二战后波特兰高技术产业发展研究
摘要
波特兰高技术产业区起步于20世纪四、五十年代,经过了近半个世纪的发展,已经成为美国著名的高技术产业区。波特兰走出了一条地区没有著名大学存在的前提下,地区高技术产业也能取得成功的道路。本文试图对波特兰这一独特的发展模式进行探究。
绪言部分概述了学术界对美国高技术产业区的相关研究,特别是关于波特兰高技术产业区的研究。此外,对二战前波特兰的发展状况作了简要介绍。正文第一部分,从企业建立的角度,选取代表性的公司,回顾了二战后至20世纪80年代末波特兰高技术产业的发展状况。第二部分,从高技术就业的快速增长、高技术产品的输出、专业化程度的提高和创新能力的增长方面,考察了20世纪90年代至今,波特兰高技术产业的发展状况。第三部分是本文的核心部分,重在分析波特兰高技术产业发展成功的原因,突出强调在诸多成功因素中,企业因素是波特兰高技术产业得以成功的关键所在。第四部分是本文的结语,提出波特兰高技术产业的典型意义和借鉴意义。
Portland, as an another type of American High-tech Industry District, which started from the middle of 20~(th) century, became one of American famous High-tech Industry Districts centered in high-tech after its development of recent half century. The success of Portland broke the traditional developing model of High-tech Industry District, which is based on celebrated universities. Portland made it without the existence of famous universities. The dissertation tries analyzing the Portland's special developing model, especially about how they making a success in the condition of no famous universities.
The dissertation goes as follows. Introduction gives a brief account of academic achievement in American High-tech Industry District study, especially about Portland's. Besides, an introduction of Portland's development before World WarⅡis also included. Chapter one chooses some outstanding companies in Portland and reviews the high-tech industry situation of Portland from World WarⅡto 1980s from the point of enterprise foundation. Chapter two inspects the high-tech of Portland region from 1990s to today from the aspects of rapid growth of high-tech employment, export of high-tech products, improvement of specialization extent and innovation ability. Chapter three is the core of this dissertation, which discusses the causes of Portland high-tech's success. Among the factors that promote the success of Portland high-tech, enterprises play the critical roles. Chapter four is the conclusion, where I put forward some typical significance and experience of Portland High-tech Industry District.
绪言部分概述了学术界对美国高技术产业区的相关研究,特别是关于波特兰高技术产业区的研究。此外,对二战前波特兰的发展状况作了简要介绍。正文第一部分,从企业建立的角度,选取代表性的公司,回顾了二战后至20世纪80年代末波特兰高技术产业的发展状况。第二部分,从高技术就业的快速增长、高技术产品的输出、专业化程度的提高和创新能力的增长方面,考察了20世纪90年代至今,波特兰高技术产业的发展状况。第三部分是本文的核心部分,重在分析波特兰高技术产业发展成功的原因,突出强调在诸多成功因素中,企业因素是波特兰高技术产业得以成功的关键所在。第四部分是本文的结语,提出波特兰高技术产业的典型意义和借鉴意义。
Portland, as an another type of American High-tech Industry District, which started from the middle of 20~(th) century, became one of American famous High-tech Industry Districts centered in high-tech after its development of recent half century. The success of Portland broke the traditional developing model of High-tech Industry District, which is based on celebrated universities. Portland made it without the existence of famous universities. The dissertation tries analyzing the Portland's special developing model, especially about how they making a success in the condition of no famous universities.
The dissertation goes as follows. Introduction gives a brief account of academic achievement in American High-tech Industry District study, especially about Portland's. Besides, an introduction of Portland's development before World WarⅡis also included. Chapter one chooses some outstanding companies in Portland and reviews the high-tech industry situation of Portland from World WarⅡto 1980s from the point of enterprise foundation. Chapter two inspects the high-tech of Portland region from 1990s to today from the aspects of rapid growth of high-tech employment, export of high-tech products, improvement of specialization extent and innovation ability. Chapter three is the core of this dissertation, which discusses the causes of Portland high-tech's success. Among the factors that promote the success of Portland high-tech, enterprises play the critical roles. Chapter four is the conclusion, where I put forward some typical significance and experience of Portland High-tech Industry District.
引文
[1]Stanford University,Wellspring of Innovation.Stanford University.Retrived August 19,2002,from the World Wide Web.2002.转引自Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.70.
[2]俄勒冈州主要的研究型大学都分散在州内,且不处在波特兰大都市区境内。波特兰州立大学是大都市区最主要的公立大学,其招收的学生人数是州内最多的。该地区七个其它的高等教育机构的规模都比较小。波特兰州立大学处在全美第四级的研究型大学的位置。
[3]Heike Mayer,"Corporate Restructuring and the Creation of the Innovation Milieu:The case of a second-tier high technology region" in:Clusters,Industrial Districts and Firms:The Challenge of Globalization.Conference in honor of Professor Sebastian Brusco.September 12th to 13th,2003.Modena,Italy.p.8.
[4]Robert D.Atldnson and paul D.Gottlieb,"the Metropolitan New Economy Inedx:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas," Progressive Institute,April 2001,p.7.
[5]新经济指数:包括知识型就业、全球化、经济活力和竞争力、数字经济和技术创新能力等5个方面的指标。
[1]韩宇:《美国高技术城市研究》(书稿),国家社科基金青年项目结题成果,项目批准号:03CSS002,2006年11月,第7页。
[2]韩宇:《美国高技术城市研究》(书稿),第7页。
[1]Everett M.Rogers,Judith.K.Larsen,Silicon Valley Fever:The Growth of High-Technology Culture,New York:Basic Books,1984.该书的中译奉为:(美)埃弗雷特·M·罗杰斯、朱迪思·K·拉森著,范国鹰等译:《硅谷热》,经济科学出版社,1985年出版。
[2]Michael s.Malone,The Big Score:The Billion-Dollar Story of Silicon Valley,New York Doubleday &C ompany,1985.该书的中译本为:(美)马龙(Michael S.Malone)著,殷元骥等译:《惊世伟绩——高科技摇篮硅谷揽胜》,北京.经济科学出版社,1990年出版。
[3]Thomas Mahon,Charged Bodies:People,Powerand Paradox in Silicon Valley,Publisher:Penguin Audiobooks,1985.
[4]Carolyn Caddes,Portraits of Success:Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers,Publisher:.William Kaufmann,1986.
[5]Dan M.Khanna.The rise,decline,and renewal of Silicon Valley's high technology industry,New York:Garland Pub.,1997.
[6]Chong-Moon Lee,William F.Miller,Marguerite Gong Hancock,and Henry S.Rowen eds,The Silicon Valley Edge:A habitat for innovation and entrepreneurship,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.该书的中译本为:李锺文等主编:《硅谷优势:创业与创新精神的栖息地》,北京人民出版社,2002年出版。
[7]Martin Kenney ed.Understanding Silicon Valley:The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.
