杭州西湖园林植物配置研究
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摘要
植物是构成园林景观的主要素材,是园林建设中不可或缺的组成部分。园林植物群落作为城市绿地系统的主体,其生长状况、种类组成、群落结构和景观质量,在很大程度上决定了园林绿地多种功能的发挥,影响着城市园林绿化的质量和水平。营建科学合理的园林植物群落对保护城市生物多样性、创造和谐人居环境等具有重要意义。本研究应用风景园林学、群落生态学、生态经济学、森林学、景观美学等相关学科的理论与方法,通过实地调查、测绘和阶段性的定点观测等手段,探究杭州西湖园林植物群落的生态服务功能、物种组成、景观质量等方面的特点,结合植物群落案例分析和研究,总结西湖园林植物配置的总体特色,提炼出适合不同地点、不同生境、不同功能要求的植物群落模式,以期对城市园林建设实践产生直接的指导作用,并为今后更大范围、更为深入的研究奠定基础。
     主要研究结果如下:
     一、杭州西湖绿地生态服务功能价值评估
     运用生态经济学的条件价值评估方法,对西湖绿地的生态服务功能价值进行评估,探讨了杭州市民对西湖绿地各项生态服务功能和各项负面效应的重要性排序和支付意愿。结果表明,杭州市民普遍认为西湖绿地的生态服务功能很重要,而其负面效应不太重要;公众的支付意愿与绿地的生态服务功能呈正相关,而与绿地的负面效应呈负相关;公众的性别、收入水平和住房情况直接影响支付意愿的价值量;大多数居民愿意每年支付一定数额的绿地保护建设费;杭州全市居民支付意愿的总价值约1.2亿元/a,这一研究结果为人们更清楚地认识杭州西湖绿地潜在的巨大价值、更清楚地认识开展西湖绿地研究的必要性、更科学地保护和建设西湖风景名胜区提供了依据。
     二、杭州西湖园林木本植物种类组成研究
     应用随机取样原理,调查了西湖园林内的64个公园绿地群落和16条道路绿地,分析了园林内的木本物种组成情况。调查结果如下:(1)西湖园林内的主要木本维管束植物有166种,隶属于58科108属;与该地区地带性植物种类相比,显得很不足,与国外先进城市相比,差距更大。(2)树种重要值和应用频率研究结果表明,重要值较高且应用较多的树种仅有30多种,其中乔木树种包括香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、广玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)、雪松(Cedrus deodara)、悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)、无患子(Sapindus mukurossi)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、枫杨(Pterocaryastenoptera)、垂柳(Salix babylonica)等,小乔木和灌木树种包括鸡爪槭(Acer palmatum)、桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)、杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)、红枫(Acer palmamm‘Atropurpureum’)、火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana)、山茶(Camellia japonica)、八角金盘(Fatsia japonica)、红檵木(Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum)、洒金东瀛珊瑚(Aucuba japonica‘Variegata’)、云南黄馨(Jasminum mesnyi)等。可见,目前杭州西湖园林各群落内应用的乔灌木树种数偏低,绿地群落结构中配置的树种较为单调。(3)树种径阶结构研究结果表明,西湖园林乔木平均胸径为34cm,约有67%的乔木树种胸径位于20~40cm范围内,说明西湖园林的树种栽植时间较长,大树较多,但大多处于成长阶段,随着时间的推移植物景观还会发生显著变化。(4)树木健康状况研究结果表明,杭州西湖园林中80%的树木生长健康,18%的树木健康状况处于中等水平,生长差的树木约占2%。据此可知杭州西湖园林内树木的总体健康状况良好。(5)树种季相结构研究表明,杭州西湖园林一年四季皆有景可赏,呈现出春季繁花盛开,夏季绿树成荫,秋季彩叶点缀,冬季枝干秀美的植物景观特色,在夏季植物色彩方面有一定缺憾,应该通过引进夏季开花树种来进行色彩上的弥补。
     三、杭州西湖园林植物群落案例研究
     根据实地踏勘并征询专家的意见,在西湖园林内挑选了较优秀的植物群落景观60个,对这些群落进行了景观质量评价。研究结果表明,群落景观与群落结构之间具有以下联系:①层次结构复杂的群落,其景观评价值比结构简单的群落高;②景观评价值随树木平均胸径的增大而提高;③季相变化明显的植物群落,景观评价值普遍较高;④群落中上木、中木、下木成塔形分布的群落,景观评价值较高;⑤树种组成在5~10种之间的群落景观评价值相对较高;成聚集分布的群落景观评价值高于成均匀分布与随机分布的群落;⑥植物个体健康水平与观赏性越高,景观评价值越高;⑦位于水边或林缘的植物群落的景观评价值普遍高于位于陆地、林内的植物群落;⑧合理的密度有利于提高群落的景观评价值。
     对西湖湖西湿地植物景观的研究表明,在湖西景区建立和恢复了金沙港、乌龟潭、浴鹄湾、茅家埠等众多湿地,运用大量的水生、湿生植物,创造出幽深多变的湿地植物景观,弥补了西湖湖面虽秀雅清丽却野趣难寻的缺憾,使西湖风景名胜区的景观格局更趋完善。
     根据上述研究结果,归纳总结了西湖园林植物配置的基本群落模式、不同功能的典型群落模式和滨水植物群落模式。
     四、杭州西湖园林植物配置特色与发展趋势
     根据上述调查研究结果,归纳了西湖园林植物配置的总体特色。研究认为,杭州西湖园林植物配置主要体现下列特色:①师法自然,模拟乡土植物群落;②疏密有致,营造多变空间环境;③因地制宜,满足不同功能要求;④适地适树,科学性艺术性兼顾;⑤巧妙搭配,季相色彩变化丰富;⑥烘云托月,特色景点主题鲜明。
     杭州园林植物配置今后应遵循的原则和发展的方向为:①大力丰富园林植物种类;②全面结合城市文化特征;③从绿化向彩化香化发展;④以人为本加强公众参与;⑤促进三大效益协调发展。
Plant is one of main materials of gardening. Growth status, species composition, structure and landscape quality of the landscape plant community can determine its many functions to a great extent, influence the quality and level of urban greening, urban biodiversity conservation and human habitat construction. Based on some principles and methods of relevant disciplines, such as Landscape Architecture, Synecology, Ecological Economics, Forestry, Landscape Aesthetics, etc., this paper researched the value of eco-service functions, woody plant species composition, selected cases and landscape quality of the plant communities in the parks and gardens of the West Lake in Hangzhou, China, summarized the general characteristics of its planting design, and put forward some representative models of plant configuration, which were suitable for different places, habitats, and functions respectively. These findings were helpful to construct urban ecological greenspaces, and carry out further researches in the future. The main conclusions were as follows:
     1. Assessing the value of eco-service functions of parks and gardens in the West Lake
     The willingness of the residents to pay for greenspace conservation of parks and gardens in the West Lake in Hangzhou, China, was assessed using contingent valuation (CV) method. The findings of the study are as follows: 1) The willingness of the residents to pay for urban greenspace conservation was positively correlated with their perceptions of the benefits of greenspaces and negatively correlated perceptions of the annoyances. 2) The willingness to pay a higher premium for greenspace conservation is directly related to gender, income level and residential ownership status. Age and education level are not significantly correlated with willingness to pay. 3) A majority of respondents view the conservation of urban greenspaces as a very important function of the city, and most of them are willing to pay additional taxes for this conservation. 4) The total value per year to the public of the conservation program in Hangzhou is about 120 million yuan. These qualitative and quantitative findings can. be used in the policy-making process for urban development plans.
