超、特高压GIS中快速暂态过电压(VFTO)及其影响的研究
摘要
随着系统额定电压的升高,GIS隔离开关操作引起的快速暂态问题更加突出,而设备的雷电冲击耐受电压(LIWV)已不足以反映GIS设备的绝缘水平。因此,超、特高压GIS绝缘设计时,必须考虑VFTO的影响。
本文从GIS本体结构出发,针对不同电压等级设备各自特点,建立相应的内部结构细化模型。通过借鉴本课题组三维电场分析结果,在获得GIS元件较准确计算参数的基础上,分别以湖南长沙550kV GIS抽水蓄能电站和西北地区兰州东二期800kVGIS扩建工程为研究对象,对每种运行工况下GIS隔离开关操作引起的VFTO进行数值仿真。根据计算所得大量数据,对比分析不同电压等级GIS中的快速暂态过程,探讨各关键设备处VFTO波形的变化趋势,并结合百万伏交流试验示范工程技术参数,进一步研究超、特高压GIS结构参数对VFTO幅频特性的影响。从GIS内部、外部及主变多角度分析不同部件对VFTO的影响程度,在此基础上提出有针对性地建立仿真模型及选取计算参数的侧重点。
其次,对VFTO高频瞬态场引起的GIS外壳暂态电压、对二次设备的干扰电压进行分析。由于外壳暂态电压TEV峰值在数十千伏范围内变化,远小于VFTO幅值,不足以影响GIS内部暂态过程,因此VFTO仿真计算时只需考虑GIS母线芯线上的传播过程。但是,VFTO在电容式电压互感器二次电缆处引起的干扰电压的幅值和频率均较高,可能影响在线检测及二次保护系统,需要引起足够的重视。
最后,对某550kV GIS隔离开关触头间隙长期燃弧的故障进行分析。建立VFTO作用下双断口断路器内部结构细化模型,首次对作用在主、辅断口的过电压幅值及均压电容器的热容量问题进行探讨。
With the improvement of rated voltage in power system, the ratio of the lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV) to the rated voltage is decreasing, which makes the problem of fast transient phenomenon in GIS more and more obvious and serious. Thus, the influence of VFTO must be taken into consideration in insulation designing of GIS.
In this paper, the calculation results of very fast transient over-voltage for operations of disconnector based on 550kV GIS of Hydro-energy storage station and 800kV GIS of LanZhoudong station are presented, using EMTP and FORTRAN. Firstly, the refining models of components in GIS are set up according to the internal structures and characteristics of different equipments, and the equivalent parameters are obtained on the basis of the analysis on three dimensional electricfield, which make sure that calculation may be more accurate and valuable. According to the calculation data, the amplitudes and frequencies of VFTO occurred on different components in 550kV and 800kV GIS are compared, and the effects of EHV and UHV GIS structure on VFTO are also presented, which will provide reference to 1100kV GIS alternating current testing demonstration engineering. By analyzed variations of VFTO occurred on components in GIS and power transformer, the refining models and calculation parameters can be set up and chosen effectively.
Secondly, transient enclosure voltage and interference voltage accompany VFTO in such high frequency transient field are also studied in this paper. Transient enclosure voltage (TEV) varies in the range of several tens kilovolt, which is much lower than the amplitude of VFTO. Therefore, it is no need to consider TEV in simulation of VFTO propagation. But the interference voltage occur on the secondary cable should be paid more attention because of the high amplitude and frequency, or the on-line monitoring and secondary protection system maybe destroyed.
Finally, a fault of long-term persistent arcing in 550kV GIS is analyzed base on a refining model of double-break current breaker. The over voltage occurred on the main and auxiliary contacts of breaker is calculated and the problem of thermal capacity of the equalizing capacitor is discussed for the first time.
