根瘤菌接种对豌豆/玉米间作体系的影响
摘要
接种适宜根瘤菌可提高共生固氮的效果,把豆科作物纳入间混套作体系的原因之一是为了充分发挥共生固氮对作物氮素营养的改善作用。但目前,豆科／禾本科复合体系根瘤菌接种的研究较少。本文采用盆栽试验研究了单作及复合体系中接种(不接种、接种XC3.1、接种ACCC16101)及施氮量(不施氮、施氮0.3gN/kg土)对豌豆、玉米生长及其氮素营养状况和根际微生物数量的影响。主要研究结果如下：
(1)氮素影响豌豆、玉米根际微生物的数量,豌豆根际微生物数量高于玉米,玉米根际的微生物数量对氮素供应的敏感性大于豌豆。施氮显著增加了玉米根际的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,根际细菌、真菌、放线菌数量以间作条件下施氮处理最多,单作条件下不施氮处理最少,且单作条件下施氮后根际微生物数量的增幅大于间作。豌豆根际的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的变化对氮素的敏感性明显小于玉米,仅根际放线菌数量在单作时受施氮的影响而显著增加。
(2)种植模式影响豌豆、玉米根际微生物的数量,间作显著增加了两种作物根际细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,对微生物增殖的促进作用呈现玉米的间作效应大于豌豆的趋势；间作效应随氮肥用量不同而异,豌豆和玉米在不施氮条件下间作对根际细菌、放线菌、真菌的增殖效应更加明显；豌豆间作对根际微生物的影响在两个氮水平间无显著差异,玉米在不施氮水平下的间作效应大于施氮,也显著高于豌豆在不施氮条件下的间作效应；总体间作效应呈现不施氮>施氮的趋势。
(3)接种根瘤菌影响豌豆、玉米根际微生物的数量,接种对玉米根际微生物数量的影响大于豌豆；对微生物增殖的促进作用XC3.1>ACCC16101,间作条件下的接种效应大于单作。本试验条件下,施氮与否,接种均显著影响了豌豆和玉米的根际细菌、放线菌数量,但真菌数量仅在施氮条件下受接种水平的影响而显著增加；接种ACCC16101和XC3.1均显著增加了玉米和豌豆根际细菌的数量：豌豆根际放线菌的数量仅受接种XC3.1的影响而显著增加,玉米根际的放线菌数量在接种ACCC16101和XC3.1的条件下都显著高于未接种处理；且菌株之间也存在差异,总体呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101的趋势。
(4)施氮影响结瘤及共生固氮的效果,XC3.1对豌豆氮阻遏的敏感性低于ACCC16101。较高的施氮量对侵染结瘤具有一定的抑制效果,但还受根瘤菌自身的适应性与抗逆性的影响。
(5)种植模式影响结瘤及共生体固氮的效果,复合体系中玉米、豌豆的氮素营养状况均优于相应的单作。复合体系中,豌豆和玉米地上部分的氮含量分别大于相应的单作,未接种条件下间作使豌豆的含氮量平均增加18.2%,玉米以接种根瘤菌XC3.1处理的增幅最大,平均增加25.8%。豌豆/玉米体系中,玉米的竞争力较强,接种XC3.1不但加强了复合群体中玉米的竞争能力,而且豌豆对玉米的竞争抵抗力也明显提高。
(6)接种水平影响豌豆—根瘤菌共生体系的固氮效果,接种XC3.1对豌豆有效结瘤的促进效果优于ACCC16101.复合体系豌豆的有效结瘤数量和根瘤鲜重,以及豌豆的地上部分含氮量和生物量均呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101,与之间作的玉米的地上部分含氮量及生物量亦呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101的趋势。接种菌株XC3.1,豌豆的结瘤、固氮效果均显著优于未接种的处理；接种ACCC16101对豌豆有效结瘤状况及其含氮量的影响因氮素的供应水平、种植模式不同而存在差异；XC3.1对共生固氮的促进作用具有广泛的适应性。复合体系土壤含氮量和植株氮素积累量因菌株而异,均呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101的趋势,间作时每盆的氮素累积量也显著高于单作。
(7)不施氮条件下接种根瘤菌XC3.1显著增加了豌豆、玉米的生物量及豌豆的籽粒产量；施氮显著抑制了接种的促生效应。
Inoculating appropriate rhizobium can increase the effect of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. One reason that incorporating leguminous crops into intercropping systems is to exptoit the rule of symbiotic nitrogen fixation on improvement N-nutrition of crop. But now, rhizobium inoculation in legume/cereal system is seldom studied. Pot experiment was used to study the rhizobium inoculation (Non-Inoculation, Inoculating XC3.1, Inoculating ACCC16101) and nitrogen application (Non-N,0.3gN/kg soil) on pea/maize system. The major results are as follows:
(1) Nitrogen affected the number of rhizosphere microorganism in maize and peas, the number of rhizosphere microorganisms in pea is more than that of maize, the sensitivity of maize's rhizosphere microbial to nitrogen supply was higher than that of pea's. Nitrogen treatment significantly increased maize rhizosphere bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, the quantity of rhizosphere microorganisms was highest in intercropping with N fereilization and lowest in mono-cropping with no N treatment, and the amplification of rhizospheric microorganism was higher in mono-cropping than that in intercropping when nitrogen was supplied. The sensitivity of the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes to nitrogen in pea rhizosphere was significantly lower than that in maize, only the quantity of rhizosphere actinomycetes was increased in mono-cropping with nitrogen supply.
