混凝土结构抗连续性倒塌机理及其设计方法研究
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摘要
结构连续倒塌已成为严重威胁公共安全的重要问题。国外自1968年英国Ronan Point公寓倒塌事件以来,已对连续倒塌问题进行了三十余年的研究,并编制了相关的设计规范,而我国规范目前尚未规定详细抗连续倒塌设计方法。
本文主要针对钢筋混凝土结构的抗连续倒塌的机理及其设计方法进行了研究,介绍了结构连续倒塌的概念,并主要参考了美国国防部编制《结构抗连续倒塌设计》(DoD2005)提供的设计流程,基于通用有限元SAP2000软件,对按照我国现行规范设计的四层、六层、八层混凝土框架结构进行了连续倒塌仿真,分析了其抗连续倒塌能力,主要研究内容如下:
1.参考国际上已有的防止建筑物发生连续性倒塌的相关研究成果,首先对RC框架结构连续倒塌的发生机理进行了研究,从结构构件、结构类型、偶然荷载的作用的几个方面分析了其对于结构发生连续倒塌的影响;通过研究得出的结论认为,在抗震设计中增强结构的延性、鲁棒性、冗余特性等方法对于防止结构的连续倒塌具有促进作用;
2.应用有限元分析软件SAP2000,采用线性静力分析、线性动力分析、非线性静力分析、非线性动力分析四种方法对符合我国现行钢筋混凝土设计规范的一栋4层RC框架结构长边中柱失效进行了抗倒塌分析,给出详细的分析步骤,对这四种分析方法所得到的结果比较,并得出相应的结论;
3.采用线性静力变换荷载路径分析方法,对符合我国现行规范设计的7度设防4层、6层、8层RC框架结构分别移除角柱、长边中柱、内部中柱,对移除后的构件进行内力和变形分析。分别计算角柱、长边中柱、内部中柱失效后剩余构件的需求能力比值(DCR)和位移比,对比分析结构的抗连续倒塌能力。
Currently, the progressive collapse of the structures has become a serious threat to the public safety.Since the collapse of the Ronan Point Tower in United Kingdom in 1968, North America and Europe have researched on this issue for more than 30 years and developed relevant design codes and design guides,such as GSA 2003 and DoD2005.However,codes in China have not yet proposed in detail on the resistance of progressive collapse.
This paper is mainly to the study of design method and mechanism for resisting progressive collapse of RC frame structures.Hence,based on the design process proposed in DoD2005 and the structural finite element analysis software SAP2000,the capacity to resist progressive collapse of a typical 4-story、6-story and 8-story reinforced concrete frame is analyzed.The main contents of this paper are as follows:
1. Study the mechanism of progressive collapse according to the co-relationl studies in the world.Analyses the influence of structural components,structural systems and the action of abnormal loads on progressive collapse.The major conclusion is that the technology used to improve the ductility,robustness and redundancy in seismic design can also improve the ability to mitigate progressive collapse.
2. A 4-story reinforced concrete frame building with the failure of long side column designed according to the current design code is analyzed using the finite element analysis software SAP2000 through four analytical methods,including liner-elastic static,nonlinear static,linear-elastic dynamic and nonlinear dynamic methodologies.Each method is thoroughly investigated and common shortcoming are identified,along with advantages and disadvantages.
3. The 4-story,6-story and 8-story reinforced concrete frame buildings with the removal of coner column, side column and middle column are analyzed respectively using liner-elastic static alternative path-method. Analysing the internal forces and deformation and calculating the Demand Capicity Ratio (DCR) and displacement ratio after the removal of the critical elements.Then, comparison and evaluation the collapse resistant capacity of the structural.
