九段沙湿地自然保护区大型底栖动物生态学研究
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摘要
河口湿地是海洋、淡水、陆地间的一种过渡区域，是自然保护和全球变化研究的重要对象。长江河口潮滩湿地资源丰富，大型底栖动物群落与其生活底质构成了生态系统的底栖亚系统，其分布与河口理化环境密切相关，通常作为环境监测的指示动物，是河口湿地生态系统多样性最直接和最值得研究的一个层次。此外，上世纪90年代，长江口湿地人为引入了外来物种—互花米草(Spartina
alterniflora)，而有关外来物种对原有湿地生态系统的影响还未有一致的结论。因此，2004年11月至2005年11月以长江口新生湿地—九段沙为对象进行了相关研究，内容包括：(1)新生湿地大型底栖动物群落空间结构和季节变化；(2)互花米草入侵对底栖动物群落的影响；(3)湿地基底环境条件对底栖动物群落的影响。
本次研究区域覆盖九段沙上、中、下三个主体沙洲的6个主要生境类型：低潮位光滩、高潮位光滩、芦苇(Phragmites australis)带、海三棱藨草(Scirpus×mariqueter)带、藨草(Scirpus triqueter)带和互花米草带。设置了7个采样区，216个样点，共采集样方864个。统计了大型底栖动物的种类组成、密度、生物量、多样性指数及均匀度指数等群落特征，同时对其所在土壤的湿度、盐度、pH、营养元素(速效氮和速效钾)和有机质含量等因子进行了测定。
主要结论如下所述：
1．本次周年调查共记录到31种大型底栖动物，主要由甲壳动物、环节动物、软体动物及昆虫幼体类群组成，优势种为谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplax deschampsi)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyra glabra)、堇拟沼螺(Assiminea violacea)、焦河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula ustulata)、中国绿螂(Glaucomya chinensis)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodriu hoffmeisteri)，且生物密度四季变化明显。九段沙湿地大型底栖动物四季生物密度和生物量空间梯度为下沙＞上沙＞中沙，夏季上沙和中沙底栖动物密度存在显著差异(方差分析)。
2．季节对比分析结果表明，春季大型底栖动物生物密度和生物量处于最高水平，多样性指数最高。夏季密度和生物量最低，物种多样性也较低，分布较不均匀。秋、冬季生物种类数与生物量差异不显著(方差分析)，生物密度冬季较秋季高。九段沙湿地大型底栖动物密度和生物量均呈春季最高，夏、秋季下降，秋季末和冬季回升的趋势，总体生物多样性水平较低，群落密度集中于少数优势种，分布也较不均匀。这有可能与九段沙是成陆不久的新生湿地、生物群落正处于演替的初级阶段、系统结构类型较单一等因素特性有关。
3．由物种组成分析可知，九段沙湿地大型底栖动物群落时空变化与优势种的消
The estuary wetland is a kind of transition zone among the sea, freshwater and land. It is an important object in the research of the nature protection and the changing world. There is abundance wetland resource in Yangtze River estuary, and the community of macrobenthos with the habitats composed a macrobenthos sub-system in the ecosystem. The macrobenthos distribution has high correlation with the environment factors. As the indicator species, the macrobenthos is the most direct and valuable subject in the estuary ecosystem research. Additionally, in the last 90's, the invasive species Spartina alterniflora were induced to the Yangtze River estuary, there were no accordant conclusions about the effect of invasive species on the original wetland ecosystem.
During the year 2004-2005, the relevant research was taken on the new-form wetland (Jiuduansha) in Yangtze River estuary. The main contents were: (1) The spacial-temporal pattern of macrobenthos in the different habitats in Jiuduansha; (2) The impact ion of the introduced species Spartina alterniflora to the community characteristic of macrobenthos; (3) The wetland environment factors relationship with the community of macrobenthos.
We selected the three main shoals of Jiuduansha wetland with six main habitat types including Phragmites australis zone, Scirpus×mariqueter zone, S. triqueter zone, and Spartina alterniflora zone, low tidal mudflats and high tidal mudflats. A total of 864 samples in 216 sites from 7 transects were sellected annually. The species composition, density, biomass, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou even index were used to describe the characters of the macrobenthos community. Meanwhile, the wet, salinity, pH, nutrition factors (NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N & K~+) and the organic matter (O.M.) of wetland sediment were measured.
