复杂曲面激光测量与重构相关技术研究
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摘要
产品数字开发技术是现代产品开发技术中的核心技术之一。逆向工程是实现产品数字开发的重要方法,成为当今研究的一个热点方向。它被广泛用于翻制模具、复制零件、快速原型制造等方面。
论文总结了现阶段国内外逆向工程的研究和应用成果,对点云获取的不同方法进行分析和比较;论述了利用激光扫描仪LSH-800进行曲面测量的原理、方法和关键问题;对复杂曲面进行了激光扫描测量。
论文详细研究了点云数据的处理问题,针对实物样件进行数字化时,不能在同一坐标系下将产品的几何数据一次测出的问题,即点云数据的坐标定位问题,采用基本像素进行定位的方法,将多次扫描得到的点云资料整合在同一坐标系下,解决了点数据输入软件时点坐标不统一的现象。用这种方法进行定位可以得到很高的整合精度。
采用角度判别法,对点云数据中的误差点进行删除,并利用surfacer软件的强大功能,对点云数据的精简、点云数据的特征识别、数据分割等关键问题进行了分析研究,为后续曲面重构的准确性奠定了基础。
对逆向工程中曲面重构的基本理论进行了探索;研究了如何应用计算机辅助设计技术,进行三维曲面的拟合、延伸、剪切、求交等混和运算问题,探索出复杂自由曲面重构的方法和规律;研究了进行逆向工程项目时,在点云数据的精度和客户要求已知的情况下,曲面构建过程中,对曲线和曲面的拟合误差的分配方法。
由于构建倒角曲面时,在三个倒角的交界处经常会出现三边所形成的破洞,虽然Surfacer提供了直接构建三边曲面的功能,但由软件直接创建的三边曲面补片容易出现尖点,而且和周围的曲面缝补起来后形状不易调整。针对此问题,本文提出了在Surfacer环境中用“辅助法”构建三边曲面补片的新方法,该方法有效弥补了Surfacer的不足,具有很好的使用价值。
最后作者运用Surfacer软件对螺旋锥齿轮模型的构建进行了研究,并进行了螺旋锥齿轮的三维CAD造型。利用该模型能够方便进行运动仿真分析,齿轮修形和
Digital development is one of the key technology for product development nowadays. Reverse Engineering is an important method to carry out product digital development. It is widely used in reproducing module and replicating accessory and rapid prototype manufacturing and etc.Researching and application achievement about reverse engineering in country and abroad are summarized, and several approaches to obtain point clouds are analyzed and compared. The principle and the method, as well as the key problem in surface measurement using Laser Scan Machine LSH-800 are discussed in detail.Author researches the management problem of point clouds in detail. In reverse engineering, When we measure an existing object, sometimes we cann' t measure the whole object in one coordinate system, so we must measure the object by several times. Then the point clouds should be settled in the same coordinate system, namely coordinate orientation matter. In the paper, author puts forward primitive element method which can make point clouds in different coordinate system in the same coordinate system. If we use this method on the point clouds, its presicion will be very high.In this paper, author uses angle distinguish method deleting error points. Also the sampling and the feature extraction and segmentation of point clouds are analyzed and reaseached to make surface reconstruction more exactly.In this paper, the essential theory of reverse engineering and surface reconstruction are researched and explored. Further more, author researched how to deal with 3D surface with CAD technology and summarized rule and method. Also, author put forward an error distribute method during surface reconstruction when we carried out a reverse engineering project.When we construct a fillet surface, a three-triangle hole will
occur. Although we use Surfacer can deal with the three-triangle hole directly, a tine point will occur in the three-triangle patch which is obtained by Surfacer directly, moreover it cann' t patch with neighbour surface successfully. Aimed at this question, author put forward a method called assistant method to construct three-triangle patch. This method compensate the shortcoming of Surfacer, so it has good application value.In the last part of this paper, author researched the construct process of spiral bevel gear in reverse engineering Surfacer environment. Using this CAD model , we are able to carry out movement simulation analysis, we are able to modify tooth pattern, to optimize the design of the gear, and to provide basic gear data to CNC and die cutting.If the theory and application of Reverse Engineering in the industry design fields are researched in detail, the level of industry design would be improved, the cost of the product design would be reduced, the period of the development would be shorten, the competition of the product in international market would be improved. The study of this paper enriched the theory and method in the sculpt and design of industrial product, and would promote the application and popularization of reverse engineering in industry design field.
