OFDM与信息熵技术在低压电力线载波通信中的应用研究
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摘要
近年来,通过配电网实现通信,又称低压电力线载波通信(PLC)越来越引起人
们的广泛关注。电力线载波通信的许多优点为电力市场以及相关业务的发展提供了
广阔的应用前景。特别是, 这种通信方式可以利用现有深入到千家万户的供电网
络,而成为一种易于接入、方便使用且成本低廉的理想选择。
但是,电力线载波通信网络和传统的通信网络之间毕竟存在显著的差别,因此
想建立一个可以对电力线载波信道特性进行完整描述的模型很困难。首先,电力线
网络总是处在强噪声环境下工作,电力线的低通特性、频率选择性衰落、网络阻抗
的不匹配、信号的反射和折射以及由于严重的噪声干扰导致的小信噪比(SNR)等
都会给电力线载波通信带来困难。此外,信道的多径时延、时变的幅值响应以及非
线性相位特性而产生的符号间干扰(ISI)还会严重影响接收机的性能。更为严重的
是,电力线网络自身拓扑结构的不确定会使传输信号受到时变因素的影响,最终导
致通信质量的降低。
针对这些不利因素,本论文从技术角度探讨了 OFDM 系统硬件设计、软件实现
和基于 Rényi 信息论的信息熵均衡方法等问题。
本文研究了将 PLC 作为通信接入网的可行性。概要介绍了电力线 OFDM 通信的
理论研究与实践的现状。给出了完整的电力线信道特性描述和带有多径传播效应的
传递函数。描述了一个性能可靠而适应性强的 OFDM 信号传输系统方案,该方案能
够有效地遏制电力线信道的各种不利影响。本文提出了一个具有增益平衡能力的宽
带耦合电路的设计方法。该耦合器能够适应电力线网络在 0.1 到 30MHz 的频带内阻
抗特别低的工况。通过在这个耦合电路的输入级插入一个特殊的阻抗匹配电路,和
使用一种基于微波传输带的宽带匹配技术,可以使发射到电力线网络上的信号具有
足够高的功率,同时减小信号畸变和谐波,并能满足电磁兼容标准的要求。
本文给出了电力线 OFDM 系统的软件算法和物理实现技术。软件设计使用了于
VC++的图形用户接口。它能够提供对数据传输系统详细而完整的控制与监视,包
含了一些具有显示与存储通信信号功能的函数。其他功能还有显示或输入信息,
iii
显示系统参数,包括通信速率、信号带宽和子载波间隔等。为了将信号以一定的中
心频率发送出去,发送系统将一块名为 PCI 的 ISA 板卡和耦合电路作为其与电力线
网络的接口。软件的 IFFT plan模块可以加快系统中 IFFT 的计算速度。
此外,本论文还研究了将误差的熵最小化算法引入均衡器以抵消电力线信道的
影响的方法。通过 Parzen 窗估计均衡器误差序列的概率密度函数,并利用梯度下降
法使其二次 Rényi 熵达到最小化。
在实际的电力线网络中进行了在线实验测量,以评估电力线网络传输的下行速
度和抗通道干扰的鲁棒性。测量的结果与误差滑动窗口和算法步长选择的合适与否
息息相关。算法最终获得了系统可靠性、算法收敛性和计算复杂度之间的一个折
衷。实验结果表明,本文的算法具有比传统的均方误差准则法更好的效果。
The usage of electrical power distribution networks for accessed areas in
telecommunications, called Powerline Communication (PLC) has become more and more
attractive in recent years. It has a number of advantages that attract great interest for the
development of electrical market and business opportunities. In particular, the powerline
networking uses the existing power distribution lines. Nodes are already available
throughout the household, making the PLC easy-to-use, low cost solution and compelling
choice.