本文从GIS本体结构出发,针对不同电压等级设备各自特点,建立相应的内部结构细化模型。通过借鉴本课题组三维电场分析结果,在获得GIS元件较准确计算参数的基础上,分别以湖南长沙550kV GIS抽水蓄能电站和西北地区兰州东二期800kVGIS扩建工程为研究对象,对每种运行工况下GIS隔离开关操作引起的VFTO进行数值仿真。根据计算所得大量数据,对比分析不同电压等级GIS中的快速暂态过程,探讨各关键设备处VFTO波形的变化趋势,并结合百万伏交流试验示范工程技术参数,进一步研究超、特高压GIS结构参数对VFTO幅频特性的影响。从GIS内部、外部及主变多角度分析不同部件对VFTO的影响程度,在此基础上提出有针对性地建立仿真模型及选取计算参数的侧重点。
其次,对VFTO高频瞬态场引起的GIS外壳暂态电压、对二次设备的干扰电压进行分析。由于外壳暂态电压TEV峰值在数十千伏范围内变化,远小于VFTO幅值,不足以影响GIS内部暂态过程,因此VFTO仿真计算时只需考虑GIS母线芯线上的传播过程。但是,VFTO在电容式电压互感器二次电缆处引起的干扰电压的幅值和频率均较高,可能影响在线检测及二次保护系统,需要引起足够的重视。
最后,对某550kV GIS隔离开关触头间隙长期燃弧的故障进行分析。建立VFTO作用下双断口断路器内部结构细化模型,首次对作用在主、辅断口的过电压幅值及均压电容器的热容量问题进行探讨。
With the improvement of rated voltage in power system, the ratio of the lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV) to the rated voltage is decreasing, which makes the problem of fast transient phenomenon in GIS more and more obvious and serious. Thus, the influence of VFTO must be taken into consideration in insulation designing of GIS.
In this paper, the calculation results of very fast transient over-voltage for operations of disconnector based on 550kV GIS of Hydro-energy storage station and 800kV GIS of LanZhoudong station are presented, using EMTP and FORTRAN. Firstly, the refining models of components in GIS are set up according to the internal structures and characteristics of different equipments, and the equivalent parameters are obtained on the basis of the analysis on three dimensional electricfield, which make sure that calculation may be more accurate and valuable. According to the calculation data, the amplitudes and frequencies of VFTO occurred on different components in 550kV and 800kV GIS are compared, and the effects of EHV and UHV GIS structure on VFTO are also presented, which will provide reference to 1100kV GIS alternating current testing demonstration engineering. By analyzed variations of VFTO occurred on components in GIS and power transformer, the refining models and calculation parameters can be set up and chosen effectively.
Secondly, transient enclosure voltage and interference voltage accompany VFTO in such high frequency transient field are also studied in this paper. Transient enclosure voltage (TEV) varies in the range of several tens kilovolt, which is much lower than the amplitude of VFTO. Therefore, it is no need to consider TEV in simulation of VFTO propagation. But the interference voltage occur on the secondary cable should be paid more attention because of the high amplitude and frequency, or the on-line monitoring and secondary protection system maybe destroyed.
Finally, a fault of long-term persistent arcing in 550kV GIS is analyzed base on a refining model of double-break current breaker. The over voltage occurred on the main and auxiliary contacts of breaker is calculated and the problem of thermal capacity of the equalizing capacitor is discussed for the first time.
引文
[1]林莘.现代高压电器技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[2]齐伟夫,何柏娜,林莘.特高压线路上潜供电弧熄灭特性的分析.第五届输配电技术国际会议论文集,北京,2005.
[3]林莘,司秉娥,徐建源.1100kVGIS中隔离开关及故障接地开关电场数值分析.沈阳工业大学学报,2007,5(29):524-528.
[4]徐建源,司秉娥,林莘等.基于虚拟介电常数法的特高压GIS中隔离开关电场参数计算.电工技术学报,2008,23(5):37-42.
[5]田驰,林莘,徐建源.800kV GIS中快速暂态过电压的仿真计算.第一届电器装备及其智能化学术会议,西安,2007.
[6]林莘,何柏娜,徐建源.超高压线路上潜供电弧熄灭特性的分析.高电压技术,2006,32(3):7-9.
[7]Lin Xin,Tian Chi,Xu Jianyuan,et al.Comparison and analysis on very fast transient overvoltage based on 550kV GIS and 800kV GIS.International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application,Chongqing,China,2008.
[8]田驰,林莘.超高压GIS隔离开关操作引起VFTO的研究.高压开大行业通讯,2008,(1):36-39.
[9]He Baina,Lin Xin.The Research of high speed earthing switch in EHV GIS.International Conference on Electricity Distribution,Beijing,2006.
[10]林莘,何柏娜,徐建源.特高压快速接地开关的研制.电器工业,2007,(4),51-54.