论文总结了现阶段国内外逆向工程的研究和应用成果,对点云获取的不同方法进行分析和比较;论述了利用激光扫描仪LSH-800进行曲面测量的原理、方法和关键问题;对复杂曲面进行了激光扫描测量。
论文详细研究了点云数据的处理问题,针对实物样件进行数字化时,不能在同一坐标系下将产品的几何数据一次测出的问题,即点云数据的坐标定位问题,采用基本像素进行定位的方法,将多次扫描得到的点云资料整合在同一坐标系下,解决了点数据输入软件时点坐标不统一的现象。用这种方法进行定位可以得到很高的整合精度。
采用角度判别法,对点云数据中的误差点进行删除,并利用surfacer软件的强大功能,对点云数据的精简、点云数据的特征识别、数据分割等关键问题进行了分析研究,为后续曲面重构的准确性奠定了基础。
对逆向工程中曲面重构的基本理论进行了探索;研究了如何应用计算机辅助设计技术,进行三维曲面的拟合、延伸、剪切、求交等混和运算问题,探索出复杂自由曲面重构的方法和规律;研究了进行逆向工程项目时,在点云数据的精度和客户要求已知的情况下,曲面构建过程中,对曲线和曲面的拟合误差的分配方法。
由于构建倒角曲面时,在三个倒角的交界处经常会出现三边所形成的破洞,虽然Surfacer提供了直接构建三边曲面的功能,但由软件直接创建的三边曲面补片容易出现尖点,而且和周围的曲面缝补起来后形状不易调整。针对此问题,本文提出了在Surfacer环境中用“辅助法”构建三边曲面补片的新方法,该方法有效弥补了Surfacer的不足,具有很好的使用价值。
最后作者运用Surfacer软件对螺旋锥齿轮模型的构建进行了研究,并进行了螺旋锥齿轮的三维CAD造型。利用该模型能够方便进行运动仿真分析,齿轮修形和
Digital development is one of the key technology for product development nowadays. Reverse Engineering is an important method to carry out product digital development. It is widely used in reproducing module and replicating accessory and rapid prototype manufacturing and etc.Researching and application achievement about reverse engineering in country and abroad are summarized, and several approaches to obtain point clouds are analyzed and compared. The principle and the method, as well as the key problem in surface measurement using Laser Scan Machine LSH-800 are discussed in detail.Author researches the management problem of point clouds in detail. In reverse engineering, When we measure an existing object, sometimes we cann' t measure the whole object in one coordinate system, so we must measure the object by several times. Then the point clouds should be settled in the same coordinate system, namely coordinate orientation matter. In the paper, author puts forward primitive element method which can make point clouds in different coordinate system in the same coordinate system. If we use this method on the point clouds, its presicion will be very high.In this paper, author uses angle distinguish method deleting error points. Also the sampling and the feature extraction and segmentation of point clouds are analyzed and reaseached to make surface reconstruction more exactly.In this paper, the essential theory of reverse engineering and surface reconstruction are researched and explored. Further more, author researched how to deal with 3D surface with CAD technology and summarized rule and method. Also, author put forward an error distribute method during surface reconstruction when we carried out a reverse engineering project.When we construct a fillet surface, a three-triangle hole will
occur. Although we use Surfacer can deal with the three-triangle hole directly, a tine point will occur in the three-triangle patch which is obtained by Surfacer directly, moreover it cann' t patch with neighbour surface successfully. Aimed at this question, author put forward a method called assistant method to construct three-triangle patch. This method compensate the shortcoming of Surfacer, so it has good application value.In the last part of this paper, author researched the construct process of spiral bevel gear in reverse engineering Surfacer environment. Using this CAD model , we are able to carry out movement simulation analysis, we are able to modify tooth pattern, to optimize the design of the gear, and to provide basic gear data to CNC and die cutting.If the theory and application of Reverse Engineering in the industry design fields are researched in detail, the level of industry design would be improved, the cost of the product design would be reduced, the period of the development would be shorten, the competition of the product in international market would be improved. The study of this paper enriched the theory and method in the sculpt and design of industrial product, and would promote the application and popularization of reverse engineering in industry design field.