[8]Susan Rosengrant and David R.Lampe,Route 128:Lessons from Boston's High Tech Community,New York:Basic Books,1992.
[1]Allen J.Scott,Technopolis:High-technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.
[2]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,Portland,Oregon:The Oregon Historical Society Press,1990.
[3]详情请见文中后面关于波特兰高技术产业研究部分的论述。
[4]Diane Palmintera,Joan Bannon,Marci Levin,and Arturo Pagan,"Developing High-Technology.Communities:San Diego," Innovation Associates,April2000.http://www.innovationassoc.com/docs/SD_Report.pdf.2008年5月10日。
[5]AnnaLee.Saxenian,Regional Advantage:Culture And Competition In Silicon Valley And Route 128,Cambridge Harvard University Press.1994.该书的中译本为:(美)安纳利·萨克森宁(AnnaLee.Saxenian)著,曹蓬等译:《地区优势:硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争》,上海远东出版社,1999年出版。
[6]Robert W.Preer,The Emergence of Technopolis:Knowledge-intensive Technologies and Regional Developemt,New York:Praeger,1992.
[7]Roger Miller and Marcel Cote,Growing the Next Silicon Valley:A Guide for Successful Regional Planning,Lexington,MA:Lexington Books,1987.
[1]Ann Markusen,Peter Hall,Amy Glasmeier,High Tech America:The What,How,Where and Why of Sunrise Industries,Allen&Unwin,Inc,1986.该书的中译本为:(美)马克森(Ann Markusen)等著,陈来成等译:《美国高技术》,科学技术文献出版社,1991年出版。
[2]Ross C.DeVol,America's High-Tech Economy:Growth,Development,and Risks for Metropolitan Areas,Milken Institute,July 13,1999.该书的中译本为:(美)Ross C.Devol著,陈广文等译:《美国高技术经济:都市区的增长、发展与风险》,科学技术文献出版社,2004出版。
[3]Robert D.Atkinson and Paul D.Gottlieb,"The Metropolitan New Economy Index:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas," Progressive Institute,April 2001.该文网址:http://www.neweconomyindex.org/metro/metro_3mb.pdf.2007年10月11日。
[4]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,"High Tech Specialization:A Comparison of High Technology Centers,"Brookings lnstitution,2001.该文网址:http://www.brookings.org/es/urban/cortright/specialization.pdf.2007年10月14日。
[5]Ann Markusen,Karen Chapple,Greg Schroeh,Daisaku Yamamoto and Pingkang Yu,"Gauging Metropolitan 'High-Tech' and 'I-Tech' Activity," Working Paper#257,University of Minnesota,December,2001.该文网址:http://www.hhh.umn.edu/img/assets/3728/hightech.pdf.2007年10月1日。
[1]Robert D.Atkinson and Paul D.Gottlieb,"The Metropolitan New Economy Index:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas," Progressive Institute,April 2001.p.7.
[2]Ross C.DeVol,America's High-Tech Economy:Growth,Development,and Risks for Metropolitan Areas,Milken Institute,July 13,1999.p.67.(美)Ross C.Devol著,陈广文等译:《美国高技术经济:都市区的增长、发展与风险》,科学技术文献出版社,2004年出版,第89页。
[3]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,1990.
[4]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University,1999.
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge-Based Economy,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[3]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,The Ecology of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[4]Heike Mayer,"Planting High Technology Seeds:Tektronix Role in the Creation of Portland's Silicon Forest,"Oregon Historical Quarterly,2005,106(4),pp.568-593.
[5]Heike Mayer," Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(3),pp.318-333.
[6]Heike Mayer,"What is the Role of Universities in High-tech Economic Development? The Case of Portland,Oregon,and Washington,DC.," LocalEconomy,2006,21(3),pp.292-315.
[7]Heike Mayer,"What is the Role of the University in Creating a High Technology Region?" Journal of Urban Technology.2008,21(3),pp.282-390.
[8]Ann Markusen."Studying Regions by studying Firms." Regions and Firms.1994.46(4).P.477-490.
[9]波特兰的别称是“玫瑰之城”(这个名字最早出自1905年的刘易斯和克拉克远征百年纪念博览会),这是因为波特兰的气候特别适宜于种植玫瑰,市内有许多玫瑰园,比如波特兰华盛顿公园里的国际玫瑰试验园。波特兰还有许多其它昵称,比如由于当年城市建设速度较快,砍伐树木剩下的树桩来不及被清理,城市周边布满树桩而被称为“树桩城”,由于河流和桥梁较多而被称为“桥城”、“河城”等等。
[1][美]拉尔夫·亨·布朗著,秦士勉译:《美国历史地理》,商务印书馆,1973年出版,第377页。
[1][美]卡尔·艾博特(Can Abbott)著,王旭等译:《大都市边疆》北京商务印书馆,1998年出版,第16页。
[2]Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,Island Press,Washington,Covelo,London,2004,p.15.
[3][美]卡尔·艾博特(Cart Abbott)著,第26页。
[1]511型号示波器(The model 511),后来被称为the Vollumscope,重达50磅。
[2]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.28.
[3]International Directory of Company Histories,Vol.8.St.James Press,1994.转引自https://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Tektronix-Inc-Company-History.html,2007年12月3日。注:文中下述有关泰克公司销售额与雇用人数的数据如无特殊注明,皆出之该网页。
[1]基于这些原因,本文将布朗工程公司的历史看作电子科技工业公司的历史的一部分给予论述。
[2]还可翻译为阻抗桥(Impedance Bridge),是用于测量交流电流阻力的的一种测量仪,它发明于1993年。
[3]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.15.
[4]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.17.
[1]该编号存储器芯片是世界上第一个容量为1KB的动态随机存储器(random-access memory),在集成电路的历史上具有重要意义:现如今大量的信息都是存储在芯片上的。
[2]Gerorge Drumbor interview with Craig With wollner,6 November 1985,hereafter cited as Drumbor interview.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craiz E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.60.
[3]袁路阳、赵曦林编译:《硅谷探奇》,科学普及出版社,1985年出版,第156页。
[4]Drumbor interview.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.60.
[5]袁路阳、赵曦林编译,《硅谷探奇》,第156页。
[1]Oregonian,30 January 1974.
[2]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.61.
[3]Oregonian,5 January 1979.
[4][美]蒂姆·杰克逊著,张连超、董旭等译:《英特尔探秘——芯片帝国的兴起》,国防工业出版社,1999年出版,第160页。
[5]Mayer Heike,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.103.
[6]一位英特尔前经理回忆,转引自Mayer Heike,“Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland Oregon,”p.103.
[7]在1977年迁移到俄勒冈后,432研究小组一直进行着该项芯片的设计工作,直到1981年完成。
[8]Intel Corp.1993.Defining Intel:25years/25 events.转引自Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.105.
[1]英特尔公司为表彰那些对本公司及行业做出杰出技术贡献的人才设立的荣誉头衔,地位相当于副总裁,这些人在英特尔公司担任技术及战略负责人。
[2]Mayer Heike,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.107.