Unfortunately, due to the considerable differences between power distribution
networks and conventional communication mediums, it remains difficult to implement a
scheme that models the Powerline channel behavior adequately. The PLC is a noise
oriented environment for data communications and several factors present technical
challenges to using power distribution lines for data communication. Besides the low pass
characteristic of cables and the frequency selective fading, the impedance mismatching, the
signal reflection and the impulse noises crucially affect the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
The performance of the powerline receiver is significantly degraded by the Inter Symbol
Interferences (ISI) caused by different propagation delays of the multi-paths, the non-
constant amplitude and the non-linear phase response of the channel. Due to the topology of
the PLC itself, the signal will often experience attenuation and time varying effects that
degrade the quality of the transmission.
From a technical approach, this thesis addresses these challenges through the unique
combination of OFDM hardware design, software implementation and the entropy concept
manipulation based on the Renyi information theory.
In this thesis, we present possibilities of applying PLC in the communication access
networks. A concise summary of the present state of the theory and practice of OFDM for
powerline is presented. The complete powerline channel characterization and transfer
function with multi-path propagation effects is described. A robust and adaptive
transmission OFDM scheme able to mitigate the powerline channel drastic effects is
illustrated. We proposed a coupling unit topology and design methodology which could
provide gain equalization and wideband mitigation of the effects of low impedance loads on
i
PLC at frequency ranging from 0.1 to 30 MHz. By inserting a special impedance matching
circuit at the input of this coupling unit and by using alternative broadband matching
technique based on the combined micro-strip transmission-line, we maximized the
powerline network signaling. This technique reduces the signal distortion and harmonics
generation to meet certain safety standards for electromagnetic interference.
The OFDM software algorithm and physical implementation technique for powerline is
developed. This software is visual C++ based graphical human-machine interface
application. It provides a comprehensive and integrated data control, monitoring and
transmission system. This includes functions such as displaying and storage of incoming
and outgoing communication signals. Other features include facilities to display or input
messages, to visualize the system parameters such as the communication speed, the signal
bandwidth and sub-carriers spacing. The interface between the transmission system and
PLC network at the required intermediate frequency is obtained by adding appropriate ISA
card PCI and PLC coupling unit to the basic configuration. The IFFT plan module
retrofitted in this application presents the advantage to speed up the IFFT computation
according to the hardware system structure.
Furthermore, we investigate the application of error entropy minimization
algorithms for equalizer to mitigate the powerline channel drastic effects. The probability
density function of the equalizer error sequence is estimated using Parzen windowing
method and the Renyi’s quadratic entropy is minimized
们的广泛关注。电力线载波通信的许多优点为电力市场以及相关业务的发展提供了
广阔的应用前景。特别是, 这种通信方式可以利用现有深入到千家万户的供电网
络,而成为一种易于接入、方便使用且成本低廉的理想选择。
但是,电力线载波通信网络和传统的通信网络之间毕竟存在显著的差别,因此
想建立一个可以对电力线载波信道特性进行完整描述的模型很困难。首先,电力线
网络总是处在强噪声环境下工作,电力线的低通特性、频率选择性衰落、网络阻抗
的不匹配、信号的反射和折射以及由于严重的噪声干扰导致的小信噪比(SNR)等
都会给电力线载波通信带来困难。此外,信道的多径时延、时变的幅值响应以及非
线性相位特性而产生的符号间干扰(ISI)还会严重影响接收机的性能。更为严重的
是,电力线网络自身拓扑结构的不确定会使传输信号受到时变因素的影响,最终导
致通信质量的降低。
针对这些不利因素,本论文从技术角度探讨了 OFDM 系统硬件设计、软件实现
和基于 Rényi 信息论的信息熵均衡方法等问题。
本文研究了将 PLC 作为通信接入网的可行性。概要介绍了电力线 OFDM 通信的
理论研究与实践的现状。给出了完整的电力线信道特性描述和带有多径传播效应的
传递函数。描述了一个性能可靠而适应性强的 OFDM 信号传输系统方案,该方案能
够有效地遏制电力线信道的各种不利影响。本文提出了一个具有增益平衡能力的宽
带耦合电路的设计方法。该耦合器能够适应电力线网络在 0.1 到 30MHz 的频带内阻
抗特别低的工况。通过在这个耦合电路的输入级插入一个特殊的阻抗匹配电路,和
使用一种基于微波传输带的宽带匹配技术,可以使发射到电力线网络上的信号具有
