ertl. High-quality unstructured volume rendering on the PC platform. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH /Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'02, pages 119-125, 2002.
[38] S. Guthe, M. Wand, J. Gonser, and W. Strasser. Interactive rendering of large volume data sets. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 104-115, 2002.
[39] M. Harris, G Coombe, T. Scheuermann, and A. Lastra. Physically based visual simulation on graphics hardware. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'02, pages 109-118, 2002.
[40] T. He, L. Hong, A. Kaufman, and H. Pfister. Generation of transfer functions with stochastic search techniques. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'96, pages 227-234,1996.
[41] T. He. Wavelet-assisted volume ray casting. Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing'98, pages 153-164,1998.
[42] S.Horbelt, M.Vetterli, and M. Unser. High-quality wavelet splatting for volume rendering. Wavelets and ApplicationsWorkshop (WAW), Monte Verita, Ticino,Switzerland, September 28 - October 2,1998.
[43] J. Huang, N. Shareef, R. Crawfis, P. Sadayappan, and K. Mueller. A parallel splatting algorithm with occlusion culling. Proceedings of Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualization'00, pages 125-132, 2000.
[44] J. Kajiya, and B. Von Herzen. Ray tracing volume densities. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'84, pages -, 1984.
[45] A. Kanitsar. Advanced Visualization Techniques for Vessel Investigation. Master Thesis, Vienna University of Technology, February 2001.
[46] A. Kaufman. Volume visualization. ACM Computing Surveys, 28(1):165-167,1996.
[47] T. Kay, J. Kajiya. Ray tracing complex scenes. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'86,pages 269-278, 1986.
[48] J. Kessenich, R. Baldwin. OpenGL 2.0 shading language. http://www.opengl. org/documentation/oglsl/ShaderSpecV 1.051 .pdf.
[49] G Kindlmann, W. J. Durkin. Semi-automatic generation of transfer functions for direct volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Volume Visualization Symposium'98, pages 79-86, 1998.
[50] G Kindlmann, R. Whitaker, T. Tasdizen, and T. Moller. Curvature-based transfer functions for volume rendering: methods and applications. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 513-520, 2003.
[51] J. Kniss, G Kindlmann, and C. Hansen. Interactive volume rendering using multi-dimensional transfer functions and direct manipulation widgets. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'01, pages 255-262, 2001.
[52] J. Kniss, P. McCormick, A. McPherson, J. Ahrens, J. Painter, A. Keahey, C.Hansen. Interactive texture-based volume rendering for large data sets. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(4):52-61, 2001.
[53] J. Kniss, C. Hansen, M. Grenier, and T. Robinson. Volume rendering multivariate data to visualize meteorological simulations: a case study. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'02, pages 189-194, 2002.
[54] J. Kniss, S. Premoze, C. Hansen, and D. Ebert. Interactive translucent volume rendering and procedural modeling. Proceedings IEEE Visualization'02, pages 109-116, 2002.
[55] J. Kniss, G Kindlmann, and C. Hansen. Multidimensional transfer functions for interactive volume rendering. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(4):270-285, 2002.
[56] J. Kniss, S. Premoze, M. Ikits, A. Lefohn, C. Hansen, E. Praun. Gaussian transfer functions for multi-field volume visualization. Proceedings IEEE Visualization'03,pages 497-504, 2003.
[57] J. Kniss, S. Premoze, C. Hansen, P. Shirley, and A. McPherson. A model for volume lighting and modeling. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(2): 150-162, 2003.
[58] J. Kniss, J. Schulze, U. Wossner, P. Winkler, U. Lang, C. Hansen. Medical applications of multi-field volume rendering. Proceeding of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'04, pages 249-254, 2004.
[59] J. Kniss, R. Van Uitert, A. Stephens, G. Li, T. Tasdizen. Statistically quantitative volume visualization. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2005, pages 99-99, 2005.
[60] G Knittel, T. Caster. Extensions to 3D-texturing units for accelerated volume rendering. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'99, pages 25-34,1999.
[61] A. Konig, E. Groller. Mastering transfer function specification by using VolumePro technology. Proceedings of the 17th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG'01), pages.279-286, 2001.