[3]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.62.
[4]Lee,winning with people,pp.107-17,转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.woilner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,Portland,Oregon:The Oregon Historical Society Press,1990,p.63.
[5]Drumbor interview.Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.63.
[6]Drumbor interview.Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.63.
[1]RadiSys公司(纳斯达克交易代码:RSYS)成立于1987年,现已成为全球商业、企业和电信服务市场的高级嵌入式平台的领先供应商。在思科、IBM、朗讯科技、北电、西门子、迪堡、惠普、通用电气、飞利浦医疗系统、西门子医疗、安捷伦、罗克韦尔、泰克、环球仪器等许多公司的产品中,都有RadiSys 技术的身影。
[2]Sequent公司主要是一家开放应用软件的处理器系统的开发商和供应商,1997年被IBM以8.1亿美元现金收购。
[3]由离开母公司的员工创建的公司。
[4]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,p.3.
[5]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,p.4.
[6]此段数据看参阅本文后面的章节的相关论述。
[7]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.46.
[1]Winningstad interview.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.46.
[2]Winningstad into-view.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.48.
[3]较之浮点硬件对数据的处理能力更强。
[4]该部分的数据如无特殊说明皆出之Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.woilner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area.1945-1986。
[1]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies,School of Urban Studies and Planning,Portland State University.p.16.
[2]只有仪器(SIC 38)部门下降了,从1988年的13,300人下降至1998年的9400人,下降了3900人,下降了29%。
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Fores,P.13.
[2]只有仪器部门(Instruments)下降了,由占全国的1.19%下降至1996年的1.16%,下降了0.03%。
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.5.
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,A Comparison of High Technology Centers,p.15.
[3]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.5.
[4]http://www.neweconomyindex.org/metro/part5_page3.html.2007.12.17.
[1]韩宇:“美国高技术城市成功因素探析”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年第4期,第113页。
[2]卡斯特尔和霍尔著,李鹏飞,范琼英等译:《世界的高技术园区:21世纪产业综合体的形成》,北京理工大学出版社,1998年出版,第288页。
[3]魏心镇等编著:《新的产业空间:高技术产业开发区的发展和布局》,北京大学出版社1993年出版,第23页。
[1]Heike Mayer,2005."Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," pp.318-333.
[2]Heike Mayer,"Planting High Technology Seeds:Tektronix Role in the Creation of Portland's Silicon Forest,"p.578.
[1]Tekweek.(1974 October 4).Fall term student body stands at 2,200,Tekweek,5.转引自Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.89.
[2]当地一家高技术企业的回忆,转引自Heike Mayer,“Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon,”p.95.
[1]一位英特尔前公司经理的话,转引自Heike Mayer,“Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon,”p.99.
[1]U.S.Patent and Trademark Office(2002)。转引自:Heike Mayer,"Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon,”p.324.
[2]浮点系统公司自己也衍生了一批子公司:Aptec Computer Systems(1980),Quantiative Technology(1981),Star Technology(1981),Scientific Computer Systems(1983),Support Technologies(1984),Synergy DataWorks(1984),Performance Computing(1990),Thrustmaster(1990),Axian(1991),Endeavor Intertech (1997)CenterSpan Communications(1999)。
[3]Mentor Graphics公司自己也衍生了一些子公司:OVP Venture Partners(1983),MedicaLogic (1985),Interconnectix(1992),Ignis Systems(1994),Genedax(1997),Archinetix(1999)Indogram(2000)。
[4]平达系统公司衍生了一些公司:InFocus(1986),Motif(1992),Sarif(1994),Clarity Visual Systems (1995),Lightware(1995),Pixelworks(1997)。
[1]the unitary tax is not a tax,but a method of apportioning the state corporation income tax on multistate and multinational corporations.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.137.
[1]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.134.
[2]约翰·基斯哈柏(John Kitzhaber),1947年3月5号出生于华盛顿州科尔法克斯市(Colfax,Washington.),两次担任俄勒冈州州长,任职时间(1995-1999年),(1999-2003年)。
[3]Malone,Michael S.Upside.(U.S.ed.),"Which way to the Silicon Forest?",Foster City:Mar 1996.Vol.8,Iss.3;pg.28,12pgs.
[4]维克托·阿蒂耶(Victor Atiyeh),1923年2月20号出生于俄勒冈州波特兰市(Portland,Oregon),俄勒冈州州长任职时间(1979.1.8-1987.12)。
[5]"Speech by Governor Victor Atiyeh[to]the World Affairs Council,Portland,June 20,1984".转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.138.
[1](Medford) Mail-Tribune,28 June 1984.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.138.
[2](Klamath Falls)Herald and News,31 July 1984.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.139.
[3]Fab(设计制造厂),Fabll表示是第11个设计制造厂。
[4]又译为工业发展债券,一般而言,此种债券是由美国州及当地政府所发行,用于发展工业的债券,筹集资金,提供新设企业融资的方式,债券收益依特定公司的经济状况的健全度而定,有些工业收益债券是免税。
[5]Barlett,D.,& Steele,J.(1998,November 8).States at war.Time,转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.152.
[1]Barnett,J.(1994b).The two that got away.The oregonian.
[2]http://www.oregon4biz.com/sip.htm.2008年4月6日。
[3]Key industry news:Advances in Oregon's 13 key industries...Anonymous.Oregon Business.Portland:Oct 01,1995.Vol.18,Iss.10;Sec.1.p.147.
[1]几乎所有的公司都位于波特兰大都市区内。
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Forest,p.8.
[1]ECONorthwest,Fiscal and Economic Impacts of Intel Oregon's Potential future investment.2005.
[2]淮鲁编著:《美国科技布局简论》,中国科学技术大学出版社,1990年出版,第116页。
[3]淮鲁编著:《美国科技布局简论》,第118页。
[4]GOTTLIEB P D.“Amenities as an Economic Development,Toll:Is there Enough Evidence,”Economic Development Quartedy,August 1994:pp.270-285.转引自韩宇:“美国高技术城市成功因素探析”,第119页。
[1]GOTTLIEB P D."Amenities as an Economic Development,Toll:Is there Enough Evidence," pp.270-285.
[1]http://www.els-china.com/centers/usa/portland.htm.2007年11月25日。
[2]http://opinion.news.hexun.com/1783_555101A.shtml.2007年11月25日。
[3]地球日联盟(Earth Day Network)是一个非营利非政府组织,由1970年首次地球日活动的组织者创建,其宗旨是不断提高全球公民的环境意识,循序渐进开展长期环境保护行动。经过不断努力,已经形成了以美国华盛顿特区总部为中心,覆盖世界174个国家共15000个组织的全球性环保网络。地球日联盟致力于拓展“环境”的定义,使其包括所有影响人类健康、社区和环境的话题,诸如空气和水污染、校园环境的恶化、公共交通、就业机会、哮喘病和癌症病例的增加、以及公园和娱乐场所的资金匮乏等等。
[4]http://www.portlandonline.com/MAYOR/index.cfm?c=difae&a=bejjaf,2007年11月25日。
[5]http://www.cookinglight.com/cooking/fd/features/whitepage/0,15829,1579836,00.html,2007年11月25日。
[6]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.40.