足够高的功率,同时减小信号畸变和谐波,并能满足电磁兼容标准的要求。
本文给出了电力线 OFDM 系统的软件算法和物理实现技术。软件设计使用了于
VC++的图形用户接口。它能够提供对数据传输系统详细而完整的控制与监视,包
含了一些具有显示与存储通信信号功能的函数。其他功能还有显示或输入信息,
iii
显示系统参数,包括通信速率、信号带宽和子载波间隔等。为了将信号以一定的中
心频率发送出去,发送系统将一块名为 PCI 的 ISA 板卡和耦合电路作为其与电力线
网络的接口。软件的 IFFT plan模块可以加快系统中 IFFT 的计算速度。
此外,本论文还研究了将误差的熵最小化算法引入均衡器以抵消电力线信道的
影响的方法。通过 Parzen 窗估计均衡器误差序列的概率密度函数,并利用梯度下降
法使其二次 Rényi 熵达到最小化。
在实际的电力线网络中进行了在线实验测量,以评估电力线网络传输的下行速
度和抗通道干扰的鲁棒性。测量的结果与误差滑动窗口和算法步长选择的合适与否
息息相关。算法最终获得了系统可靠性、算法收敛性和计算复杂度之间的一个折
衷。实验结果表明,本文的算法具有比传统的均方误差准则法更好的效果。
The usage of electrical power distribution networks for accessed areas in
telecommunications, called Powerline Communication (PLC) has become more and more
attractive in recent years. It has a number of advantages that attract great interest for the
development of electrical market and business opportunities. In particular, the powerline
networking uses the existing power distribution lines. Nodes are already available
throughout the household, making the PLC easy-to-use, low cost solution and compelling
choice.
Unfortunately, due to the considerable differences between power distribution
networks and conventional communication mediums, it remains difficult to implement a
scheme that models the Powerline channel behavior adequately. The PLC is a noise
oriented environment for data communications and several factors present technical
challenges to using power distribution lines for data communication. Besides the low pass
characteristic of cables and the frequency selective fading, the impedance mismatching, the
signal reflection and the impulse noises crucially affect the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
The performance of the powerline receiver is significantly degraded by the Inter Symbol
Interferences (ISI) caused by different propagation delays of the multi-paths, the non-
constant amplitude and the non-linear phase response of the channel. Due to the topology of
the PLC itself, the signal will often experience attenuation and time varying effects that
degrade the quality of the transmission.
From a technical approach, this thesis addresses these challenges through the unique
combination of OFDM hardware design, software implementation and the entropy concept
manipulation based on the Renyi information theory.
In this thesis, we present possibilities of applying PLC in the communication access
networks. A concise summary of the present state of the theory and practice of OFDM for
powerline is presented. The complete powerline channel characterization and transfer
function with multi-path propagation effects is described. A robust and adaptive
transmission OFDM scheme able to mitigate the powerline channel drastic effects is
illustrated. We proposed a coupling unit topology and design methodology which could
provide gain equalization and wideband mitigation of the effects of low impedance loads on
i
PLC at frequency ranging from 0.1 to 30 MHz. By inserting a special impedance matching
circuit at the input of this coupling unit and by using alternative broadband matching
technique based on the combined micro-strip transmission-line, we maximized the
powerline network signaling. This technique reduces the signal distortion and harmonics
generation to meet certain safety standards for electromagnetic interference.
The OFDM software algorithm and physical implementation technique for powerline is
developed. This software is visual C++ based graphical human-machine interface
application. It provides a comprehensive and integrated data control, monitoring and
transmission system. This includes functions such as displaying and storage of incoming
and outgoing communication signals. Other features include facilities to display or input
messages, to visualize the system parameters such as the communication speed, the signal
bandwidth and sub-carriers spacing. The interface between the transmission system and
PLC network at the required intermediate frequency is obtained by adding appropriate ISA
card PCI and PLC coupling unit to the basic configuration. The IFFT plan module
retrofitted in this application presents the advantage to speed up the IFFT computation
according to the hardware system structure.