[62] M. Kraus, T. Ertl. Adaptive texture maps. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware'02, pages 7-15,2002.
[63] M. Kraus. Direct volume visualization of geometrically unpleasant meshes. PhD Thesis, University of Stuttgart, 2003.
[64] M. Kraus. Scale-invariant volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'05, pages 295-302, 2005.
[65] J. Kruger, R. Westermann. Acceleration techniques for GPU-based volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 287-292, 2003.
[66] P. Lacroute, M. Levoy. Fast volume rendering using a shear-warp factorization of the viewing transformation. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'94, pages 451-458,1994.
[67] P. Lacroute. Analysis of a parallel volume rendering system based on the shear-warp factorization. IEEE Transactions of Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2(3):218-231, 1996.
[68] E. Larsen, D. McAllister. Fast matrix multiplies using graphics hardware.Proceedings of Supercomputing'01, pages 43-49, 2001.
[69] A. Lefohn, J. Kniss, C. Hansen, and R. Whitaker. Interactive deformation and visualization of level-set surfaces using graphics hardware. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 75-82, 2003.
[70] A. Lefohn, J. Kniss, C. Hansen, and R. Whitaker. A streaming narrow-band algorithm: interactive deformation and visualization of level-sets. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 10(40):422-433, 2004.
[71] M. Levoy. Display of surfaces from volume data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 8(3):29-37,1988.
[72] M. Levoy. A hybrid ray tracer for rendering polygon and volume data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 10(2):33-40,1990.
[73] M. Levoy. Efficient ray tracing of volume data. ACM Transactions on Graphics,9(3):245-261,1990.
[74] W. Li, A. Kaufman. Accelerating volume rendering with texture hulls. Proceedings of IEEE/SIGGRAPH Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics'02, pages 115-122, 2002.
[75] W. Li, K. Mueller, and A. Kaufman. Empty space skipping and occlusion clipping for texture-based volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 317-324, 2003.
[76] W. Li. Accelerating simulation and visualization on graphics hardware. PhD Thesis, Stony Brook University, August 2004.
[77] L. Lippert, M. H. Gross. Fast wavelet based volume rendering by accumulation of transparent texture maps. Computer Graphics Forum, 14(3):431-443,1995.
[78] P. Ljung, C. Lundstrom, A. Ynerman, and K. Musrth. Transfer function based adaptive decompression for volume rendering of large medical data sets. Proceedings of IEEE Volume Visualization and Graphics Symposium'04, pages 25-32, 2004.
[79] P. Ljung, C. Lundstrom, and A. Ynnerman. Multiresolution interblock interpolation in direct volume rendering. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'06, pages 259-266, 2006,
[80] W. Lorensen, H. Cline. Marching Cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 21(4): 163-169,July 1987.
[81] E. Lum, K. Ma, and J. Clyne. Texture hardware assisted rendering of time-varying volume data, Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '01, pages 262-270, 2001.
[82] E. Lum, A. Stompel, K. Ma. Using motion to illustrate static 3D shape-kinetic visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,9(2):115-126, 2003.
[83] E. Lum, K. Ma. Lighting transfer functions using gradient aligned sampling.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'04, pp.289-296, 2004.
[84] K. Ma. Parallel volume ray-casting for unstructured-grid data on distributed-memory architectures. Proceedings of Parallel Rendering Symposium'95, pages 23-30, 1995.
[85] K. Ma, T. Crockett. A scalable parallel cell-projection volume rendering algorithm for 3D unstructured data. Proceedings of Parallel Rendering Symposium'97,pages 95-104,1997.
[86] B. Mark, S. Glanville, K. Akeley, and M. Kilgard. Cg: A system for programming graphics hardware in a C-like language. ACM Transactions on Graphics,22(3):896-907, 2003.
[87] W. Mark, K. Proudfoot. Compiling to a VLIW fragment pipeline. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics Hardware, pages 47-55,2001.
[88] J. Marks, B. Andalman, and H. Pfister, et al. Design Galleries: a general approach to setting parameters for computer graphics and animation. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'97, pages 389-400,1997.
[89] N. Max. Light diffusion through clouds and haze. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 33:280-292,1986.