[7]Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,Island Press,Washington,Covelo,London,2004,p.11.
[8]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.40.
[1]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.41.
[2]U.S.Census Bureau and Oregon Department of Human Services,Center for Health Statistics.转引自Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.42.
[3]Oregon Employment Department.1999.1999 Oregon In-Migration Study.Salem:Oregon Employment Department.转引自Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,p.11.
[4]Franklin,Rachel.2003.U.S Census Bureau.Migration of Young,Single,and College Educated:1995 to 2000,http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/censr-12.pdf.2007.11.12
[5]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.2.
[6]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.8.
[1]Oregon Employment Department(1999).1999 Oregon In-Migration Study.Salem,Oregon,Employment Department:53.转引自Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.9.
[2]Vaidya,K.L.(1998).Oregon Update:In-migrants:Oregon's New Residents,Office of Economic Analysis.1999.转引自Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.9.
[3]Mayer Heike,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology finns as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p 150.
[4]韩宇:《美国高技术城市研究》(书稿),第193页。
[1]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.186.
[1]Heike Mayer,"Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:High-technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," p.321.
[1][美]安娜利·萨克森宁.地区优势:硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争[M].曹蓬、杨宁光等译.上海远东出版社,1999年.
[2][美]罗杰斯、拉森.硅谷热:迎接高技术文化的来临[M].朱家一等译.中国友谊出版社,1990年.
[3][美]迈克尔·S·马龙.惊世伟绩:高技术的摇篮硅谷揽胜[M].殷元骥等译.经济科学出版社,1990年.
[4][美]尼尔·R·比尔斯、杰里·哈格斯特洛姆.中国社会科学院美国研究所编译室译.董乐山校.美国志——五十州现状[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年
[5][美]卡尔·艾博特.大都市边疆——当代美国西部城市[M].王旭等译.北京:商务印书馆,1998年.
[6][美]卡斯特尔、霍尔著.世界的高技术园区:21世纪产业综合体的形成[M].李鹏飞等译,北京理工大学出版社,1998年.
[7][美]曼纽尔·卡斯泰尔.信息化城市[M].崔保国等译.江苏人民出版社,2001年
[8][美]曼纽尔·卡斯特.网络社会的崛起[M].夏铸九等译.社会科学文献出版社,2001年.
[9][美]罗斯·德沃尔.美国高技术经济:都市区的增长、发展与风险[M].陈广文等译.科学技术文献出版社,2004年.
[10]王旭.美国城市史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000年.
[11]王旭.美国西海岸大城市研究[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,1994年.
[12]宋玉华等.美国新经济研究:经济范式转型与制度演化[M].人民出版社,2002年.
[13]顾朝林、赵令勋等.中国高技术产业与园区[M].中信出版社,1998年.
[14]李锺文等.硅谷优势:创业与创新精神的栖息地[M],北京:人民出版社,2000年
[15]王旭.美国城市化的历史解读[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2003年.
[16]钱颖一、肖梦主编.走出误区:经济学家论说硅谷模式[C].中国经济出版社,2000年.
[17]刘绪贻,杨生茂主编.美国通史[M].北京:人民出版社,2002年.
[18]魏心镇等著.新的产业空间:高技术产业开发区的发展与布局[M].北京大学出版社,1993年.
[19]林风.美国科学技术未来——战略·政策·创新[M].福建科学技术出版社,2005年.
[20]钟坚.世界硅谷模式的制度分析[M].中国社会科学出版社,2001年.
[21]韩宇.美国高技术城市研究[M](书稿),国家社科基金青年项目结题成果,项目批准号:03CSS002,2006年11月,未出版.
[22]赵文彦、陈益生等编著.新兴产业的摇篮:高技术开发区研究[C].科学技术文献出版社,1990年.
[23]张景安、亨利·罗文等著.创业精神与创业集群:硅谷的启示[M].复旦大学出版社,2002年.
[24]陈宝森.当代美国经济[M].社会科学文献出版社.2001年.
[25]淮鲁编著.美国科技布局简论[C].中国科学技术大学出版社,1990年.
[1]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,Portland,Oregon:The Oregon Historical Society Press,1990.
[2]Martin Kenney ed.Understanding Silicon Valley:The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.
[3]Luger,M I and H A Goldstein.Technology in the Garden.Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,1991.
[4]Roger Miller and Marcel Cote,Growing the Next Silicon Valley:A Guide for Successful Regional Planning,Lexington,MA:Lexington Books,1987.
[5]Carl Abbott,Portland:Planning,Politics,and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City,University of Nebraska Press:Lincoln and London,1983.
[6]Markusen,Ann R.and Masayuki Sasaki,Second Tier Cities,Rapid Growth beyond the metropolis,Ann R.Markysen,Yong-Sook Lee and Scan DiGiovanna,Editors,University of Minnesota Press,1999.
[7]Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,Island Press,Washington,Covelo,London,2004.
[8]Richard Florida,Martin Kenney.The Breakthrough Illusion:Corporate America's Failure to Move from Innovation to Mass Production,New York:Basic Books.1990.
[9]Michael S.Malone,The Big Score:The Billion-Dollar Story of Silicon Valley,New York Doubleday &Company,1985.
[10]Everett M.Rogers,Judith.K.Larsen.Silicon Valley Fever:The Growth of High-Technology Culture,New York:Basic Books,1984.
[11]Ann Markusen,Regional Advantage:Culture And Competition In Silicon Valley And Route 128,1994,Cambridge.1994.
[12]Dan M.Khanna.The rise,decline,and renewal of Silicon Valley's high technology industry,New York:Garland Pub.,1997.
[13]Chong-Moon Lee,William F.Miller,Marguerite Gong Hancock,and Henry S.Rowen eds,The Silicon Valley Edge:A habitat for innovation and entrepreneurship,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.
[14]Manuel Castells,The Informational City:Information Technology,Economic Restructuring,and the Urban-regional Process,Oxford,UK;Cambrideg,Mass.,USA:B.Blackwell,1989.
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University,1999.
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge-Based Economy,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[3]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[4]Carl Abbott,Regional City and Network City:Portland and Seattle in the Twentieth Century,The Western History Quarterly,Vol.23,No.3,August,1992.
[5]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,The Ecology of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[6]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,A Comparison of High Technology Centers,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2001.
[7]Heike Mayer,"Planting High Technology Seeds:Tektronix Role in the Creation of Portland's Silicon Forest," Oregon Historical Quarterly,2005,106(4),pp.568-593.
[8]Heike Mayer,"Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(3),pp.318-333.
[9]Heike Mayer,"What is the Role of Universities in High-tech Economic Development? The Case of Portland,Oregon,and Washington,DC.," Local Economy,2006,21(3),pp.292-315.