本文主要针对钢筋混凝土结构的抗连续倒塌的机理及其设计方法进行了研究,介绍了结构连续倒塌的概念,并主要参考了美国国防部编制《结构抗连续倒塌设计》(DoD2005)提供的设计流程,基于通用有限元SAP2000软件,对按照我国现行规范设计的四层、六层、八层混凝土框架结构进行了连续倒塌仿真,分析了其抗连续倒塌能力,主要研究内容如下:
1.参考国际上已有的防止建筑物发生连续性倒塌的相关研究成果,首先对RC框架结构连续倒塌的发生机理进行了研究,从结构构件、结构类型、偶然荷载的作用的几个方面分析了其对于结构发生连续倒塌的影响;通过研究得出的结论认为,在抗震设计中增强结构的延性、鲁棒性、冗余特性等方法对于防止结构的连续倒塌具有促进作用;
2.应用有限元分析软件SAP2000,采用线性静力分析、线性动力分析、非线性静力分析、非线性动力分析四种方法对符合我国现行钢筋混凝土设计规范的一栋4层RC框架结构长边中柱失效进行了抗倒塌分析,给出详细的分析步骤,对这四种分析方法所得到的结果比较,并得出相应的结论;
3.采用线性静力变换荷载路径分析方法,对符合我国现行规范设计的7度设防4层、6层、8层RC框架结构分别移除角柱、长边中柱、内部中柱,对移除后的构件进行内力和变形分析。分别计算角柱、长边中柱、内部中柱失效后剩余构件的需求能力比值(DCR)和位移比,对比分析结构的抗连续倒塌能力。
Currently, the progressive collapse of the structures has become a serious threat to the public safety.Since the collapse of the Ronan Point Tower in United Kingdom in 1968, North America and Europe have researched on this issue for more than 30 years and developed relevant design codes and design guides,such as GSA 2003 and DoD2005.However,codes in China have not yet proposed in detail on the resistance of progressive collapse.
This paper is mainly to the study of design method and mechanism for resisting progressive collapse of RC frame structures.Hence,based on the design process proposed in DoD2005 and the structural finite element analysis software SAP2000,the capacity to resist progressive collapse of a typical 4-story、6-story and 8-story reinforced concrete frame is analyzed.The main contents of this paper are as follows:
1. Study the mechanism of progressive collapse according to the co-relationl studies in the world.Analyses the influence of structural components,structural systems and the action of abnormal loads on progressive collapse.The major conclusion is that the technology used to improve the ductility,robustness and redundancy in seismic design can also improve the ability to mitigate progressive collapse.
2. A 4-story reinforced concrete frame building with the failure of long side column designed according to the current design code is analyzed using the finite element analysis software SAP2000 through four analytical methods,including liner-elastic static,nonlinear static,linear-elastic dynamic and nonlinear dynamic methodologies.Each method is thoroughly investigated and common shortcoming are identified,along with advantages and disadvantages.
3. The 4-story,6-story and 8-story reinforced concrete frame buildings with the removal of coner column, side column and middle column are analyzed respectively using liner-elastic static alternative path-method. Analysing the internal forces and deformation and calculating the Demand Capicity Ratio (DCR) and displacement ratio after the removal of the critical elements.Then, comparison and evaluation the collapse resistant capacity of the structural.
引文
[1] Cynthia Pearson.Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and its Effect on Building Codes.Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities.2005, 19(2):172-177.
[2]吴志林.钢筋混凝土建筑抗连续倒塌对策的研究:(硕士学位论文).河北:河北理工大学,2006.
[3] 71st Annual Convention of the Structural Engineers Association of California. Santa Barbara,California.September 26-28,2002.Post 9-11 Multi-Hazard Miti -gation In Steel Frame Structures as a Fuction of Connection Geometry.
[4]王亚勇.512汶川地震建筑震害与规范修订.北京:中国建筑科学研究院工程抗震研究所,2008.
[5] Burnett E F P.The Avoidance of progressive Collapse: Regulatory Approaches to the Problem.National Bureau of Standards.Washington D.C.1975.
[6] Breen J E.Research Workshop on progressive Collapse of Building Structures held at the University of Texas at Austin.National Bureau of Standards. Washington D.C.1975.
[7] Baldridge S M,Humay F K,Preventing Progressive Collapse in Concrete Buildings.Concrete international,Nove.2003.
[8] Edar V L,Bruee R E.Design Methods for Reducing the Risk of progressive Collapse in Buildings.National Bureau of Standards.Washington D.C.1977.