[11]路璐,林莘,徐建源等.两种结构的特高压GIS隔离开关的电场数值分析.第一届电器装备及其智能化学术会议,西安,2007.
[12]徐建源,司秉娥,林莘等.特高压GIS中隔离开关电场数值分析及参数计算.高电压技术,2008,31(7):2102-2106.
[13]徐建源,路璐,林莘.1100kVGIS隔离开关的电场数值计算与分析.高电压技术,2008,34(10):2102-2106
[14]Lu Lu,Lin Xin,Xu Jianyuan,et al.Numerical analysis of electric field for 1100kV disconnector in GIS based on two kinds of structures.The 1st International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application,2008.
[15]刘卫东,金立军,钱家骊等.铁氧磁环抑制GIS的VFTO的可能性.电工技术学报,2002,17(4):22-25.
[16]Salih C,Zijad B,Miroslav L.Very fast electromagnetic transients in air insulated substations and gas insulated substations due to disconnector switching.International Symposium on Eletromagnetic Compatibility,2005,(2):382-387.
[17]Ozawa J,Yamagiwa T,Ho sokawaM,et al.Suppression fast transient over-voltage during gas disconnector switching in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1986,1(4):194-201.
[18]张桂红,郭洁,徐燕飞.GIS中的电磁暂态现象.高压电器,2006,42(5):349-351.
[19]唐启尧,高秉文.三峡电站500kVGIS快速暂态过电压分析.水电自动化和大坝检测,2007, 31(1):47-48.
[20]K.Nakanishi,S.Fujita,H.Kurita,et al.High frequency voltage oscillation in transformer windings and electrical breakdown properties of interturn insulation immersed in Oil at VFTO.IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena Minneapolis,1997,22(5):490-493.
[21]邱毓昌.GIS装置及其绝缘技术.北京:水利电力出版社,1994.
[22]尹晓芳,于力,刘广雄.封闭式组合电器隔离开关产生的过电压.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(7):111-114.
[23]Salih C,Zijad B,Miroslav L.Very fast electromagnetic transients in air insulated substations and gas insulated substations due to disconnector switching.International Symposium on Eletromagnetic Compatibility,2005(2):382-387.
[24]C.Y.Lui,J.Hiley.Computational study of very fast transients in GIS with special reference to effects of trapped charge and risetime on overvoltage amplitude,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,11(2):485-488.
[25]CIGRE WG33/33.Very fast transient phenomena associated with gas insulated substations.CIGRE,Paris,1988;33(1):1-20.
[26]Povh D,Schmitt H,Volcker O,et at.Modeling and analysis guidelines for very fast transients.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(4):2028-2035.
[27]Fujimoto N.Mechanism and Analysis of short raise-time GIS transients.CIGRE Symposium,1987:5-7.
[28]Shibuya Y,Fujita S,Shimomura T.Effects of very fast transient over-voltages on transformer.IEEE Proceedings,1999.
[29]Yanabu S,Murase H,Aoyagi H,et al.Estimation of fast transient orervoltage in gas-insulated substation.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1875-1881.
[30]Morched A,Marti J.A high frequency transformer model for EMTP.IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1993,8(3):1615-1626.
[31]J.Meppelink,K.Diederich,W.Pfaff,et al.Very fast transients in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,(1):223
[32]刘青,张玉峰.750kVGIS用变压器端部的快速暂态过电压的研究.电瓷避雷器,2006,(2):37-38.
[33]吕闻,唐陇军,杨凌辉.500 kV特高频暂态过电压的应对措施.华东电力,2006,34(4):20-22.
[34]陶翠屏.用EMTP模拟SF6绝缘金属外壳开关在操作小电容电流下的开关特性.电工技术杂志,1988,(7):12.
[35]刘长邑.GIS中快速暂态过程的计算机研究.电网技术,1992,53(1):37.
[36]阮全荣,施围.GIS隔离开关带分合闸电阻抑制VFTO的研究.高电压技术,2005,31(12):6-8.
[37]王琦,李六零,邱毓昌.气体绝缘开关装置中快速暂态过电压的抑制.电力设备,2004.5(3):19-21.
[38]刘青,赵峰.330kV GIS中投切电抗器的过电压研究.高电压技术,2004,40(5):358-360.