[10]Heike Mayer,(In Press) "What is the Role of the University in Creating a High Technology Region?" Journal of Urban Technology.
[11]Ross C.DeVol,America's High-Tech Economy:Growth,Development,and Risks for Metropolitan Areas,Milken Institute,July 13,1999.
[12]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,High Tech Specialization:A Comparison of High Technology Centers,Brookings Institution,2001.
[13]Robert D.Atldnson and Paul D.Gottlieb,The Metropolitan New Economy Index:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas,Progressive Institute,April 2001.
[14]Growth and Its Impacts in Oregon—1999,A Report from Governor Kitzhaber's Task Force on Growth in Oregon,january 1999.
[15]Progress Of A Region:The Metropolitan Portland Economy IN The 1990S,Institute Of portland Metropolitan Studies,College Of Urban and Public Affairs,Portland State University,April 1999.
[16]ECONorthwest.Economic impacts of Intel's Oregon operations.PortLand:Intel Corporation.1998.
[17]ECONorthwes.Economic impacts of Intel's Oregon operations.PortLand:Intel Corporation.2003.
[18]ECONorthwest..Fiscal and Economic Impacts of Intel Oregon's Potential future investment.2005.
[19]Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," Ph.D dissertations,University of Portland,2003.
[1]波特兰大都市区研究所(the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies)http://www.pdx.edu/ims/
[2]波特兰商业杂志(Portland Business Journal)http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/
[3]波特兰在线(portland online)http://www.portlandonline.com/
[4]俄勒冈州波特兰的历史(History of Portland,Oregon)http://www.accessgenealogy.com/portland-oregon.htm
[5]美国人口统计局(U.S.Census Bureau)http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html
[6]高科技经济发展的新闻和资源(High Tech Economic Development News and Resources)http://www.oregoneconomy.org/
[2]俄勒冈州主要的研究型大学都分散在州内,且不处在波特兰大都市区境内。波特兰州立大学是大都市区最主要的公立大学,其招收的学生人数是州内最多的。该地区七个其它的高等教育机构的规模都比较小。波特兰州立大学处在全美第四级的研究型大学的位置。
[3]Heike Mayer,"Corporate Restructuring and the Creation of the Innovation Milieu:The case of a second-tier high technology region" in:Clusters,Industrial Districts and Firms:The Challenge of Globalization.Conference in honor of Professor Sebastian Brusco.September 12th to 13th,2003.Modena,Italy.p.8.
[4]Robert D.Atldnson and paul D.Gottlieb,"the Metropolitan New Economy Inedx:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas," Progressive Institute,April 2001,p.7.
[5]新经济指数:包括知识型就业、全球化、经济活力和竞争力、数字经济和技术创新能力等5个方面的指标。
[1]韩宇:《美国高技术城市研究》(书稿),国家社科基金青年项目结题成果,项目批准号:03CSS002,2006年11月,第7页。
[2]韩宇:《美国高技术城市研究》(书稿),第7页。
[1]Everett M.Rogers,Judith.K.Larsen,Silicon Valley Fever:The Growth of High-Technology Culture,New York:Basic Books,1984.该书的中译奉为:(美)埃弗雷特·M·罗杰斯、朱迪思·K·拉森著,范国鹰等译:《硅谷热》,经济科学出版社,1985年出版。
[2]Michael s.Malone,The Big Score:The Billion-Dollar Story of Silicon Valley,New York Doubleday &C ompany,1985.该书的中译本为:(美)马龙(Michael S.Malone)著,殷元骥等译:《惊世伟绩——高科技摇篮硅谷揽胜》,北京.经济科学出版社,1990年出版。
[3]Thomas Mahon,Charged Bodies:People,Powerand Paradox in Silicon Valley,Publisher:Penguin Audiobooks,1985.
[4]Carolyn Caddes,Portraits of Success:Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers,Publisher:.William Kaufmann,1986.
[5]Dan M.Khanna.The rise,decline,and renewal of Silicon Valley's high technology industry,New York:Garland Pub.,1997.
[6]Chong-Moon Lee,William F.Miller,Marguerite Gong Hancock,and Henry S.Rowen eds,The Silicon Valley Edge:A habitat for innovation and entrepreneurship,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.该书的中译本为:李锺文等主编:《硅谷优势:创业与创新精神的栖息地》,北京人民出版社,2002年出版。
[7]Martin Kenney ed.Understanding Silicon Valley:The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.
[8]Susan Rosengrant and David R.Lampe,Route 128:Lessons from Boston's High Tech Community,New York:Basic Books,1992.
[1]Allen J.Scott,Technopolis:High-technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.
[2]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,Portland,Oregon:The Oregon Historical Society Press,1990.
[3]详情请见文中后面关于波特兰高技术产业研究部分的论述。
[4]Diane Palmintera,Joan Bannon,Marci Levin,and Arturo Pagan,"Developing High-Technology.Communities:San Diego," Innovation Associates,April2000.http://www.innovationassoc.com/docs/SD_Report.pdf.2008年5月10日。
[5]AnnaLee.Saxenian,Regional Advantage:Culture And Competition In Silicon Valley And Route 128,Cambridge Harvard University Press.1994.该书的中译本为:(美)安纳利·萨克森宁(AnnaLee.Saxenian)著,曹蓬等译:《地区优势:硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争》,上海远东出版社,1999年出版。
[6]Robert W.Preer,The Emergence of Technopolis:Knowledge-intensive Technologies and Regional Developemt,New York:Praeger,1992.
[7]Roger Miller and Marcel Cote,Growing the Next Silicon Valley:A Guide for Successful Regional Planning,Lexington,MA:Lexington Books,1987.
[1]Ann Markusen,Peter Hall,Amy Glasmeier,High Tech America:The What,How,Where and Why of Sunrise Industries,Allen&Unwin,Inc,1986.该书的中译本为:(美)马克森(Ann Markusen)等著,陈来成等译:《美国高技术》,科学技术文献出版社,1991年出版。
[2]Ross C.DeVol,America's High-Tech Economy:Growth,Development,and Risks for Metropolitan Areas,Milken Institute,July 13,1999.该书的中译本为:(美)Ross C.Devol著,陈广文等译:《美国高技术经济:都市区的增长、发展与风险》,科学技术文献出版社,2004出版。
[3]Robert D.Atkinson and Paul D.Gottlieb,"The Metropolitan New Economy Index:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas," Progressive Institute,April 2001.该文网址:http://www.neweconomyindex.org/metro/metro_3mb.pdf.2007年10月11日。
[4]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,"High Tech Specialization:A Comparison of High Technology Centers,"Brookings lnstitution,2001.该文网址:http://www.brookings.org/es/urban/cortright/specialization.pdf.2007年10月14日。
[5]Ann Markusen,Karen Chapple,Greg Schroeh,Daisaku Yamamoto and Pingkang Yu,"Gauging Metropolitan 'High-Tech' and 'I-Tech' Activity," Working Paper#257,University of Minnesota,December,2001.该文网址:http://www.hhh.umn.edu/img/assets/3728/hightech.pdf.2007年10月1日。
[1]Robert D.Atkinson and Paul D.Gottlieb,"The Metropolitan New Economy Index:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas," Progressive Institute,April 2001.p.7.
