串联谐振电容器充电电源的研制
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摘要
对以电容器作为储能单元的脉冲功率系统来说,电容器充电电源的性能决定了输出电压的稳定度和重复频率。高频谐振变换器用于电容器充电时具有诸多优势,在对大容量电容充电时以串联谐振变换器应用得最为普遍。
本论文介绍了应用于脉冲等离子体推进器的串联谐振电容器充电电源的研制。通过对谐振电路的稳态分析,得到了工作于不连续电流模式的串联谐振电容器充电电路中谐振电流峰值、谐振电压峰值和负载电容电压增量与谐振周期的个数之间的函数关系,证明在续流电流峰值降到零之前,电路具有内在的恒流特性,因此能够实现线性充电。此外还计算出了恒流特性发生变化的时刻以及该时刻对应的负载电容电压。通过仿真计算,验证了理论分析的正确性,并且指出了当特征阻抗一定时谐振频率应该折中选择,指出了当谐振频率一定时开关频率也应该折中选择,并给出了相关标准。通过利用零电流谐振电源控制芯片UC3867,使功率开关器件实现了真正意义上的零电流关断,从而避免了关断过压的产生,减少了关断过程的损耗。通过采用双段式充电的控制策略,即当负载电容电压小于预设电压的90%时以较高的开关频率充电,当电容电压达到90%以后以较低的开关频率充电,使电容避免了过充的危险。
该电源经过测试,达到了预期的各项指标。在对10μF电容充电时,250 ms内充电到了2500 V,并且电压的重复性好。在等离子体负载下可以稳定工作在2.5 Hz,电容器的最大放电电流达到了4 kA。最后对电源的优化设计进行了展望。
For pulsed power systems utilizing capacitors as the energy storage unit, the performance of capacitor charging power supplies (CCPS) determines the stability and repeatability of the output voltage. High frequency resonant converters exhibit many advantages when used for capacitor charging, and one kind of them, series resonant converter (SRC), is employed universally to charge large-capacity capacitors.
This paper presents the research and development work on series resonant CCPS applied to pulsed plasma thruster (PPT). By steady state analysis of resonant circuits working in discontinuous current mode in series resonant CCPS, three functional relationships between peak value of resonant current, peak value of resonant voltage, voltage on load capacitor and numbers of resonant periods are found and the inherent constant-current characteristic, which disappears as the current through anti-parallel diodes declines to zero, are demonstrated. Furthermore, the precise time when the constant-current characteristic changes and the voltage on the load capacitor at that moment are calculated. The truth of theoretical analysis is testified by circuit simulation. The suggestions on how to choose suitable resonant frequency when circuit characteristic impedance is known and how to choose suitable operation frequency when resonant frequency is known are made. The power switch apparatus in CCPS experience‘true’zero current switching (ZCS) process by utilizing zero current resonant mode power supply controller UC3867 and thus the danger of turn-off overvoltage facing switch apparatus is avoided while the power dissipation in turn-off period is reduced. The dual-mode charging control scheme which means CCPS operates in high frequency before the charging voltage on load capacitor reaches 90% of the target voltage and operates in low frequency after that reaches reduces the possibility of over charging on the load capacitor.
The system is tested and anticipated results are got. A load capacitor of 10μF is charged to 2500 V linearly within 250 ms and the repeatability of output voltage is acceptable. The repeated frequency of CCPS is 2.5 Hz when the load capacitor discharges to plasma. Some possible improvements are also proposed in the paper.