引文
1 戴静.逆向工程数据处理关键技术研究.南京理工大学硕士学位论文.2003.3.1 1—4
2 苏海.反求工程在工业设计中的应用研究.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文.2002.3 6-7
3 史桂蓉,刑渊,张永清.反向工程几何建模自动化系统.上海交通大学学报.2000,34(3):392-395
4 金涛,童水光.逆向工程技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
5 许智钦,孙长库.3D逆向工程技术.北京:中国计量出版社,2002
6 史桂荣,邢渊,张永清.反向工程数据获取和几何建模方法.机械科学与技术.2000,19(9):161-162
7 刘之生,黄纯颖.反求工程技术.北京:机械工业出版社,1992
8 来新民,黄田,曾子平等.自由曲面逆向工程系统的研究.中国机械工程.2000,11(7):777-780
9 Vergeest, SM. CAD Surface data exchange using STEP. Computer Aided Design. 1991, 23(1), 268—281
10 Anderl R, Mendegen R. Modelling with Constraints: Theoretical Foundation and Application. Comput Aided Design. 1996, 28(3): 155-168
11 Kondo K. Algebraic Method for Manipulation of Dimensional Relationships in Geometric Models. Geom Aided Design. 1992, 24(3): 141-147
12 Sunde G. Specification of Shape by Dimensions and Other Geometric Constraints. Geometric Modelling for CAD Applications. 1988, (4): 199-213
13 P. Besl and R. Jain. A Segmentation and Classification of Range Images. IEEE. Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Interll. 1987, (9): 608-620
14 R. Hoffman and A. Jain, A Segmentation and Classification of Range Images. IEEE, Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 1987, (10): 608-620
15 S. Z. Li, Adaptive Smapling and Mesh Generation. CAD. 1995, 27(3): 235-240
16 童光荣.反求工程技术产业化可行性和可靠性的分析.机电一体化.2001,(1):8—9
17 刑渊.集成反向工程系统及其关键技术的研究.上海交通大学博士学位论文.1998
18 李江雄.复杂曲面产品反求工程的CAD建模技术.浙江大学博士学位论文.1998
19 周儒容,张丽艳,苏旭等.海量散乱点的曲面重建算法研究.软件学报.2001,12(2):249-255
20 金涛,单岩,童水光.产品反求工程中基于几何特征及约束的模型重建.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报第.2001,(3):203-207
21 郭良刚,陈勇,刘雄伟.反求工程技术在复杂型面模具设计中的应用研究.模具工业.2002,(1):12-17
22 李机军.反求工程CAD模型关键技术研究.浙江大学博士学位论文.1999
23 陈吉红.三维曲面视觉测量与重建技术研究.华中科技大学博士学位论文.2000
24 Liang-Chia Chen, Grier CI Lin. An integrated reverse engineering approach to reconstructing free form surface. CIMS. 1997, 10(1): 49-60
25 Chung-Yunn Lin, Chung-Biau Tsay, Zhang-hua Fong. Computer-aided Manufacturing of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears by Apply Optimization Techniques. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2001, (114): 22-35
26 Wen-Der Ueng el. Sweep-surface Reconstruction from Three-dimensional Measured Data. CAD. 1998, 32(10): 791-805
27 R. Frank, A Scattered Data Interpolation: Test of Some Methods. Math. Comput. 1982, (38): 181-120
28 A. Fisher, A. Manor, Utilizing Image Processing Techniques for 3D Reconstruction of Lase-scanned Data, Annals of the ClRP. 1999, (48): 52-73
29 B. Sarkar and C-H. Menq, Smooth-surface Approximation and Reverse Engineering. CAD. 1991, 23(9): 623-628
30 M. J, Milory, C. Brandley el. G1 Continuity of B-spline Surface Patches in Reverse Engineering. CAD. 1994, 27 (6): 471-478
31 Sarvajit S. Sinha and Brian G. Schunck. Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine. Intelligence. IEEE. 1992, 14(1): 122-141
32 田晓东,史桂蓉,阮雪榆.复杂曲面实物的逆向工程及其关键技术.机械设计与制造工程.2000,29(4)
33 孙世为,王耕耘,李志刚.逆向工程中多视点云的拼合方法.计算机辅助工程.2002(1)
34 种永民,杨海成.测量造型技术中的数据处理方法.西北工业大学学报.1977,15(4):624-628