[2]Ross C.DeVol,America's High-Tech Economy:Growth,Development,and Risks for Metropolitan Areas,Milken Institute,July 13,1999.p.67.(美)Ross C.Devol著,陈广文等译:《美国高技术经济:都市区的增长、发展与风险》,科学技术文献出版社,2004年出版,第89页。
[3]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,1990.
[4]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University,1999.
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge-Based Economy,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[3]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,The Ecology of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[4]Heike Mayer,"Planting High Technology Seeds:Tektronix Role in the Creation of Portland's Silicon Forest,"Oregon Historical Quarterly,2005,106(4),pp.568-593.
[5]Heike Mayer," Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(3),pp.318-333.
[6]Heike Mayer,"What is the Role of Universities in High-tech Economic Development? The Case of Portland,Oregon,and Washington,DC.," LocalEconomy,2006,21(3),pp.292-315.
[7]Heike Mayer,"What is the Role of the University in Creating a High Technology Region?" Journal of Urban Technology.2008,21(3),pp.282-390.
[8]Ann Markusen."Studying Regions by studying Firms." Regions and Firms.1994.46(4).P.477-490.
[9]波特兰的别称是“玫瑰之城”(这个名字最早出自1905年的刘易斯和克拉克远征百年纪念博览会),这是因为波特兰的气候特别适宜于种植玫瑰,市内有许多玫瑰园,比如波特兰华盛顿公园里的国际玫瑰试验园。波特兰还有许多其它昵称,比如由于当年城市建设速度较快,砍伐树木剩下的树桩来不及被清理,城市周边布满树桩而被称为“树桩城”,由于河流和桥梁较多而被称为“桥城”、“河城”等等。
[1][美]拉尔夫·亨·布朗著,秦士勉译:《美国历史地理》,商务印书馆,1973年出版,第377页。
[1][美]卡尔·艾博特(Can Abbott)著,王旭等译:《大都市边疆》北京商务印书馆,1998年出版,第16页。
[2]Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,Island Press,Washington,Covelo,London,2004,p.15.
[3][美]卡尔·艾博特(Cart Abbott)著,第26页。
[1]511型号示波器(The model 511),后来被称为the Vollumscope,重达50磅。
[2]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.28.
[3]International Directory of Company Histories,Vol.8.St.James Press,1994.转引自https://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Tektronix-Inc-Company-History.html,2007年12月3日。注:文中下述有关泰克公司销售额与雇用人数的数据如无特殊注明,皆出之该网页。
[1]基于这些原因,本文将布朗工程公司的历史看作电子科技工业公司的历史的一部分给予论述。
[2]还可翻译为阻抗桥(Impedance Bridge),是用于测量交流电流阻力的的一种测量仪,它发明于1993年。
[3]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.15.
[4]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.17.
[1]该编号存储器芯片是世界上第一个容量为1KB的动态随机存储器(random-access memory),在集成电路的历史上具有重要意义:现如今大量的信息都是存储在芯片上的。
[2]Gerorge Drumbor interview with Craig With wollner,6 November 1985,hereafter cited as Drumbor interview.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craiz E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.60.
[3]袁路阳、赵曦林编译:《硅谷探奇》,科学普及出版社,1985年出版,第156页。
[4]Drumbor interview.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.60.
[5]袁路阳、赵曦林编译,《硅谷探奇》,第156页。
[1]Oregonian,30 January 1974.
[2]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.61.
[3]Oregonian,5 January 1979.
[4][美]蒂姆·杰克逊著,张连超、董旭等译:《英特尔探秘——芯片帝国的兴起》,国防工业出版社,1999年出版,第160页。
[5]Mayer Heike,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.103.
[6]一位英特尔前经理回忆,转引自Mayer Heike,“Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland Oregon,”p.103.
[7]在1977年迁移到俄勒冈后,432研究小组一直进行着该项芯片的设计工作,直到1981年完成。
[8]Intel Corp.1993.Defining Intel:25years/25 events.转引自Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.105.
[1]英特尔公司为表彰那些对本公司及行业做出杰出技术贡献的人才设立的荣誉头衔,地位相当于副总裁,这些人在英特尔公司担任技术及战略负责人。
[2]Mayer Heike,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.107.
[3]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.62.
[4]Lee,winning with people,pp.107-17,转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.woilner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,Portland,Oregon:The Oregon Historical Society Press,1990,p.63.
[5]Drumbor interview.Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.63.
[6]Drumbor interview.Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.63.
[1]RadiSys公司(纳斯达克交易代码:RSYS)成立于1987年,现已成为全球商业、企业和电信服务市场的高级嵌入式平台的领先供应商。在思科、IBM、朗讯科技、北电、西门子、迪堡、惠普、通用电气、飞利浦医疗系统、西门子医疗、安捷伦、罗克韦尔、泰克、环球仪器等许多公司的产品中,都有RadiSys 技术的身影。
[2]Sequent公司主要是一家开放应用软件的处理器系统的开发商和供应商,1997年被IBM以8.1亿美元现金收购。
[3]由离开母公司的员工创建的公司。
[4]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,p.3.
[5]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,p.4.
[6]此段数据看参阅本文后面的章节的相关论述。
[7]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.46.
[1]Winningstad interview.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.46.
[2]Winningstad into-view.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.48.
[3]较之浮点硬件对数据的处理能力更强。
[4]该部分的数据如无特殊说明皆出之Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.woilner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area.1945-1986。
[1]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies,School of Urban Studies and Planning,Portland State University.p.16.
[2]只有仪器(SIC 38)部门下降了,从1988年的13,300人下降至1998年的9400人,下降了3900人,下降了29%。
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Fores,P.13.
[2]只有仪器部门(Instruments)下降了,由占全国的1.19%下降至1996年的1.16%,下降了0.03%。
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.5.
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,A Comparison of High Technology Centers,p.15.
[3]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.5.
[4]http://www.neweconomyindex.org/metro/part5_page3.html.2007.12.17.
[1]韩宇:“美国高技术城市成功因素探析”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年第4期,第113页。
[2]卡斯特尔和霍尔著,李鹏飞,范琼英等译:《世界的高技术园区:21世纪产业综合体的形成》,北京理工大学出版社,1998年出版,第288页。
[3]魏心镇等编著:《新的产业空间:高技术产业开发区的发展和布局》,北京大学出版社1993年出版,第23页。
[1]Heike Mayer,2005."Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," pp.318-333.
[2]Heike Mayer,"Planting High Technology Seeds:Tektronix Role in the Creation of Portland's Silicon Forest,"p.578.
[1]Tekweek.(1974 October 4).Fall term student body stands at 2,200,Tekweek,5.转引自Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p.89.