[39]项祖涛,刘卫东等.磁环抑制GIS中特快速暂态过电压的模拟试验和仿真.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(19):101-105.
[40]司秉娥.电器设备的静态与瞬态电场数值分析:(硕士学位论文).沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2007.
[41]何善庆.GIS的电气特征与切合空载母线试验.高电压技术,1993,(1):60-64.
[42]Luxa G.Recent research activity on the dielectric performance of SF6 with special reference of very fast transients.CIGRE,Paris,1988.
[43]S.Yanabu,HMurase.Estimation of transient overvoltage in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,2(11):1875.
[44]王俊,夏英毅.GIS中的快速暂态过电压现象.华通技术经验交流,2005,(2):44-46.
[45]鲁铁成,李思南,冯伊平等.GIS中快速暂态过电压的仿真计算.高电压技术,2002,28(11):3-5.
[46]J.Meppelink,K.Diederich,W.Pfaff.Very fast transients in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1983,12(1):223
[47]童彤.750kV特高压GIS隔离开关特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害与研究.新疆电力,2006,(4):18-19.
[48]Froehlich Eriksson A.Special phenomena in gas insulated high voltage switchgear,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.1990,107(7):156-158
[49]孙海峰,陈洪海,吉长祜等.基于MATLAB的变压器绕组中VFTO下的电压分布仿真计算.河北电力技术,2004,4(23):1-3.
[50]C.Y.Lui,J.Hiley.Computational study of very fast transients in GIS with special reference to effects of trapped charge and risetime on overvoltage amplitude.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,11(8):485-490.
[51]IEC-1259.Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages 72.5kV and above,Requirements for switching of bus-charging currents by disconnectors,1994,
[52]张纬钹,高玉明.电力系统过电压与绝缘配合.北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
[53]刘家芳,李敏,饶章权.500kV变电站隔离开关对PT二次侧干扰信号研究.高压电器,2005,41(6):423-424.
[54]解广润.电力系统过电压.北京:水利电力出版社,1998.
[55]施围.电力系统国电压计算.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[56]李福寿.电力系统过电压计算.北京:水利电力出版社,1988年.
[57]史保壮,李智敏,张文元等.GIS中快速暂态过电压的计算及影响因素分析.高电压技术,1997,23(4):19-22.
[58]吴立坚.大电流母线的理论基础与设计.北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[59]Kumar V V,Joy T M,Naidu M S.Influence of switching conditions on the VFTO magnitude in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2001,16(4):539-544.
[60]杨淩辉,张嘉旻.500kVGIS隔离闸刀操作暂态过电压的研究.华东电力,2004,32(1):37-40.
[61]IEC 60071-1,International standard,Insulation co-ordination part 1:definitions,principles and rules,1993.
[62]IEC 60071-4,International standard,Insulation co-ordination part 4:computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modeling of elect rical networks,2004.
[63]GB 311.121997高压输变电设备的绝缘配合,1997.
[64]钱家骊,张节容,徐国政.高电压开关开合电容电流和小电感电流.北京:中国电力出版社,1999.
[65]王洪新,贺景亮.电力系统电磁兼容.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.
[66]张重远,梁贵书,崔翔.GIS隔离开关操作时对二次设备的影响.高电压技术,2002,28(2):5-7.
[67]于刚,何金良,茆必成.开关操作暂态电压对变电所二次电缆的电磁干扰.电工技术杂志,2002,(12):19-25.
[68]谷定燮,修木洪,戴敏等.1000kVGIS变电所VFTO特性研究.高电压技术,2007,33(11):27-32.
[2]齐伟夫,何柏娜,林莘.特高压线路上潜供电弧熄灭特性的分析.第五届输配电技术国际会议论文集,北京,2005.
[3]林莘,司秉娥,徐建源.1100kVGIS中隔离开关及故障接地开关电场数值分析.沈阳工业大学学报,2007,5(29):524-528.
[4]徐建源,司秉娥,林莘等.基于虚拟介电常数法的特高压GIS中隔离开关电场参数计算.电工技术学报,2008,23(5):37-42.
[5]田驰,林莘,徐建源.800kV GIS中快速暂态过电压的仿真计算.第一届电器装备及其智能化学术会议,西安,2007.