35 种永民,杨海成.实物测量造型技术中的数据分快方法.机械科学与技术.1996,15(6):989-992
36 Yu Ting Yang. Curve and surface generation through given scanned points via nonlinear finite element procedures. A thesis presented to the Department of Mechanical Engineering California State University, Long Beach. May 2001
37 Peng Cheng. Automatic complete polygon surface reconstruction from overlapped 3D points clouds. College of Engineering & Information Technology University of South Carolina. 2001
38 D. -Y. Chang, Y. -M. Chang. A freeform surface modelling system based on laser scan data for reverse engineering. Adanced manufacturing technology. 2002(20): 9-19
39 J. Seo, H. -C. Lee, S. Park. Reconstruction of a composite surface by reverse engineering techniques. Adanced manufacturing technology. 2001(17): 639-643
40 V. Carbone, M. Carocci, E. Savio, G. Sansoni, L. De Chiffre. Combination of a vision system and a coordinate measuring machine for the reverse engineering of freeform surfaces. Adanced manufacturing technology. 2001(17): 263-271
41 姜元庆,刘佩军。UG/Imageware逆向工程培训教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
42 周四新,和青芳.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire曲面设计.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
43 周四新,和青芳.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire高级设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2004
44 种永民,杨海成,王争鸣等.测量造型技术中的散乱数据规则化处理方法[J].西北工业大学学报.1999,17(4):567-5714
45 戴同等.CAD/CAPP/CAM基本教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1996
46 王军,王小椿,姜虹.螺旋锥齿轮齿面的三坐标测量.机械工程学报.2003,39(6):151-154
2 苏海.反求工程在工业设计中的应用研究.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文.2002.3 6-7
3 史桂蓉,刑渊,张永清.反向工程几何建模自动化系统.上海交通大学学报.2000,34(3):392-395
4 金涛,童水光.逆向工程技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
5 许智钦,孙长库.3D逆向工程技术.北京:中国计量出版社,2002
6 史桂荣,邢渊,张永清.反向工程数据获取和几何建模方法.机械科学与技术.2000,19(9):161-162
7 刘之生,黄纯颖.反求工程技术.北京:机械工业出版社,1992
8 来新民,黄田,曾子平等.自由曲面逆向工程系统的研究.中国机械工程.2000,11(7):777-780
9 Vergeest, SM. CAD Surface data exchange using STEP. Computer Aided Design. 1991, 23(1), 268—281
10 Anderl R, Mendegen R. Modelling with Constraints: Theoretical Foundation and Application. Comput Aided Design. 1996, 28(3): 155-168
11 Kondo K. Algebraic Method for Manipulation of Dimensional Relationships in Geometric Models. Geom Aided Design. 1992, 24(3): 141-147
12 Sunde G. Specification of Shape by Dimensions and Other Geometric Constraints. Geometric Modelling for CAD Applications. 1988, (4): 199-213
13 P. Besl and R. Jain. A Segmentation and Classification of Range Images. IEEE. Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Interll. 1987, (9): 608-620
14 R. Hoffman and A. Jain, A Segmentation and Classification of Range Images. IEEE, Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 1987, (10): 608-620
15 S. Z. Li, Adaptive Smapling and Mesh Generation. CAD. 1995, 27(3): 235-240
16 童光荣.反求工程技术产业化可行性和可靠性的分析.机电一体化.2001,(1):8—9
17 刑渊.集成反向工程系统及其关键技术的研究.上海交通大学博士学位论文.1998
18 李江雄.复杂曲面产品反求工程的CAD建模技术.浙江大学博士学位论文.1998
19 周儒容,张丽艳,苏旭等.海量散乱点的曲面重建算法研究.软件学报.2001,12(2):249-255