[9] Ngo T,Mendis P.Behavior of High-Strength Conerete Columns Subjected to Blast Loading.Advaneced in Struetures,Steel,Conerete,Composite and Alumin -um Sydney,2003.
[10] Robert Smilowitz, Darren T. Multi-hazard Design to Resist Progressive Collapse.Struetures.2001, 09-74.
[11] Longinow A, Mniszewski K R.Progressive Collapse in Buildings,National Bureau of Standars Washington D.C. 1996. Protecting Buildings Against Vehicle Bomb Attacks. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construc -tion.1996,1(1).
[12] Corley W G,MlakarSr P F,Sozen M A,Thornton C H.The Oklahoma City Bombing:Summary and Recommendations for Multihazard Mitigation.Journal of Performance of Constructed Fzcilities,American Society of Civil Engineers. 1998,12(3).
[13] Sozen M A,Thornton C H.The oklahoma City Bombing: Strueture details and Possible Mechanisms for the Murrah Building.J.Perf.Constr.Fac.ASCE.1998,12(3):120-136.
[14] Kaewkulchai G,Williamson E B.Dynamic Behavior of Planar Frames During Progressive Collapse,Proc.16th Engineering Mechanics Conference,University of Washington,Seattle,2003.
[15] Powell G.Progressive Collapse: case studies using nonlinear analysis.SEAOC Annual Convention Proceedings,Monterey, August,2004.
[16]王志浩,苗启松.冲击波作用下剪力墙房屋的倒塌试验研究.建筑结构学报.1993,14(1):26-34.
[17]刘鸣,刘伯权.考虑结构低周疲劳特性后强震持时对结构反应影响.世界地震工程.1994,(4):30-34.
[18]谢步瀛.框架结构倒塌过程中的动力学分析.同济大学学报(自然科学版).1996,24(5):492-497.
[19]潘岳.建筑物突然倒塌的模式与作用机制探讨.建筑安全.1999,14(5):15-18.
[20]王新建.建筑物防爆研究.公安大学学报(自然科学版).1999,(2):56-60.
[21]陆新征,江见鲸.世界贸易中心飞机撞击后倒塌过程的仿真分析.土木工程学报.2001,34(6).8-10.
[22]陈俊岭,马人乐,何敏娟.偶然事件下框架结构抗连续倒塌分析.四川建筑科学研究.2007,33(1):65-68.
[23]梁益,陆新征,缪志伟等.结构的连续倒塌:规范介绍和比较.第六届全国工程安全防护学术会议论文集,洛阳,2007,195-200.
[24]曹兔荣,严林木,张锦屏.防止砌体房屋连续倒塌几点措施.低温建筑技术.2001,(2):73-74.
[25]易伟建,何庆峰,肖岩.钢筋混凝土框架结构抗连续倒塌性能的试验研究.建筑结构学报.2007,28(5):104-117.
[26]刘西拉等.多层砖混建筑的连续倒塌分析.四川建筑科学研究.1994,(2):2-5.
[27] GB50010-2002:混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社.
[28] Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects[S].U.S.General Service Adminis- tration, 2003.
[29] Unified Facilities Criteria: Design of Structures to Resist Progressive Collapse [S].U.S.Department of Defence, 2005.
[30]北京金土木软件技术有限公司.SAP2000中文版使用指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[31] Ellingwood Bruce R.Mitigating Risk from Abnormal Loads and ProgressiveCollapse[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2006,20(4): 315-323.
[32] Bree.John E.Summary of IABSE colloquium on structural concrete,PCI Journal,36(6):60-63,Nov-Dec 1991.
[33] HMSO.The Building Regulations 2000: Approved document A-Structure[S]. Northwich: The Stationary Office, 2004.
[34] Baker J W,Straub D,Nishijima K,et al.On the assessment of robustness I:a general framework[C]//Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Roubstness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005.
[35] Baker J W,Straub D,Nishijima K,et al.On the assessment of robustnessⅡ: numerical investigation[C]// Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Roubstness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005.
[36] Lu Z,Yu Y,Woodman N J,et al.A theory of structural vulnerability[J].The Structural Engineer,1999,77(18):17-24.