[90] N. Max. Optical models for direct volume rendering. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics, l(2):99-108, June 1995.
[91] Medical imaging toolkit. http://www.mitk.net/.
[92] M. MeiBner, J. Huang, D. Bartz, K. Mueller and R. Crawfis. A practical comparison of popular volume rendering algorithms. Proceedings of Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics'OO, pages 81-90, 2000.
[93] M. Meiβner, M. Doggett, U. Kanus, and J. Hirche. Efficient space leaping for ray-casting architectures. Proceedings of Workshop on Volume Graphics'01,pages 149-161, 2001.
[94] M. MeiBner, U. Hoffmann, and W. StraBer. Enabling classification and shading for 3D texture based volume rendering using OpenGL and extensions. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'99, pages 207-214,1999.
[95] M. MeiBner, S. Guthe, and W. StraBer. Interactive lighting models and pre-integration for volume rendering on PC graphics accelerators. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2002, pages 209-218, 2002.
[96] D. Meyers, S.Skinner, and K.Sloan. Surfaces from contours. ACM Transaction on Graphics, 11(3):228-258, July 1992.
[97] B. Mora, J. Jessel, and R. Caubet. A new object-order ray-casting algorithm.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 203-210,2002.
[98] K. Morel, E. Angel. The FFT on a GPU. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics Hardware 2003, pages 112-119, 2003.
[99] K. Moreland. Fast High Accuracy Volume Rendering. PhD Thesis, The University of New Mexico, July 2004.
[100] C. Morris, D. Ebert. Direct volume rendering of photographic volumes using multi-dimensional color-based transfer functions. Proceedings of Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'02, pages 115-124, 2002.
[101] K. Mueller, R. Crawfis. Eliminating popping artifacts in sheet buffer-based splatting. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'98, pages 239-245,1998.
[102] K. Mueller, R. Yagel. Fast perspective volume rendering with splatting by using a ray-driven approach. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'96, pages 65-72,1996.
[103] K. Mueller, N. Shareef, J. Huang, and R. Crawfis. High-quality splatting on rectilinear grids with efficient culling of occluded voxels. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 5(2):116-134,1999.
[104] K. Mueller, T. Moller, J. E. Swan, R. Crawfis, N. Shareef, and R. Yagel. Splatting errors and antialiasing. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 4(2):178-191,1998.
[105] K. Mueller, T. Moller, and R. Crawfis. Splatting without the blur. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'99, pages 363-371, 1999.
[106] N. Neophytou, K. Mueller. Space-time points: 4D splatting on efficient grids.Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics'02, pages 97-106, 2002.
[107] N. Neophytou, K. Mueller. Postconvolved splatting. Joint Eurographics-IEEE TCVG Symposium on Visualization '03, pages 223-230, 2003.
[108] N. Neophytou, K. Mueller, K. McDonnell, W. Hong, X. Guan, H. Qin, and A.Kaufman. GPU-accelerated volume splatting with elliptical IRBFs. Joint Eurographics-IEEE TCVG Symposium on Visualization'06, pages 13-20, 2006.
[109] G. Nicoletti. Advances in direct volume rendering for visualizing large 3D data sets from scientific and medical applications. Proceedings of the 5th Bi-annual,World Automation Congress, pages 245-250, 2002.
[110] G Nielson and B Hamann. The asymptotic decider: resolving the ambiguity in marching cubes. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'91, pages 83-91,1991.
[111] G Nielson. On marching cubes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(3): 283-297, 2003.
[112] nVidia Developer Relation Site. http://developer.nvidia.com.
[113] J. Orchard, T. Moller. Accelerated splatting using a 3D adjacency data structure.Graphics Interface, pages 191-200, 2001.
[114] C. Peeper, J. Mitchell. Introduction to the DirectX 9 high-level shader language.http://ati.amd.com/developer/ShaderX2IntroductionToHLSL.pdf, 2003.
[115] M. Peercy, J. Airey, and B. Cabral. Efficient bump mapping hardware.Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'97, pages 303-306, 1997.
[116] B. Phong. Illumination for computer generated pictures. Communications of the ACM, 18(6):311-317,1975.