Furthermore, we investigate the application of error entropy minimization
algorithms for equalizer to mitigate the powerline channel drastic effects. The probability
density function of the equalizer error sequence is estimated using Parzen windowing
method and the Renyi’s quadratic entropy is minimized
引文
Academic Publications
[1] J. Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng (Member IEEE), Youbing Zhang and Lan Xiong, “Coupling Unit
Topology for Optimal Signaling Through the Low Voltage Powerline Communication Network”,
Paper TPWRD-00472-2002 accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on power delivery,
(2003.11).
[2] Xiong Lan, Cheng Shijie and J. Nguimbis, “Transmission of the OFDM signal over the
powerline and its time-frequency analysis” accepted for publication in RELAY JIDIANQI, Journal
of the National Bureau of Machine Building Industry, P.R.C, (2004.1).
[3] Haibo He, Shijie Cheng, Youbing Zhang, and J. Nguimbis, “Analysis of reflection of signal
transmitted in low-voltage powerline with complex wavelet”, IEEE Transactions on power delivery.
2004, 19 (1): 86~91.
[4] J. Nguimbis, Xiong Lan, Cheng Shijie and Zhang Youbing, “A coupling unit specially designed
for powerline OFDM communication and its implementation” Automation of Electric Power
System, 2003, 27 (21): 58~62.
[5] X. Jiang, J. Nguimbis, S. Cheng, H. He and X. Xu, “A Novel Scheme for Low Voltage Powerline
Communication Signal Processing.” ELSEVIER Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2003, 25():
269~274.
[6] J. Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng, Youbing Zhang, Haibo He and Lan Xiong, On The Design of a
Broadband Low Impedance Load mitigating Coupling Unit For Efficiency OFDM Signal Power
Transfer Maximization Through the PLC Network. IEEE-PES/CSEE International conference on
power system technology. Kunming, China. October 13-17 (2002.3): 1316~1321.
[7] Youbing Zhang, Cheng Shijie, He Haibo, Xiong Lan and J. Nguimbis,”Modeling of low voltage
power network used as high frequency communication channel based on experimental results in
China.” IEEE-PES/CSEE International conference on power system technology. Kunming, China.
October 13-17, (2002. 2): 1280~1284.
[8] J. Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng, Youbing Zhang, Haibo He and Lan Xiong,”Power matching
method for optimal OFDM signaling through the powerline communication network”, Proceeding
of 2002 18th CUS-EPSA, Wuhan, P.R. China , 2002: 1068~1077.
[9] He Hai bo, Zhou Yong hua, Wu Xin, Zhang Youbin, J. Nguimbis and Shijie Cheng, “ The
state of research and application of low voltage powerline communication” RELAY JIDIANQI,
Journal of the National Bureau of Machine Building Industry, P.R.C, 2001, 29 (7): 12~16.
[10] J. Nguimbis, Xia Jiang and Shijie Cheng Senior member IEEE, “Noise Characteristics
Investigation and Utilization in Low Voltage Powerline Communication,” IEEE Power Engineering
Society Winter Meeting, Singapore (2000.1), 0-7803-5938-0/00$ 10.00@.
96
[11] Jiang Xia, J. Nguimbis and Cheng Shijie, “ Development of the electricity market and
communications based on powerline networks”, RELAY JIDIANQI, Journal of the National
Bureau of Machine Building Industry, 1999, 27 (6): 14~17.
[12] Youbing Zhang, Cheng Shijie and J. Nguimbis, “Analysis and simulation of a low-voltage
powerline channel using Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing”, Istanbul University-Journal
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. 2003, 3 (1): 827~833.