[37] Agarwal J,Blockley D I,Woodman N J,Vulnerability of systems[J].Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems,2001,18:141-165.
[38]江晓峰,陈以一.建筑结构连续性倒塌及其控制设计的研究现状[J] .土木工程学报.2008,41(6):1-8.
[39] Working groups on concepts and techniques, safety evaluation, design and optimization and code implementation.Research needs in structural reliability [J].Structural Safety, 1990(7):299-309.
[40] GB5009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[41]顾祥林,孙飞飞.混凝土结构的计算机防真[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2000.
[42]倪强,唐家祥.基于震害的钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌机理的集成多媒体防真研究[J].建筑结构学报,2000,21(2):52-58.
[43]刘春明.钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌分析[D].北京:清华大学,1991.
[44]焦双健,冯启民,付长文.钢筋混凝土框架结构地震破坏的计算模拟方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(2):54-59.
[45]李杰,李国强.地震工程学导论[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.
[46] Department of Defense, Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings (UFC 4-010-01)[S].2002.
[47] GB50223-2008,建筑工程抗震设防分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[48] GB50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[49] Shalva Marjanishvili, Ph.D.,P.E.,Elizabeth Agnew.Comparison of Various Procedures for Progressive Collapse Analysis[J]. Journal of Performance ofConstructed Facilities, 2006, 20(4): 367-374.
[50]杜振辉.框架结构抗连续倒塌设计与延性分析:(硕士学位论文).大连:大连理工大学,2008.
[51] Buscemi N,Marjanishvili S.SDOF Model for Progressive Collapse Analysis. Proc.SEI Structures Congress,ASCE,Reston,Va,2004.
[52]王开强,李国强.美国建筑连续性倒塌设计标准的现状[J].解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2002,8(2):513-519.
[53]邢甫庆,陈道政.四层RC框架结构抗连续性倒塌分析[J].安徽建筑工业学院学报(自然科学版),2009,17(5):31-35.
[2]吴志林.钢筋混凝土建筑抗连续倒塌对策的研究:(硕士学位论文).河北:河北理工大学,2006.
[3] 71st Annual Convention of the Structural Engineers Association of California. Santa Barbara,California.September 26-28,2002.Post 9-11 Multi-Hazard Miti -gation In Steel Frame Structures as a Fuction of Connection Geometry.
[4]王亚勇.512汶川地震建筑震害与规范修订.北京:中国建筑科学研究院工程抗震研究所,2008.
[5] Burnett E F P.The Avoidance of progressive Collapse: Regulatory Approaches to the Problem.National Bureau of Standards.Washington D.C.1975.
[6] Breen J E.Research Workshop on progressive Collapse of Building Structures held at the University of Texas at Austin.National Bureau of Standards. Washington D.C.1975.
[7] Baldridge S M,Humay F K,Preventing Progressive Collapse in Concrete Buildings.Concrete international,Nove.2003.
[8] Edar V L,Bruee R E.Design Methods for Reducing the Risk of progressive Collapse in Buildings.National Bureau of Standards.Washington D.C.1977.
[9] Ngo T,Mendis P.Behavior of High-Strength Conerete Columns Subjected to Blast Loading.Advaneced in Struetures,Steel,Conerete,Composite and Alumin -um Sydney,2003.
[10] Robert Smilowitz, Darren T. Multi-hazard Design to Resist Progressive Collapse.Struetures.2001, 09-74.
[11] Longinow A, Mniszewski K R.Progressive Collapse in Buildings,National Bureau of Standars Washington D.C. 1996. Protecting Buildings Against Vehicle Bomb Attacks. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construc -tion.1996,1(1).
[12] Corley W G,MlakarSr P F,Sozen M A,Thornton C H.The Oklahoma City Bombing:Summary and Recommendations for Multihazard Mitigation.Journal of Performance of Constructed Fzcilities,American Society of Civil Engineers. 1998,12(3).
[13] Sozen M A,Thornton C H.The oklahoma City Bombing: Strueture details and Possible Mechanisms for the Murrah Building.J.Perf.Constr.Fac.ASCE.1998,12(3):120-136.