本论文介绍了应用于脉冲等离子体推进器的串联谐振电容器充电电源的研制。通过对谐振电路的稳态分析,得到了工作于不连续电流模式的串联谐振电容器充电电路中谐振电流峰值、谐振电压峰值和负载电容电压增量与谐振周期的个数之间的函数关系,证明在续流电流峰值降到零之前,电路具有内在的恒流特性,因此能够实现线性充电。此外还计算出了恒流特性发生变化的时刻以及该时刻对应的负载电容电压。通过仿真计算,验证了理论分析的正确性,并且指出了当特征阻抗一定时谐振频率应该折中选择,指出了当谐振频率一定时开关频率也应该折中选择,并给出了相关标准。通过利用零电流谐振电源控制芯片UC3867,使功率开关器件实现了真正意义上的零电流关断,从而避免了关断过压的产生,减少了关断过程的损耗。通过采用双段式充电的控制策略,即当负载电容电压小于预设电压的90%时以较高的开关频率充电,当电容电压达到90%以后以较低的开关频率充电,使电容避免了过充的危险。
该电源经过测试,达到了预期的各项指标。在对10μF电容充电时,250 ms内充电到了2500 V,并且电压的重复性好。在等离子体负载下可以稳定工作在2.5 Hz,电容器的最大放电电流达到了4 kA。最后对电源的优化设计进行了展望。
For pulsed power systems utilizing capacitors as the energy storage unit, the performance of capacitor charging power supplies (CCPS) determines the stability and repeatability of the output voltage. High frequency resonant converters exhibit many advantages when used for capacitor charging, and one kind of them, series resonant converter (SRC), is employed universally to charge large-capacity capacitors.
This paper presents the research and development work on series resonant CCPS applied to pulsed plasma thruster (PPT). By steady state analysis of resonant circuits working in discontinuous current mode in series resonant CCPS, three functional relationships between peak value of resonant current, peak value of resonant voltage, voltage on load capacitor and numbers of resonant periods are found and the inherent constant-current characteristic, which disappears as the current through anti-parallel diodes declines to zero, are demonstrated. Furthermore, the precise time when the constant-current characteristic changes and the voltage on the load capacitor at that moment are calculated. The truth of theoretical analysis is testified by circuit simulation. The suggestions on how to choose suitable resonant frequency when circuit characteristic impedance is known and how to choose suitable operation frequency when resonant frequency is known are made. The power switch apparatus in CCPS experience‘true’zero current switching (ZCS) process by utilizing zero current resonant mode power supply controller UC3867 and thus the danger of turn-off overvoltage facing switch apparatus is avoided while the power dissipation in turn-off period is reduced. The dual-mode charging control scheme which means CCPS operates in high frequency before the charging voltage on load capacitor reaches 90% of the target voltage and operates in low frequency after that reaches reduces the possibility of over charging on the load capacitor.
The system is tested and anticipated results are got. A load capacitor of 10μF is charged to 2500 V linearly within 250 ms and the repeatability of output voltage is acceptable. The repeated frequency of CCPS is 2.5 Hz when the load capacitor discharges to plasma. Some possible improvements are also proposed in the paper.
引文
[1]牛禄,王宏伟,杨威.用于微小卫星推进装置的脉冲等离子体推力器.上海航天,2004,(5):39～43
[2] R. J. Cassady, W. A. Hoskins.A Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT) for the“Dawgstar”Spacecraft.IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2000, (4): 7～14
[3] D. R. Bromaghim, G. G. Spanjers, R. A. Spores.A Proposed On-Orbit Demonstration of an Advanced Pulsed-Plasma Thruster for Small Satellite Applications.IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2000, (4): 75～83