     2. Study on woody plant species composition of parks and gardens in the West Lake
     Sixty-four communities in the parks and gardens and 16 greenapaces attached to roads in the West Lake Scenic Area were investigated, to analyse woody plant species composition. The results were as follows: 1) There were 166 species of woody vascular plants in the parks and gardens of the West Lake, which belonged to 58 families and 108 genera. Compared with zonal plant species in Hangzhou and landscape plants in advanced foreign cities, the number of plant species was very low. 2) About 30 species (such as Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Cedrus deodara, Platanus acerifolia, Sapindus mukurossi, Liquidambar formosana, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix babylonica, Acer palmatum, Osmanthus fragrans, Rhododendron simsii, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Pyracantha fortuneana, Camellia japonica, Fatsia japonica, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Jasminum mesnyi ect.) had high important values and application frequencies. It indicated that the trees and shrubs species in each community in the parks and gardens of the West Lake was small at present. 3) The results of study of diameter class of trees showed that, the average breast-height diameter of trees in the parks and gardens was 34cm, and about 67% trees had 20-40cm breast-height diameter. It indicated that a majority of trees were mature. 4) The results of study of health status of trees and shrubs showed that, most plant species developed well. 5)The results of study of seasonal aspect of trees and shrubs showed that, the planting design in the parks and gardens of the West Lake had different characteristics in different seasons, which were numerous flowers in spring, green shades in summer, colorful leaves in autumn and beautiful branches and trunks in winter.
     3. Case study on plant communities of parks and gardens in the West Lake
     Firstly, sixty outstanding communities in the parks and gardens of the West Lake were investigated, to assess their landscape qualities. The results showed that there were following relationships between landscape quality and community structure: 1) The appraising value of the multilayer community was higher than that of the simple structure community; 2) The appraising value improved with the increase of the average breast-height diameter of trees; 3) The appraising value increased when seasonal aspect of plant community was obvious; 4) The appraising value of the community with cone-shaped structure was generally high; 5) The appraising value of the community composed of 5-10 species was relatively high; 6) The appraising value improved with the increase of health status and ornamental degree of the community;
     7) The appraising value increased when the community situated on the waterside or forest edge; 8) The appraising value increased when the community density was appropriate.
     Then, the wetland plant landscape of west part of the West Lake were analysed. The findings showed that many wetlands were constructed or renewed in the west part of the West Lake, such as Jinsha Harbor, Wugui Pond, Yuhu Bay and Maojia Port, and plenty of aquatic and torfaceous plants were applied to create wild wetland landscape, which made the landscape pattern of the West Lake Scenic Area perfect.
     Finally, the basic community models, the typical community models of different functions and typical riparian community models in the parks and gardens of the West Lake were summarized, according to the above-mentioned results.
     4. General characteristics and development trends of planting design of parks and gardens in the West Lake
     According to the results of above-mentioned investigations, the general characteristics of planting design of parks and gardens in the West Lake were summed up, which were as follows: 1) Imitating the nature to build steady man-made plant communities; 2) Changing the plant density to form the different spaces; 3) Arranging appropriate plants to meet different functions; 4) Selecting right trees in right places scientifically and artistically; 5) Assembling different trees ingeniously to display abundant seasonal aspects; 6) Creating the plant landscapes with distinctive theme.
     At Last, the following development directions of planting design of parks and gardens in the West Lake were put forword: 1) Enriching plant species in the parks and gardens; 2) Integrating the urban cultural characteristics into planting design; 3) Selecting colorful and fragrant plants to apply to urban greening; 4) Having respect for people and enhancing the public participation in the course of planting design; 5) Promoting ecological, economic and social benefits to develop in harmony.
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