[13] J.Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng, Lan Xiong, Chunfeng Luo, Hui Shu, “Application of Entropy
Minimization to Mitigate the Time Varying and Dispersive Powerline Channel Effects” Accepted
paper as a manuscript (A03-151) in International Journal of Electronics and Communications
(AEUE), February 29th, 2004.
97
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[1] J. Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng (Member IEEE), Youbing Zhang and Lan Xiong, “Coupling Unit
Topology for Optimal Signaling Through the Low Voltage Powerline Communication Network”,
Paper TPWRD-00472-2002 accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on power delivery,
(2003.11).
[2] Xiong Lan, Cheng Shijie and J. Nguimbis, “Transmission of the OFDM signal over the
powerline and its time-frequency analysis” accepted for publication in RELAY JIDIANQI, Journal
of the National Bureau of Machine Building Industry, P.R.C, (2004.1).
[3] Haibo He, Shijie Cheng, Youbing Zhang, and J. Nguimbis, “Analysis of reflection of signal
transmitted in low-voltage powerline with complex wavelet”, IEEE Transactions on power delivery.
2004, 19 (1): 86~91.
[4] J. Nguimbis, Xiong Lan, Cheng Shijie and Zhang Youbing, “A coupling unit specially designed
for powerline OFDM communication and its implementation” Automation of Electric Power
System, 2003, 27 (21): 58~62.
[5] X. Jiang, J. Nguimbis, S. Cheng, H. He and X. Xu, “A Novel Scheme for Low Voltage Powerline
Communication Signal Processing.” ELSEVIER Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2003, 25():
269~274.
[6] J. Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng, Youbing Zhang, Haibo He and Lan Xiong, On The Design of a
Broadband Low Impedance Load mitigating Coupling Unit For Efficiency OFDM Signal Power
Transfer Maximization Through the PLC Network. IEEE-PES/CSEE International conference on
power system technology. Kunming, China. October 13-17 (2002.3): 1316~1321.
[7] Youbing Zhang, Cheng Shijie, He Haibo, Xiong Lan and J. Nguimbis,”Modeling of low voltage
power network used as high frequency communication channel based on experimental results in
China.” IEEE-PES/CSEE International conference on power system technology. Kunming, China.
October 13-17, (2002. 2): 1280~1284.
[8] J. Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng, Youbing Zhang, Haibo He and Lan Xiong,”Power matching
method for optimal OFDM signaling through the powerline communication network”, Proceeding
of 2002 18th CUS-EPSA, Wuhan, P.R. China , 2002: 1068~1077.
[9] He Hai bo, Zhou Yong hua, Wu Xin, Zhang Youbin, J. Nguimbis and Shijie Cheng, “ The
state of research and application of low voltage powerline communication” RELAY JIDIANQI,
Journal of the National Bureau of Machine Building Industry, P.R.C, 2001, 29 (7): 12~16.
[10] J. Nguimbis, Xia Jiang and Shijie Cheng Senior member IEEE, “Noise Characteristics
Investigation and Utilization in Low Voltage Powerline Communication,” IEEE Power Engineering
Society Winter Meeting, Singapore (2000.1), 0-7803-5938-0/00$ 10.00@.
96
[11] Jiang Xia, J. Nguimbis and Cheng Shijie, “ Development of the electricity market and
communications based on powerline networks”, RELAY JIDIANQI, Journal of the National
Bureau of Machine Building Industry, 1999, 27 (6): 14~17.
[12] Youbing Zhang, Cheng Shijie and J. Nguimbis, “Analysis and simulation of a low-voltage
powerline channel using Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing”, Istanbul University-Journal
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. 2003, 3 (1): 827~833.
[13] J.Nguimbis, Shijie Cheng, Lan Xiong, Chunfeng Luo, Hui Shu, “Application of Entropy
Minimization to Mitigate the Time Varying and Dispersive Powerline Channel Effects” Accepted
paper as a manuscript (A03-151) in International Journal of Electronics and Communications
(AEUE), February 29th, 2004.
97
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