[4] Muhammad H. Rashid.电力电子技术手册.陈建业等译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.453～454
[5] R. M. Nelms, B. E. Strickland, Mike Garbi.High voltage capacitor charging Power Supplies for Repetitive Rate Loads.IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1990, (2): 1281～1285
[6]张仁豫,陈昌渔,王昌长.高电压试验技术.第2版.北京:清华大学出版社,2002.199～203
[7] J. S. Przybyla.High Power (>100kW) Resonant Converters in High Voltage DC Power Supplies and Capacitor Chargers.IEE Symposium on Pulsed Power, 1998, (25): 1～8
[8] Mangesh Borage, Sunil Tiwari, Swarna Kotaiah, et al.Analysis and Design of an LCL-T Resonant Converter as a Constant-Current Power Supply.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 52(6) : 1547～1554
[9] H. Pollock.Constant frequency, Constant Current Load-Resonant Capacitor Charging Power Supply.IEEE Electric Power Applications Conference, 146(2): 187～192
[10] Robert L. Steigerwald . A Comparison of Half-Bridge Resonant Converter Topologies.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1988, 3(2): 174～182
[11]李网生,徐功潜.使用零电流开关的电容器充电电源.现代雷达,1997,19(5):98～104
[12]冯德仁,王相綦,尚雷等.并联谐振变换器对小容量传输线充电的分析.高电压技术,2003,29(9):31～32
[13] H. Sheng, Y. Pei, X. Yang, et al.Frequency Tracking Control for a Capacitor-Charging Parallel Resonant Converter with Phase-Locked Loop . IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 2007, (1): 1287～1292
[14] G. L. Bees, A. Tydeman.Capacitor Charging Power Supply Design for High Pulse To Pulse Repeatability Applications.IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, 1999, (1): 397～398
[15] S. R. Newton, R. M. Nelms . Simulation of Capacitor Charging Power Supplies.Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1990, (1): 386～390
[16] Aaron C. Lippincott, Robert M. Nelms. A Capacitor Charging Power Supply Using a Series-Resonant Topology, Constant On-Time/Variable Frequency Control, and Zero-Current Switching. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1991, 38(6): 438～447
[17]尚雷,王相綦,裴元吉,等.新型软开关高压脉冲电容恒流充电技术分析.强激光与粒子束,2001,13(2):241～244
[18]苏建仓,王利民,丁永忠,等.串联谐振充电电源分析及设计.强激光与粒子束,2004,16(12):1611～1614
[19]张文利,彭燕昌,孙广平,等.高压开关电源的研制.高电压技术,2002,28(11):36～37
[20]钟和清,徐至新,邹云屏,等.软开关高压开关电源设计方法研究.高电压技术,2005,31(1):20～22
[21]钟和清.激光热核聚变能源系统研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004
[22] M. M. McDowell, V. P. McQuage, F. E. Peterkin, et al.High Power Density CapacitorCharging Power Supply Development for Repetitive Pulsed Power.International Power Modulator Symposium, 2006: 368～371
[23] Zhong Heqing, Xu Zhixin, Zou Xudong, et al.Current Characteristic of High Voltage Capacitor Charging Power Supply Using a Series Resonant Topology.IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conference, 2003, (1): 373～377
[24] Steven. M. Sandler.开关电源仿真:Pspice和SPICE 3应用.尹华杰等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.1～2
[25] G. H. RIM, I. W. Jeong, G. I. Gusev, et al.A Constant Current High Voltage Capacitor Charging Power Supply for Pulsed Power Applications.IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2001, (2): 1284～1286
[26]陈坚.电力电子学—电力电子变换和控制技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2002.26～27
[27]贾正春,马志源.电力电子学.北京:中国电力出版社,2001.186～187