[6]林莘,何柏娜,徐建源.超高压线路上潜供电弧熄灭特性的分析.高电压技术,2006,32(3):7-9.
[7]Lin Xin,Tian Chi,Xu Jianyuan,et al.Comparison and analysis on very fast transient overvoltage based on 550kV GIS and 800kV GIS.International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application,Chongqing,China,2008.
[8]田驰,林莘.超高压GIS隔离开关操作引起VFTO的研究.高压开大行业通讯,2008,(1):36-39.
[9]He Baina,Lin Xin.The Research of high speed earthing switch in EHV GIS.International Conference on Electricity Distribution,Beijing,2006.
[10]林莘,何柏娜,徐建源.特高压快速接地开关的研制.电器工业,2007,(4),51-54.
[11]路璐,林莘,徐建源等.两种结构的特高压GIS隔离开关的电场数值分析.第一届电器装备及其智能化学术会议,西安,2007.
[12]徐建源,司秉娥,林莘等.特高压GIS中隔离开关电场数值分析及参数计算.高电压技术,2008,31(7):2102-2106.
[13]徐建源,路璐,林莘.1100kVGIS隔离开关的电场数值计算与分析.高电压技术,2008,34(10):2102-2106
[14]Lu Lu,Lin Xin,Xu Jianyuan,et al.Numerical analysis of electric field for 1100kV disconnector in GIS based on two kinds of structures.The 1st International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application,2008.
[15]刘卫东,金立军,钱家骊等.铁氧磁环抑制GIS的VFTO的可能性.电工技术学报,2002,17(4):22-25.
[16]Salih C,Zijad B,Miroslav L.Very fast electromagnetic transients in air insulated substations and gas insulated substations due to disconnector switching.International Symposium on Eletromagnetic Compatibility,2005,(2):382-387.
[17]Ozawa J,Yamagiwa T,Ho sokawaM,et al.Suppression fast transient over-voltage during gas disconnector switching in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1986,1(4):194-201.
[18]张桂红,郭洁,徐燕飞.GIS中的电磁暂态现象.高压电器,2006,42(5):349-351.
[19]唐启尧,高秉文.三峡电站500kVGIS快速暂态过电压分析.水电自动化和大坝检测,2007, 31(1):47-48.
[20]K.Nakanishi,S.Fujita,H.Kurita,et al.High frequency voltage oscillation in transformer windings and electrical breakdown properties of interturn insulation immersed in Oil at VFTO.IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena Minneapolis,1997,22(5):490-493.
[21]邱毓昌.GIS装置及其绝缘技术.北京:水利电力出版社,1994.
[22]尹晓芳,于力,刘广雄.封闭式组合电器隔离开关产生的过电压.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(7):111-114.
[23]Salih C,Zijad B,Miroslav L.Very fast electromagnetic transients in air insulated substations and gas insulated substations due to disconnector switching.International Symposium on Eletromagnetic Compatibility,2005(2):382-387.
[24]C.Y.Lui,J.Hiley.Computational study of very fast transients in GIS with special reference to effects of trapped charge and risetime on overvoltage amplitude,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,11(2):485-488.
[25]CIGRE WG33/33.Very fast transient phenomena associated with gas insulated substations.CIGRE,Paris,1988;33(1):1-20.
[26]Povh D,Schmitt H,Volcker O,et at.Modeling and analysis guidelines for very fast transients.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(4):2028-2035.
[27]Fujimoto N.Mechanism and Analysis of short raise-time GIS transients.CIGRE Symposium,1987:5-7.
[28]Shibuya Y,Fujita S,Shimomura T.Effects of very fast transient over-voltages on transformer.IEEE Proceedings,1999.
[29]Yanabu S,Murase H,Aoyagi H,et al.Estimation of fast transient orervoltage in gas-insulated substation.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1875-1881.
[30]Morched A,Marti J.A high frequency transformer model for EMTP.IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1993,8(3):1615-1626.
[31]J.Meppelink,K.Diederich,W.Pfaff,et al.Very fast transients in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,(1):223
[32]刘青,张玉峰.750kVGIS用变压器端部的快速暂态过电压的研究.电瓷避雷器,2006,(2):37-38.
[33]吕闻,唐陇军,杨凌辉.500 kV特高频暂态过电压的应对措施.华东电力,2006,34(4):20-22.