[117] H. Pfister, B. Lorensen, C. Bajaj, G. Kindlmann, W. Schroeder, S. Avila, K. Raghu,R. Machiraju and J. Lee. The transfer function bake-off. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(3):16-22, 2001.
[118] A. Pommert, U. Tiede, G. Wiebecke, and K.H. Hohne. Surface shading in tomographic volume visualization. Proceedings of the First Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing, pages 19-26, 1990.
[119] T. Porter and T. Duff. Compositing digital images. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'84). Pages 253-259,1994.
[120] K. Proudfoot, W. Mark, P. Hanrahan, S. Tzvetkov. A real time procedural system for programmable graphics hardware. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'01,pages 159-170, 2001.
[121] Powering innovation along the imaging pathway. http://www.terarecon.com/
[122] T. Purcell, I. Buck, W. Mark, and P. Hanrahan. Ray tracing on programmable hardware. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'02, pages 703-712, 2002.
[123] C. Rezk-Salama, K. Engel, M. Bauer, G Greiner, and T. Ertl. Interactive volume rendering on standard PC graphics hardware using multi-texturing and multi-stage rasterization. Proceedings of Eurographics/SIGGRAPH Workshop on Graphics Hardware'OO, pages 109-118, 2000.
[124] C. Rezk-Salama. Volume Rendering Techniques for General Purpose Graphics Hardware. PhD thesis, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 2002.
[125] S. Roettger, T. Ertl. A two-step approach for interactive pre-integrated volume rendering of unstructured grids. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02, pages 23-28, 2002.
[126] S. Roettger, S. Guthe, D. Weiskopf, T. Ertl, and W. Strasser. Smart hardware-accelerated volume rendering. Proceedings of Symposium on Visualization'03, pages 231-238, 2003.
[127] GW. Romney, GS. Watkins and D.C. Evans. Real time display of computer generated half-tone perspective pictures. Proceedings of IFIP Congress 1968,pages 973-978,1968.
[128] R. Rost. OpenGL shading language. Addison-Wesley, 2004.
[129] P. Sabella. A rendering algorithm for visualizing 3D scalar fields. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'88), pages 51-58,1988.
[130] M. Segal, C. Korobkin, and P. Haeberli. Fast shadows and lighting effects using texture mapping. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'92), pages 249-253,1992.
[131] C. Schlick. A fast alternative to Phong's specular model. Graphics gems IV, pages 385-386, Heckbert P., (Ed.). Academic Press, 1994.
[132] J. Schneider, R. Westermann. Compression domain volume rendering.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '03, pages 293-300, 2003.
[133] J. P. Schulze, M. Kraus, U. Lang, and T. Ertl. Integrating pre-integration into the shear-warp algorithm. Proceedings of Volume Graphics'03, pages 109-118, 2003.
[134] Seeing is believing. http://www.viatronix.com/.
[135] A. Sherbondy, M. Houston, and S. Napel. Fast volume segmentation with simultaneous visualization using programmable graphics hardware. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 171-176, 2003.
[136] I. Sobel. An isotropic 3x3x3 volume gradient operator. Unpublished manuscript,1995.
[137] R. Strzodka, A. Telea. Generalized distance transforms and skeletons in graphics hardware. Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'04, pages 221-230, 2004.
[138] A. Sud, M. Otaduy, and D. Manocha. Difi: Fast 3D distance field computation using graphics hardware. Computer Graphics Forum, 23(3):557-566, 2004.
[139] N Svakhine, D. Ebert, D. Stredney. Illustration motifs for effective medical volume illustration, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 25(3), pages 31-39, 2005.
[140] J. Sweeney, K. Mueller. Shear-warp deluxe: the shear-warp algorithm revisited.Proceedings of Joint Eurographics-IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization'02,pages 95-104, 2002.
[141] The image of understanding. http://www.vitalimages.com/.
[142] The Visible Human Project?. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html.
[143] T. Theuβ1, H. Hauser, and M. Groller. Mastering windows: improving reconstruction. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'00, pages 101-108, 2000.
[144] P. Thevenaz, T. Blu, and M. Unser. Interpolation revisited. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 19(7):739-758, 2000.