(2) Cropping patterns affected the amount of rhizosphere microorganisms. Intercropping significantly increased the amount of rhizosphere bacteria, fungus and actinomyces of the two crops, and the intercropping promotion of maize was larger than that of pea. The effect of intercropping on microorganism amount changed with N level, and the multiplication of bacteria, fungus and actinomyces resulted from intercropping was more obvious under non-N condition.
(3) Nodule bacteria inoculation affected the amount of rhizosphere microorganisms of pea and maize, the promotion was XC3.1>ACCC16101. Inoculation ACCC16101 and XC3.1 significantly increased the amount of rhizosphere bacteria of maize and pea; the amount of rhizosphere actinomyces of pea significantly increased only by inoculating XC3.1. Maize's actinomyces was significantly increased by inoculation ACCC16101 and XC3.1. Inoculated XC3.1 resulted higher increase of microorganism amount than that of ACCC16101.
(4) Nitrogen application affected nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. XC3.1 had higher N fixiation under higher N level than ACCC16101. Higher nitrogen fertilization inhibited nodule bacteria infection, the ability of infection and N fixiation were also affected by bucteria's adaptability and stress resistance.
(5) Planting patterns affected nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, nitrogen nutrition of maize and peas in intercropping was superior to that in mono-cropping. Inoculation XC3.1 not only strengthened competition of intercropped maize, but also increased the resistance of pea to maize's competition.
(6) Nodule bacteria inoculation rates affected nodulation and nitrogen-fixiation, the promotion of XC3.1 was better than that of ACCC16101. Pea's nodulation character, N nutrition and dry matter accumulation of pea and intercropped maize were better with XC3.1 treatment than that with ACCC16101. ACCC16101's effects on nodulation and nitrogen nutrition were affected by nitrogen supply level and cropping patterns.
(7) Inoculation XC3.1 under non-N significantly increased biomass of pea and maize, so did the grain yield of pea. Nitrogen application significantly inhibited the promoting effects on pea and maize growth.
(1)氮素影响豌豆、玉米根际微生物的数量,豌豆根际微生物数量高于玉米,玉米根际的微生物数量对氮素供应的敏感性大于豌豆。施氮显著增加了玉米根际的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,根际细菌、真菌、放线菌数量以间作条件下施氮处理最多,单作条件下不施氮处理最少,且单作条件下施氮后根际微生物数量的增幅大于间作。豌豆根际的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的变化对氮素的敏感性明显小于玉米,仅根际放线菌数量在单作时受施氮的影响而显著增加。
(2)种植模式影响豌豆、玉米根际微生物的数量,间作显著增加了两种作物根际细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,对微生物增殖的促进作用呈现玉米的间作效应大于豌豆的趋势；间作效应随氮肥用量不同而异,豌豆和玉米在不施氮条件下间作对根际细菌、放线菌、真菌的增殖效应更加明显；豌豆间作对根际微生物的影响在两个氮水平间无显著差异,玉米在不施氮水平下的间作效应大于施氮,也显著高于豌豆在不施氮条件下的间作效应；总体间作效应呈现不施氮>施氮的趋势。
(3)接种根瘤菌影响豌豆、玉米根际微生物的数量,接种对玉米根际微生物数量的影响大于豌豆；对微生物增殖的促进作用XC3.1>ACCC16101,间作条件下的接种效应大于单作。本试验条件下,施氮与否,接种均显著影响了豌豆和玉米的根际细菌、放线菌数量,但真菌数量仅在施氮条件下受接种水平的影响而显著增加；接种ACCC16101和XC3.1均显著增加了玉米和豌豆根际细菌的数量：豌豆根际放线菌的数量仅受接种XC3.1的影响而显著增加,玉米根际的放线菌数量在接种ACCC16101和XC3.1的条件下都显著高于未接种处理；且菌株之间也存在差异,总体呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101的趋势。
(4)施氮影响结瘤及共生固氮的效果,XC3.1对豌豆氮阻遏的敏感性低于ACCC16101。较高的施氮量对侵染结瘤具有一定的抑制效果,但还受根瘤菌自身的适应性与抗逆性的影响。
(5)种植模式影响结瘤及共生体固氮的效果,复合体系中玉米、豌豆的氮素营养状况均优于相应的单作。复合体系中,豌豆和玉米地上部分的氮含量分别大于相应的单作,未接种条件下间作使豌豆的含氮量平均增加18.2%,玉米以接种根瘤菌XC3.1处理的增幅最大,平均增加25.8%。豌豆/玉米体系中,玉米的竞争力较强,接种XC3.1不但加强了复合群体中玉米的竞争能力,而且豌豆对玉米的竞争抵抗力也明显提高。
(6)接种水平影响豌豆—根瘤菌共生体系的固氮效果,接种XC3.1对豌豆有效结瘤的促进效果优于ACCC16101.复合体系豌豆的有效结瘤数量和根瘤鲜重,以及豌豆的地上部分含氮量和生物量均呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101,与之间作的玉米的地上部分含氮量及生物量亦呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101的趋势。接种菌株XC3.1,豌豆的结瘤、固氮效果均显著优于未接种的处理；接种ACCC16101对豌豆有效结瘤状况及其含氮量的影响因氮素的供应水平、种植模式不同而存在差异；XC3.1对共生固氮的促进作用具有广泛的适应性。复合体系土壤含氮量和植株氮素积累量因菌株而异,均呈现XC3.1>ACCC16101的趋势,间作时每盆的氮素累积量也显著高于单作。