[28] V. Benda, J. Gowar, D. A. Grant.功率半导体器件—理论及应用.吴郁译.北京:化学工业出版社,2005.257～264
[29]严寒松,周伟松,王培清,等.高频感应加热电源功率器件MOSFET驱动电路.电力电子技术,2007,41(4):91～92
[30]纪圣儒,朱志明,周雪珍,等.MOSFET隔离型高速驱动电路.电焊机,2007,37(5):6～9
[31]楚斌.IR2110功率驱动集成芯片应用.电子工程师,2004,30(10):33～35
[32]吴胜华,张成胜,钟炎平,等.高压悬浮驱动器IR2110的原理和扩展应用.电源技术应用,2002,5(7):348～351
[33]许锦旋,苏成悦,潘永雄.充电器大功率变压器的设计.通信电源技术,2007,24(2):77～79
[34] Kurt Feser.Transient Behaviour of Damped Capacitive Voltage Dividers of Some Million Volts.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1974, 93(1): 116～121
[35]杨荫福,段善旭,朝泽云.电力电子装置及系统.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.17～18
[36]朱富生,景有泉,曹龙汉.零电压开关准谐振变换器及UC3861～UC3868系列控制器的应用.国外电子元器件,1997,(10):16～29
[37]姜幼卿,韩学斌,刘光春.双环控制CO2激光电源的研究设计.电焊机,2003,33(3):13～16
[38]范鹏,刘星辉.10 kW高压电源的研制.现代雷达,2006,28(12):97～99
[39] J. Sun, X. Ding, M. Nakaoka, et al. Series resonant ZCS-PFM DC-DC converter with multistage rectified voltage multiplier and dual-mode PFM control scheme for medical-use high-voltage X-ray power generator. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, 2000, 147(6): 527～534
[40] Shin Goo-Hwan, Shin Gun-Soo, Nam Myeong-Ryong, et al.High Voltage DC-DC Converter of Pulsed Plasma Thruster for Science and Technology Satellite-2 (STSAT-2) .International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005, (2): 926～931
[41]刘佐成.高频开关电源中的电磁干扰(EMI)问题及电磁兼容(EMC).微电子技术,2007,(10):166～167
[42]李鹏,何文忠.开关电源电磁干扰滤波器设计.激光与红外,2007,37(1):79～81
[2] R. J. Cassady, W. A. Hoskins.A Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT) for the“Dawgstar”Spacecraft.IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2000, (4): 7～14
[3] D. R. Bromaghim, G. G. Spanjers, R. A. Spores.A Proposed On-Orbit Demonstration of an Advanced Pulsed-Plasma Thruster for Small Satellite Applications.IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2000, (4): 75～83
[4] Muhammad H. Rashid.电力电子技术手册.陈建业等译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.453～454
[5] R. M. Nelms, B. E. Strickland, Mike Garbi.High voltage capacitor charging Power Supplies for Repetitive Rate Loads.IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1990, (2): 1281～1285
[6]张仁豫,陈昌渔,王昌长.高电压试验技术.第2版.北京:清华大学出版社,2002.199～203
[7] J. S. Przybyla.High Power (>100kW) Resonant Converters in High Voltage DC Power Supplies and Capacitor Chargers.IEE Symposium on Pulsed Power, 1998, (25): 1～8
[8] Mangesh Borage, Sunil Tiwari, Swarna Kotaiah, et al.Analysis and Design of an LCL-T Resonant Converter as a Constant-Current Power Supply.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 52(6) : 1547～1554
[9] H. Pollock.Constant frequency, Constant Current Load-Resonant Capacitor Charging Power Supply.IEEE Electric Power Applications Conference, 146(2): 187～192
[10] Robert L. Steigerwald . A Comparison of Half-Bridge Resonant Converter Topologies.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1988, 3(2): 174～182
[11]李网生,徐功潜.使用零电流开关的电容器充电电源.现代雷达,1997,19(5):98～104
[12]冯德仁,王相綦,尚雷等.并联谐振变换器对小容量传输线充电的分析.高电压技术,2003,29(9):31～32
[13] H. Sheng, Y. Pei, X. Yang, et al.Frequency Tracking Control for a Capacitor-Charging Parallel Resonant Converter with Phase-Locked Loop . IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 2007, (1): 1287～1292