The main conclusions as follows:
A total of 31 macrobethos species were found, consisting of Mollusca, Annelida, Crustacea, and Insect larva, with the dominant species being Ilyrplax deschampsi, Stenothyra glabra, Assiminea violacea, Potamocorbula ustulata, Glaucomya chinensis and Limnodriu hoffmeisteri. The seasonal Fluctuation of the macrobenthos density was obvious. The spatial grads of macrobenthos density and biomass were Xiasha>Shangsha>Zhongsha. The density of macrobenthos in Shangsha and Zhongsha were significantly different in summer (One-Way ANOVA).
alterniflora)，而有关外来物种对原有湿地生态系统的影响还未有一致的结论。因此，2004年11月至2005年11月以长江口新生湿地—九段沙为对象进行了相关研究，内容包括：(1)新生湿地大型底栖动物群落空间结构和季节变化；(2)互花米草入侵对底栖动物群落的影响；(3)湿地基底环境条件对底栖动物群落的影响。
本次研究区域覆盖九段沙上、中、下三个主体沙洲的6个主要生境类型：低潮位光滩、高潮位光滩、芦苇(Phragmites australis)带、海三棱藨草(Scirpus×mariqueter)带、藨草(Scirpus triqueter)带和互花米草带。设置了7个采样区，216个样点，共采集样方864个。统计了大型底栖动物的种类组成、密度、生物量、多样性指数及均匀度指数等群落特征，同时对其所在土壤的湿度、盐度、pH、营养元素(速效氮和速效钾)和有机质含量等因子进行了测定。
主要结论如下所述：
1．本次周年调查共记录到31种大型底栖动物，主要由甲壳动物、环节动物、软体动物及昆虫幼体类群组成，优势种为谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplax deschampsi)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyra glabra)、堇拟沼螺(Assiminea violacea)、焦河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula ustulata)、中国绿螂(Glaucomya chinensis)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodriu hoffmeisteri)，且生物密度四季变化明显。九段沙湿地大型底栖动物四季生物密度和生物量空间梯度为下沙＞上沙＞中沙，夏季上沙和中沙底栖动物密度存在显著差异(方差分析)。
2．季节对比分析结果表明，春季大型底栖动物生物密度和生物量处于最高水平，多样性指数最高。夏季密度和生物量最低，物种多样性也较低，分布较不均匀。秋、冬季生物种类数与生物量差异不显著(方差分析)，生物密度冬季较秋季高。九段沙湿地大型底栖动物密度和生物量均呈春季最高，夏、秋季下降，秋季末和冬季回升的趋势，总体生物多样性水平较低，群落密度集中于少数优势种，分布也较不均匀。这有可能与九段沙是成陆不久的新生湿地、生物群落正处于演替的初级阶段、系统结构类型较单一等因素特性有关。
3．由物种组成分析可知，九段沙湿地大型底栖动物群落时空变化与优势种的消
The estuary wetland is a kind of transition zone among the sea, freshwater and land. It is an important object in the research of the nature protection and the changing world. There is abundance wetland resource in Yangtze River estuary, and the community of macrobenthos with the habitats composed a macrobenthos sub-system in the ecosystem. The macrobenthos distribution has high correlation with the environment factors. As the indicator species, the macrobenthos is the most direct and valuable subject in the estuary ecosystem research. Additionally, in the last 90's, the invasive species Spartina alterniflora were induced to the Yangtze River estuary, there were no accordant conclusions about the effect of invasive species on the original wetland ecosystem.
During the year 2004-2005, the relevant research was taken on the new-form wetland (Jiuduansha) in Yangtze River estuary. The main contents were: (1) The spacial-temporal pattern of macrobenthos in the different habitats in Jiuduansha; (2) The impact ion of the introduced species Spartina alterniflora to the community characteristic of macrobenthos; (3) The wetland environment factors relationship with the community of macrobenthos.
We selected the three main shoals of Jiuduansha wetland with six main habitat types including Phragmites australis zone, Scirpus×mariqueter zone, S. triqueter zone, and Spartina alterniflora zone, low tidal mudflats and high tidal mudflats. A total of 864 samples in 216 sites from 7 transects were sellected annually. The species composition, density, biomass, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou even index were used to describe the characters of the macrobenthos community. Meanwhile, the wet, salinity, pH, nutrition factors (NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N & K~+) and the organic matter (O.M.) of wetland sediment were measured.
The main conclusions as follows:
A total of 31 macrobethos species were found, consisting of Mollusca, Annelida, Crustacea, and Insect larva, with the dominant species being Ilyrplax deschampsi, Stenothyra glabra, Assiminea violacea, Potamocorbula ustulata, Glaucomya chinensis and Limnodriu hoffmeisteri. The seasonal Fluctuation of the macrobenthos density was obvious. The spatial grads of macrobenthos density and biomass were Xiasha>Shangsha>Zhongsha. The density of macrobenthos in Shangsha and Zhongsha were significantly different in summer (One-Way ANOVA).
引文
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