[145] T. Totsuka, M. Levoy. Frequency domain volume rendering. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'93, pages 271-278,1993.
[146] F. Tzeng, E. Lum, and K. Ma. A novel interface for higher-dimensional classification of volume data. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 505-512,2003.
[147] J. K. Udupa, S. Samarasekera. Fuzzy connectedness and object definition: theory,algorithms, and applications in image segmentation. Graphical Models and Image Processing, 58(3):246-261,1996.
[148] J. K. Udupa, P. K. Saha, R. A. Lotufo. Fuzzy connected object definition in images with respect to co-objects. Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging, pages 236-245,1999.
[149] J. K. Udupa, P. K. Saha, R. A. Lotufo. Relative fuzzy connectedness and object definition: theory, algorithms, and applications in image segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(11): 1485-1500,2002.
[150] J. K. Udupa, P. K. Saha. Fuzzy connectedness and image segmentation.Proceedings of the IEEE Parallel and Large-Data Visualization and Graphics'03,pages 1649-1669, 2003.
[151] L. Vincent. Morphological grayscale reconstruction in image analysis,applications and efficient algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2(2):176-201,1993.
[152] L. Wang, Y. Zhao, K. Mueller, and A. Kaufman. The Magic Volume Lens: An interactive focus+context technique for volume rendering. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '05, pages 367-374, 2005.
[153] M. Weiler, M. Kraus, M. Merz, and T. Ertl. Hardware-based view-independent cell projection. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,9(2): 163-175, 2003.
[154] M. Weiler, M. Kraus, M. Merz, and T. Ertl. Hardware-based ray-casting for tetrahedral meshes. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'03, pages 333-340, 2003.
[155] D. Weiskopf, K. Engel, and T. Ertl. Volume clipping via per-fragment operations in texture-based volume visualization. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'02,pages 93-100, 2002.
[156] D. Weiskopf, K. Engel, and T. Ertl. Interactive clipping techniques for texture-based volume visualization and volume shading. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(3):298-312, 2003.
[157] R. Westermann, T. Ertl. Efficiently using graphics hardware in volume rendering applications. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'99, pages 169-177, 1999.
[158] L. Westover. Footprint evaluation for volume rendering. Computer Graphics, 24(4):367-376, 1990.
[159] Y. Wu, V. Bhatia, H. Lauer, and L. Seiler. Shear-image ray-casting volume rendering. ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics'03, pages 152-162, 2003.
[160] R. Yagel, D. Cohen, and A. Kaufman. Normal estimation in 3d discrete space. The Visual Computer, 8(5-6):278-291, 1992.
[161] C. Zhang, R. Crawfis. Volumetric shadows using splatting. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '02, pages 85-92, 2002.
[162] C. Zhang, R. Crawfis. Shadows and soft shadows with participating media using splatting. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 9(2):139-149, 2003.
[163] Jie Zheng, Hongbing Ji, Wanhai Yang. Hardware accelerated boundary enhancement in volume rendering. Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP04), pages 1314-1317, 2004.
[164] Jie Zheng, Hongbing Ji. High quality per-pixel shading in texture-based volume rendering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks and Brain (ICNN&B2005), pages 1258-1261, 2005.
[165] Jie Zheng, Hongbing Ji, Wanhai Yang. Interactive PC texture-based volume rendering for large datasets. Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control(ICICIC2006), pages 350-353, 2006.
[166] J. Zhou, A. Drring, K. D. Tonnies. Distance based enhancement for focal region based volume rendering. Proceedings of Bildverarbeitung fur die Medizin 2004, pages 199-203, 2004.
[167] S. Zucker and R Hummel. A three-dimensional edge operator. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 3(3):324-331, 1981.
[168] M. Zwicker, H. Pfister, J. Baar, and M. Gross. Surface splatting. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'01, pages 371-78, 2001.
[169] M. Zwicker, H. Pfister, J. Baar, and M. Gross. EWA. volume splatting. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(3):223-238, 2002.
[170] 黄春桦。医学影像三维可视化系统设计及关键技术研究。西安电子科技大学硕士论文，2005年1月。