[14] G. L. Bees, A. Tydeman.Capacitor Charging Power Supply Design for High Pulse To Pulse Repeatability Applications.IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, 1999, (1): 397～398
[15] S. R. Newton, R. M. Nelms . Simulation of Capacitor Charging Power Supplies.Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1990, (1): 386～390
[16] Aaron C. Lippincott, Robert M. Nelms. A Capacitor Charging Power Supply Using a Series-Resonant Topology, Constant On-Time/Variable Frequency Control, and Zero-Current Switching. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1991, 38(6): 438～447
[17]尚雷,王相綦,裴元吉,等.新型软开关高压脉冲电容恒流充电技术分析.强激光与粒子束,2001,13(2):241～244
[18]苏建仓,王利民,丁永忠,等.串联谐振充电电源分析及设计.强激光与粒子束,2004,16(12):1611～1614
[19]张文利,彭燕昌,孙广平,等.高压开关电源的研制.高电压技术,2002,28(11):36～37
[20]钟和清,徐至新,邹云屏,等.软开关高压开关电源设计方法研究.高电压技术,2005,31(1):20～22
[21]钟和清.激光热核聚变能源系统研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004
[22] M. M. McDowell, V. P. McQuage, F. E. Peterkin, et al.High Power Density CapacitorCharging Power Supply Development for Repetitive Pulsed Power.International Power Modulator Symposium, 2006: 368～371
[23] Zhong Heqing, Xu Zhixin, Zou Xudong, et al.Current Characteristic of High Voltage Capacitor Charging Power Supply Using a Series Resonant Topology.IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conference, 2003, (1): 373～377
[24] Steven. M. Sandler.开关电源仿真:Pspice和SPICE 3应用.尹华杰等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.1～2
[25] G. H. RIM, I. W. Jeong, G. I. Gusev, et al.A Constant Current High Voltage Capacitor Charging Power Supply for Pulsed Power Applications.IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2001, (2): 1284～1286
[26]陈坚.电力电子学—电力电子变换和控制技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2002.26～27
[27]贾正春,马志源.电力电子学.北京:中国电力出版社,2001.186～187
[28] V. Benda, J. Gowar, D. A. Grant.功率半导体器件—理论及应用.吴郁译.北京:化学工业出版社,2005.257～264
[29]严寒松,周伟松,王培清,等.高频感应加热电源功率器件MOSFET驱动电路.电力电子技术,2007,41(4):91～92
[30]纪圣儒,朱志明,周雪珍,等.MOSFET隔离型高速驱动电路.电焊机,2007,37(5):6～9
[31]楚斌.IR2110功率驱动集成芯片应用.电子工程师,2004,30(10):33～35
[32]吴胜华,张成胜,钟炎平,等.高压悬浮驱动器IR2110的原理和扩展应用.电源技术应用,2002,5(7):348～351
[33]许锦旋,苏成悦,潘永雄.充电器大功率变压器的设计.通信电源技术,2007,24(2):77～79
[34] Kurt Feser.Transient Behaviour of Damped Capacitive Voltage Dividers of Some Million Volts.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1974, 93(1): 116～121
[35]杨荫福,段善旭,朝泽云.电力电子装置及系统.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.17～18
[36]朱富生,景有泉,曹龙汉.零电压开关准谐振变换器及UC3861～UC3868系列控制器的应用.国外电子元器件,1997,(10):16～29
[37]姜幼卿,韩学斌,刘光春.双环控制CO2激光电源的研究设计.电焊机,2003,33(3):13～16
[38]范鹏,刘星辉.10 kW高压电源的研制.现代雷达,2006,28(12):97～99
[39] J. Sun, X. Ding, M. Nakaoka, et al. Series resonant ZCS-PFM DC-DC converter with multistage rectified voltage multiplier and dual-mode PFM control scheme for medical-use high-voltage X-ray power generator. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, 2000, 147(6): 527～534
[40] Shin Goo-Hwan, Shin Gun-Soo, Nam Myeong-Ryong, et al.High Voltage DC-DC Converter of Pulsed Plasma Thruster for Science and Technology Satellite-2 (STSAT-2) .International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005, (2): 926～931
[41]刘佐成.高频开关电源中的电磁干扰(EMI)问题及电磁兼容(EMC).微电子技术,2007,(10):166～167
[42]李鹏,何文忠.开关电源电磁干扰滤波器设计.激光与红外,2007,37(1):79～81