[34]陶翠屏.用EMTP模拟SF6绝缘金属外壳开关在操作小电容电流下的开关特性.电工技术杂志,1988,(7):12.
[35]刘长邑.GIS中快速暂态过程的计算机研究.电网技术,1992,53(1):37.
[36]阮全荣,施围.GIS隔离开关带分合闸电阻抑制VFTO的研究.高电压技术,2005,31(12):6-8.
[37]王琦,李六零,邱毓昌.气体绝缘开关装置中快速暂态过电压的抑制.电力设备,2004.5(3):19-21.
[38]刘青,赵峰.330kV GIS中投切电抗器的过电压研究.高电压技术,2004,40(5):358-360.
[39]项祖涛,刘卫东等.磁环抑制GIS中特快速暂态过电压的模拟试验和仿真.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(19):101-105.
[40]司秉娥.电器设备的静态与瞬态电场数值分析:(硕士学位论文).沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2007.
[41]何善庆.GIS的电气特征与切合空载母线试验.高电压技术,1993,(1):60-64.
[42]Luxa G.Recent research activity on the dielectric performance of SF6 with special reference of very fast transients.CIGRE,Paris,1988.
[43]S.Yanabu,HMurase.Estimation of transient overvoltage in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,2(11):1875.
[44]王俊,夏英毅.GIS中的快速暂态过电压现象.华通技术经验交流,2005,(2):44-46.
[45]鲁铁成,李思南,冯伊平等.GIS中快速暂态过电压的仿真计算.高电压技术,2002,28(11):3-5.
[46]J.Meppelink,K.Diederich,W.Pfaff.Very fast transients in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1983,12(1):223
[47]童彤.750kV特高压GIS隔离开关特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害与研究.新疆电力,2006,(4):18-19.
[48]Froehlich Eriksson A.Special phenomena in gas insulated high voltage switchgear,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.1990,107(7):156-158
[49]孙海峰,陈洪海,吉长祜等.基于MATLAB的变压器绕组中VFTO下的电压分布仿真计算.河北电力技术,2004,4(23):1-3.
[50]C.Y.Lui,J.Hiley.Computational study of very fast transients in GIS with special reference to effects of trapped charge and risetime on overvoltage amplitude.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,11(8):485-490.
[51]IEC-1259.Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages 72.5kV and above,Requirements for switching of bus-charging currents by disconnectors,1994,
[52]张纬钹,高玉明.电力系统过电压与绝缘配合.北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
[53]刘家芳,李敏,饶章权.500kV变电站隔离开关对PT二次侧干扰信号研究.高压电器,2005,41(6):423-424.
[54]解广润.电力系统过电压.北京:水利电力出版社,1998.
[55]施围.电力系统国电压计算.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[56]李福寿.电力系统过电压计算.北京:水利电力出版社,1988年.
[57]史保壮,李智敏,张文元等.GIS中快速暂态过电压的计算及影响因素分析.高电压技术,1997,23(4):19-22.
[58]吴立坚.大电流母线的理论基础与设计.北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[59]Kumar V V,Joy T M,Naidu M S.Influence of switching conditions on the VFTO magnitude in GIS.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2001,16(4):539-544.
[60]杨淩辉,张嘉旻.500kVGIS隔离闸刀操作暂态过电压的研究.华东电力,2004,32(1):37-40.
[61]IEC 60071-1,International standard,Insulation co-ordination part 1:definitions,principles and rules,1993.
[62]IEC 60071-4,International standard,Insulation co-ordination part 4:computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modeling of elect rical networks,2004.
[63]GB 311.121997高压输变电设备的绝缘配合,1997.
[64]钱家骊,张节容,徐国政.高电压开关开合电容电流和小电感电流.北京:中国电力出版社,1999.
[65]王洪新,贺景亮.电力系统电磁兼容.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.
[66]张重远,梁贵书,崔翔.GIS隔离开关操作时对二次设备的影响.高电压技术,2002,28(2):5-7.
[67]于刚,何金良,茆必成.开关操作暂态电压对变电所二次电缆的电磁干扰.电工技术杂志,2002,(12):19-25.
[68]谷定燮,修木洪,戴敏等.1000kVGIS变电所VFTO特性研究.高电压技术,2007,33(11):27-32.