20 金涛,单岩,童水光.产品反求工程中基于几何特征及约束的模型重建.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报第.2001,(3):203-207
21 郭良刚,陈勇,刘雄伟.反求工程技术在复杂型面模具设计中的应用研究.模具工业.2002,(1):12-17
22 李机军.反求工程CAD模型关键技术研究.浙江大学博士学位论文.1999
23 陈吉红.三维曲面视觉测量与重建技术研究.华中科技大学博士学位论文.2000
24 Liang-Chia Chen, Grier CI Lin. An integrated reverse engineering approach to reconstructing free form surface. CIMS. 1997, 10(1): 49-60
25 Chung-Yunn Lin, Chung-Biau Tsay, Zhang-hua Fong. Computer-aided Manufacturing of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears by Apply Optimization Techniques. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2001, (114): 22-35
26 Wen-Der Ueng el. Sweep-surface Reconstruction from Three-dimensional Measured Data. CAD. 1998, 32(10): 791-805
27 R. Frank, A Scattered Data Interpolation: Test of Some Methods. Math. Comput. 1982, (38): 181-120
28 A. Fisher, A. Manor, Utilizing Image Processing Techniques for 3D Reconstruction of Lase-scanned Data, Annals of the ClRP. 1999, (48): 52-73
29 B. Sarkar and C-H. Menq, Smooth-surface Approximation and Reverse Engineering. CAD. 1991, 23(9): 623-628
30 M. J, Milory, C. Brandley el. G1 Continuity of B-spline Surface Patches in Reverse Engineering. CAD. 1994, 27 (6): 471-478
31 Sarvajit S. Sinha and Brian G. Schunck. Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine. Intelligence. IEEE. 1992, 14(1): 122-141
32 田晓东,史桂蓉,阮雪榆.复杂曲面实物的逆向工程及其关键技术.机械设计与制造工程.2000,29(4)
33 孙世为,王耕耘,李志刚.逆向工程中多视点云的拼合方法.计算机辅助工程.2002(1)
34 种永民,杨海成.测量造型技术中的数据处理方法.西北工业大学学报.1977,15(4):624-628
35 种永民,杨海成.实物测量造型技术中的数据分快方法.机械科学与技术.1996,15(6):989-992
36 Yu Ting Yang. Curve and surface generation through given scanned points via nonlinear finite element procedures. A thesis presented to the Department of Mechanical Engineering California State University, Long Beach. May 2001
37 Peng Cheng. Automatic complete polygon surface reconstruction from overlapped 3D points clouds. College of Engineering & Information Technology University of South Carolina. 2001
38 D. -Y. Chang, Y. -M. Chang. A freeform surface modelling system based on laser scan data for reverse engineering. Adanced manufacturing technology. 2002(20): 9-19
39 J. Seo, H. -C. Lee, S. Park. Reconstruction of a composite surface by reverse engineering techniques. Adanced manufacturing technology. 2001(17): 639-643
40 V. Carbone, M. Carocci, E. Savio, G. Sansoni, L. De Chiffre. Combination of a vision system and a coordinate measuring machine for the reverse engineering of freeform surfaces. Adanced manufacturing technology. 2001(17): 263-271
41 姜元庆,刘佩军。UG/Imageware逆向工程培训教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
42 周四新,和青芳.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire曲面设计.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
43 周四新,和青芳.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire高级设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2004
44 种永民,杨海成,王争鸣等.测量造型技术中的散乱数据规则化处理方法[J].西北工业大学学报.1999,17(4):567-5714
45 戴同等.CAD/CAPP/CAM基本教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1996
46 王军,王小椿,姜虹.螺旋锥齿轮齿面的三坐标测量.机械工程学报.2003,39(6):151-154