(7)不施氮条件下接种根瘤菌XC3.1显著增加了豌豆、玉米的生物量及豌豆的籽粒产量；施氮显著抑制了接种的促生效应。
Inoculating appropriate rhizobium can increase the effect of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. One reason that incorporating leguminous crops into intercropping systems is to exptoit the rule of symbiotic nitrogen fixation on improvement N-nutrition of crop. But now, rhizobium inoculation in legume/cereal system is seldom studied. Pot experiment was used to study the rhizobium inoculation (Non-Inoculation, Inoculating XC3.1, Inoculating ACCC16101) and nitrogen application (Non-N,0.3gN/kg soil) on pea/maize system. The major results are as follows:
(1) Nitrogen affected the number of rhizosphere microorganism in maize and peas, the number of rhizosphere microorganisms in pea is more than that of maize, the sensitivity of maize's rhizosphere microbial to nitrogen supply was higher than that of pea's. Nitrogen treatment significantly increased maize rhizosphere bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, the quantity of rhizosphere microorganisms was highest in intercropping with N fereilization and lowest in mono-cropping with no N treatment, and the amplification of rhizospheric microorganism was higher in mono-cropping than that in intercropping when nitrogen was supplied. The sensitivity of the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes to nitrogen in pea rhizosphere was significantly lower than that in maize, only the quantity of rhizosphere actinomycetes was increased in mono-cropping with nitrogen supply.
(2) Cropping patterns affected the amount of rhizosphere microorganisms. Intercropping significantly increased the amount of rhizosphere bacteria, fungus and actinomyces of the two crops, and the intercropping promotion of maize was larger than that of pea. The effect of intercropping on microorganism amount changed with N level, and the multiplication of bacteria, fungus and actinomyces resulted from intercropping was more obvious under non-N condition.
(3) Nodule bacteria inoculation affected the amount of rhizosphere microorganisms of pea and maize, the promotion was XC3.1>ACCC16101. Inoculation ACCC16101 and XC3.1 significantly increased the amount of rhizosphere bacteria of maize and pea; the amount of rhizosphere actinomyces of pea significantly increased only by inoculating XC3.1. Maize's actinomyces was significantly increased by inoculation ACCC16101 and XC3.1. Inoculated XC3.1 resulted higher increase of microorganism amount than that of ACCC16101.
(4) Nitrogen application affected nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. XC3.1 had higher N fixiation under higher N level than ACCC16101. Higher nitrogen fertilization inhibited nodule bacteria infection, the ability of infection and N fixiation were also affected by bucteria's adaptability and stress resistance.
(5) Planting patterns affected nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, nitrogen nutrition of maize and peas in intercropping was superior to that in mono-cropping. Inoculation XC3.1 not only strengthened competition of intercropped maize, but also increased the resistance of pea to maize's competition.
(6) Nodule bacteria inoculation rates affected nodulation and nitrogen-fixiation, the promotion of XC3.1 was better than that of ACCC16101. Pea's nodulation character, N nutrition and dry matter accumulation of pea and intercropped maize were better with XC3.1 treatment than that with ACCC16101. ACCC16101's effects on nodulation and nitrogen nutrition were affected by nitrogen supply level and cropping patterns.
(7) Inoculation XC3.1 under non-N significantly increased biomass of pea and maize, so did the grain yield of pea. Nitrogen application significantly inhibited the promoting effects on pea and maize growth.
引文
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