[2]当地一家高技术企业的回忆,转引自Heike Mayer,“Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon,”p.95.
[1]一位英特尔前公司经理的话,转引自Heike Mayer,“Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon,”p.99.
[1]U.S.Patent and Trademark Office(2002)。转引自:Heike Mayer,"Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon,”p.324.
[2]浮点系统公司自己也衍生了一批子公司:Aptec Computer Systems(1980),Quantiative Technology(1981),Star Technology(1981),Scientific Computer Systems(1983),Support Technologies(1984),Synergy DataWorks(1984),Performance Computing(1990),Thrustmaster(1990),Axian(1991),Endeavor Intertech (1997)CenterSpan Communications(1999)。
[3]Mentor Graphics公司自己也衍生了一些子公司:OVP Venture Partners(1983),MedicaLogic (1985),Interconnectix(1992),Ignis Systems(1994),Genedax(1997),Archinetix(1999)Indogram(2000)。
[4]平达系统公司衍生了一些公司:InFocus(1986),Motif(1992),Sarif(1994),Clarity Visual Systems (1995),Lightware(1995),Pixelworks(1997)。
[1]the unitary tax is not a tax,but a method of apportioning the state corporation income tax on multistate and multinational corporations.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.137.
[1]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.134.
[2]约翰·基斯哈柏(John Kitzhaber),1947年3月5号出生于华盛顿州科尔法克斯市(Colfax,Washington.),两次担任俄勒冈州州长,任职时间(1995-1999年),(1999-2003年)。
[3]Malone,Michael S.Upside.(U.S.ed.),"Which way to the Silicon Forest?",Foster City:Mar 1996.Vol.8,Iss.3;pg.28,12pgs.
[4]维克托·阿蒂耶(Victor Atiyeh),1923年2月20号出生于俄勒冈州波特兰市(Portland,Oregon),俄勒冈州州长任职时间(1979.1.8-1987.12)。
[5]"Speech by Governor Victor Atiyeh[to]the World Affairs Council,Portland,June 20,1984".转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.138.
[1](Medford) Mail-Tribune,28 June 1984.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.138.
[2](Klamath Falls)Herald and News,31 July 1984.转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.139.
[3]Fab(设计制造厂),Fabll表示是第11个设计制造厂。
[4]又译为工业发展债券,一般而言,此种债券是由美国州及当地政府所发行,用于发展工业的债券,筹集资金,提供新设企业融资的方式,债券收益依特定公司的经济状况的健全度而定,有些工业收益债券是免税。
[5]Barlett,D.,& Steele,J.(1998,November 8).States at war.Time,转引自Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.152.
[1]Barnett,J.(1994b).The two that got away.The oregonian.
[2]http://www.oregon4biz.com/sip.htm.2008年4月6日。
[3]Key industry news:Advances in Oregon's 13 key industries...Anonymous.Oregon Business.Portland:Oct 01,1995.Vol.18,Iss.10;Sec.1.p.147.
[1]几乎所有的公司都位于波特兰大都市区内。
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Forest,p.8.
[1]ECONorthwest,Fiscal and Economic Impacts of Intel Oregon's Potential future investment.2005.
[2]淮鲁编著:《美国科技布局简论》,中国科学技术大学出版社,1990年出版,第116页。
[3]淮鲁编著:《美国科技布局简论》,第118页。
[4]GOTTLIEB P D.“Amenities as an Economic Development,Toll:Is there Enough Evidence,”Economic Development Quartedy,August 1994:pp.270-285.转引自韩宇:“美国高技术城市成功因素探析”,第119页。
[1]GOTTLIEB P D."Amenities as an Economic Development,Toll:Is there Enough Evidence," pp.270-285.
[1]http://www.els-china.com/centers/usa/portland.htm.2007年11月25日。
[2]http://opinion.news.hexun.com/1783_555101A.shtml.2007年11月25日。
[3]地球日联盟(Earth Day Network)是一个非营利非政府组织,由1970年首次地球日活动的组织者创建,其宗旨是不断提高全球公民的环境意识,循序渐进开展长期环境保护行动。经过不断努力,已经形成了以美国华盛顿特区总部为中心,覆盖世界174个国家共15000个组织的全球性环保网络。地球日联盟致力于拓展“环境”的定义,使其包括所有影响人类健康、社区和环境的话题,诸如空气和水污染、校园环境的恶化、公共交通、就业机会、哮喘病和癌症病例的增加、以及公园和娱乐场所的资金匮乏等等。
[4]http://www.portlandonline.com/MAYOR/index.cfm?c=difae&a=bejjaf,2007年11月25日。
[5]http://www.cookinglight.com/cooking/fd/features/whitepage/0,15829,1579836,00.html,2007年11月25日。
[6]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.40.
[7]Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,Island Press,Washington,Covelo,London,2004,p.11.
[8]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.40.
[1]Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.41.
[2]U.S.Census Bureau and Oregon Department of Human Services,Center for Health Statistics.转引自Report 2001-1:Metropedia-a report of economic performance in the region,and performance compared to other metropolitan regions in America.p.42.
[3]Oregon Employment Department.1999.1999 Oregon In-Migration Study.Salem:Oregon Employment Department.转引自Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,p.11.
[4]Franklin,Rachel.2003.U.S Census Bureau.Migration of Young,Single,and College Educated:1995 to 2000,http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/censr-12.pdf.2007.11.12
[5]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.2.
[6]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.8.
[1]Oregon Employment Department(1999).1999 Oregon In-Migration Study.Salem,Oregon,Employment Department:53.转引自Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.9.
[2]Vaidya,K.L.(1998).Oregon Update:In-migrants:Oregon's New Residents,Office of Economic Analysis.1999.转引自Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge Based Economy,P.9.
[3]Mayer Heike,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology finns as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," p 150.
[4]韩宇:《美国高技术城市研究》(书稿),第193页。
[1]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,p.186.
[1]Heike Mayer,"Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:High-technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," p.321.
[1][美]安娜利·萨克森宁.地区优势:硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争[M].曹蓬、杨宁光等译.上海远东出版社,1999年.
[2][美]罗杰斯、拉森.硅谷热:迎接高技术文化的来临[M].朱家一等译.中国友谊出版社,1990年.
[3][美]迈克尔·S·马龙.惊世伟绩:高技术的摇篮硅谷揽胜[M].殷元骥等译.经济科学出版社,1990年.
[4][美]尼尔·R·比尔斯、杰里·哈格斯特洛姆.中国社会科学院美国研究所编译室译.董乐山校.美国志——五十州现状[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年
[5][美]卡尔·艾博特.大都市边疆——当代美国西部城市[M].王旭等译.北京:商务印书馆,1998年.
[6][美]卡斯特尔、霍尔著.世界的高技术园区:21世纪产业综合体的形成[M].李鹏飞等译,北京理工大学出版社,1998年.
[7][美]曼纽尔·卡斯泰尔.信息化城市[M].崔保国等译.江苏人民出版社,2001年
[8][美]曼纽尔·卡斯特.网络社会的崛起[M].夏铸九等译.社会科学文献出版社,2001年.