[14] Kaewkulchai G,Williamson E B.Dynamic Behavior of Planar Frames During Progressive Collapse,Proc.16th Engineering Mechanics Conference,University of Washington,Seattle,2003.
[15] Powell G.Progressive Collapse: case studies using nonlinear analysis.SEAOC Annual Convention Proceedings,Monterey, August,2004.
[16]王志浩,苗启松.冲击波作用下剪力墙房屋的倒塌试验研究.建筑结构学报.1993,14(1):26-34.
[17]刘鸣,刘伯权.考虑结构低周疲劳特性后强震持时对结构反应影响.世界地震工程.1994,(4):30-34.
[18]谢步瀛.框架结构倒塌过程中的动力学分析.同济大学学报(自然科学版).1996,24(5):492-497.
[19]潘岳.建筑物突然倒塌的模式与作用机制探讨.建筑安全.1999,14(5):15-18.
[20]王新建.建筑物防爆研究.公安大学学报(自然科学版).1999,(2):56-60.
[21]陆新征,江见鲸.世界贸易中心飞机撞击后倒塌过程的仿真分析.土木工程学报.2001,34(6).8-10.
[22]陈俊岭,马人乐,何敏娟.偶然事件下框架结构抗连续倒塌分析.四川建筑科学研究.2007,33(1):65-68.
[23]梁益,陆新征,缪志伟等.结构的连续倒塌:规范介绍和比较.第六届全国工程安全防护学术会议论文集,洛阳,2007,195-200.
[24]曹兔荣,严林木,张锦屏.防止砌体房屋连续倒塌几点措施.低温建筑技术.2001,(2):73-74.
[25]易伟建,何庆峰,肖岩.钢筋混凝土框架结构抗连续倒塌性能的试验研究.建筑结构学报.2007,28(5):104-117.
[26]刘西拉等.多层砖混建筑的连续倒塌分析.四川建筑科学研究.1994,(2):2-5.
[27] GB50010-2002:混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社.
[28] Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects[S].U.S.General Service Adminis- tration, 2003.
[29] Unified Facilities Criteria: Design of Structures to Resist Progressive Collapse [S].U.S.Department of Defence, 2005.
[30]北京金土木软件技术有限公司.SAP2000中文版使用指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[31] Ellingwood Bruce R.Mitigating Risk from Abnormal Loads and ProgressiveCollapse[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2006,20(4): 315-323.
[32] Bree.John E.Summary of IABSE colloquium on structural concrete,PCI Journal,36(6):60-63,Nov-Dec 1991.
[33] HMSO.The Building Regulations 2000: Approved document A-Structure[S]. Northwich: The Stationary Office, 2004.
[34] Baker J W,Straub D,Nishijima K,et al.On the assessment of robustness I:a general framework[C]//Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Roubstness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005.
[35] Baker J W,Straub D,Nishijima K,et al.On the assessment of robustnessⅡ: numerical investigation[C]// Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Roubstness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005.
[36] Lu Z,Yu Y,Woodman N J,et al.A theory of structural vulnerability[J].The Structural Engineer,1999,77(18):17-24.
[37] Agarwal J,Blockley D I,Woodman N J,Vulnerability of systems[J].Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems,2001,18:141-165.
[38]江晓峰,陈以一.建筑结构连续性倒塌及其控制设计的研究现状[J] .土木工程学报.2008,41(6):1-8.
[39] Working groups on concepts and techniques, safety evaluation, design and optimization and code implementation.Research needs in structural reliability [J].Structural Safety, 1990(7):299-309.
[40] GB5009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[41]顾祥林,孙飞飞.混凝土结构的计算机防真[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2000.
[42]倪强,唐家祥.基于震害的钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌机理的集成多媒体防真研究[J].建筑结构学报,2000,21(2):52-58.
[43]刘春明.钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌分析[D].北京:清华大学,1991.
[44]焦双健,冯启民,付长文.钢筋混凝土框架结构地震破坏的计算模拟方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(2):54-59.
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