[9][美]罗斯·德沃尔.美国高技术经济:都市区的增长、发展与风险[M].陈广文等译.科学技术文献出版社,2004年.
[10]王旭.美国城市史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000年.
[11]王旭.美国西海岸大城市研究[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,1994年.
[12]宋玉华等.美国新经济研究:经济范式转型与制度演化[M].人民出版社,2002年.
[13]顾朝林、赵令勋等.中国高技术产业与园区[M].中信出版社,1998年.
[14]李锺文等.硅谷优势:创业与创新精神的栖息地[M],北京:人民出版社,2000年
[15]王旭.美国城市化的历史解读[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2003年.
[16]钱颖一、肖梦主编.走出误区:经济学家论说硅谷模式[C].中国经济出版社,2000年.
[17]刘绪贻,杨生茂主编.美国通史[M].北京:人民出版社,2002年.
[18]魏心镇等著.新的产业空间:高技术产业开发区的发展与布局[M].北京大学出版社,1993年.
[19]林风.美国科学技术未来——战略·政策·创新[M].福建科学技术出版社,2005年.
[20]钟坚.世界硅谷模式的制度分析[M].中国社会科学出版社,2001年.
[21]韩宇.美国高技术城市研究[M](书稿),国家社科基金青年项目结题成果,项目批准号:03CSS002,2006年11月,未出版.
[22]赵文彦、陈益生等编著.新兴产业的摇篮:高技术开发区研究[C].科学技术文献出版社,1990年.
[23]张景安、亨利·罗文等著.创业精神与创业集群:硅谷的启示[M].复旦大学出版社,2002年.
[24]陈宝森.当代美国经济[M].社会科学文献出版社.2001年.
[25]淮鲁编著.美国科技布局简论[C].中国科学技术大学出版社,1990年.
[1]Cordon B.Dodds and Craig E.wollner,The Silicon Forest:High Tech in the Portland Area,1945-1986,Portland,Oregon:The Oregon Historical Society Press,1990.
[2]Martin Kenney ed.Understanding Silicon Valley:The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.
[3]Luger,M I and H A Goldstein.Technology in the Garden.Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,1991.
[4]Roger Miller and Marcel Cote,Growing the Next Silicon Valley:A Guide for Successful Regional Planning,Lexington,MA:Lexington Books,1987.
[5]Carl Abbott,Portland:Planning,Politics,and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City,University of Nebraska Press:Lincoln and London,1983.
[6]Markusen,Ann R.and Masayuki Sasaki,Second Tier Cities,Rapid Growth beyond the metropolis,Ann R.Markysen,Yong-Sook Lee and Scan DiGiovanna,Editors,University of Minnesota Press,1999.
[7]Edited by Connie P.Ozawa,The Portland Edge:Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities,Island Press,Washington,Covelo,London,2004.
[8]Richard Florida,Martin Kenney.The Breakthrough Illusion:Corporate America's Failure to Move from Innovation to Mass Production,New York:Basic Books.1990.
[9]Michael S.Malone,The Big Score:The Billion-Dollar Story of Silicon Valley,New York Doubleday &Company,1985.
[10]Everett M.Rogers,Judith.K.Larsen.Silicon Valley Fever:The Growth of High-Technology Culture,New York:Basic Books,1984.
[11]Ann Markusen,Regional Advantage:Culture And Competition In Silicon Valley And Route 128,1994,Cambridge.1994.
[12]Dan M.Khanna.The rise,decline,and renewal of Silicon Valley's high technology industry,New York:Garland Pub.,1997.
[13]Chong-Moon Lee,William F.Miller,Marguerite Gong Hancock,and Henry S.Rowen eds,The Silicon Valley Edge:A habitat for innovation and entrepreneurship,Stanford:Stanford university press,2000.
[14]Manuel Castells,The Informational City:Information Technology,Economic Restructuring,and the Urban-regional Process,Oxford,UK;Cambrideg,Mass.,USA:B.Blackwell,1989.
[1]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Overview of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University,1999.
[2]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Portland's Knowledge-Based Economy,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[3]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,Spin-offs,Startups and Fast Growth Firms in the Portland,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[4]Carl Abbott,Regional City and Network City:Portland and Seattle in the Twentieth Century,The Western History Quarterly,Vol.23,No.3,August,1992.
[5]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,The Ecology of the Silicon Forest,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2000.
[6]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,A Comparison of High Technology Centers,Portland,OR:Institue for Portland Metropolitan Studies,Portland State University.2001.
[7]Heike Mayer,"Planting High Technology Seeds:Tektronix Role in the Creation of Portland's Silicon Forest," Oregon Historical Quarterly,2005,106(4),pp.568-593.
[8]Heike Mayer,"Taking Root in the Silicon Forest:The Role of High Technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon," Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(3),pp.318-333.
[9]Heike Mayer,"What is the Role of Universities in High-tech Economic Development? The Case of Portland,Oregon,and Washington,DC.," Local Economy,2006,21(3),pp.292-315.
[10]Heike Mayer,(In Press) "What is the Role of the University in Creating a High Technology Region?" Journal of Urban Technology.
[11]Ross C.DeVol,America's High-Tech Economy:Growth,Development,and Risks for Metropolitan Areas,Milken Institute,July 13,1999.
[12]Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer,High Tech Specialization:A Comparison of High Technology Centers,Brookings Institution,2001.
[13]Robert D.Atldnson and Paul D.Gottlieb,The Metropolitan New Economy Index:Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the Nation's Metropolitan Areas,Progressive Institute,April 2001.
[14]Growth and Its Impacts in Oregon—1999,A Report from Governor Kitzhaber's Task Force on Growth in Oregon,january 1999.
[15]Progress Of A Region:The Metropolitan Portland Economy IN The 1990S,Institute Of portland Metropolitan Studies,College Of Urban and Public Affairs,Portland State University,April 1999.
[16]ECONorthwest.Economic impacts of Intel's Oregon operations.PortLand:Intel Corporation.1998.
[17]ECONorthwes.Economic impacts of Intel's Oregon operations.PortLand:Intel Corporation.2003.
[18]ECONorthwest..Fiscal and Economic Impacts of Intel Oregon's Potential future investment.2005.
[19]Heike Mayer,"Taking root in the silicon forest:the role of high technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland,Oregon," Ph.D dissertations,University of Portland,2003.
[1]波特兰大都市区研究所(the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies)http://www.pdx.edu/ims/
[2]波特兰商业杂志(Portland Business Journal)http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/
[3]波特兰在线(portland online)http://www.portlandonline.com/
[4]俄勒冈州波特兰的历史(History of Portland,Oregon)http://www.accessgenealogy.com/portland-oregon.htm
[5]美国人口统计局(U.S.Census Bureau)http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html
[6]高科技经济发展的新闻和资源(High Tech Economic Development News and Resources)http://www.oregoneconomy.org/