吉林省海沟金矿矿床地质特征及成矿模式
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摘要
海沟金矿床位于吉林省延边自治州安图县两江镇境内,是一个大型的石英脉型金矿床。矿床在大地构造位置上位于华北地台北缘东段与兴蒙—吉黑造山带接壤的构造区内,是中生代太平洋构造域NE向构造与海西期古亚洲域NW向构造叠加十分明显的地区。海沟金矿即产于NW向金银别—清茶馆断裂和NE向两江断裂交汇部位。
     矿区出露的地层主要为元古界集安群、色洛河群变质岩系和青白口系沉积岩,以及中新生界火山—沉积岩系;研究区断裂构造发育,主要形成大量NE向和NW向展布的断裂构造,矿区内分别以两江断裂及海沟—荒沟农场断裂为代表。矿区内侵入岩以中酸性花岗质岩石为主,主要由晚古生代中酸性花岗质侵入岩和中生代花岗质、闪长质侵入岩等组成;火山岩仅见于局部地段,多为零星分布的中、新生代安山岩、玄武岩等。
     海沟金矿矿区范围内已经探明50余条矿脉,主矿脉带有28号、38号、43号3条。矿脉主要分布在海沟二长岩—二长花岗岩岩体中,少部分在岩体外围的色洛河群,受NE-NNE向断裂构造带控制。矿石类型以含金石英脉型为主,少量蚀变岩型。矿石矿物主要有自然金、黄铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、闪锌矿、赤铁矿等,脉石矿物有石英、方解石、重晶石、高岭土等。矿石结构以结晶结构、交代结构、碎裂结构为主,矿石构造以脉状、网脉状最为发育,其次有团块构造、浸染状构造和星散状构造等。根据矿物生成顺序和组合特点,海沟金矿可划分为5个成矿阶段:Ⅰ、石英-赤铁矿-沥青铀矿阶段,Ⅱ、白色石英脉阶段,Ⅲ、金-烟灰色石英脉-黄铁矿阶段,Ⅳ、金-多金属硫化物阶段,Ⅴ、方解石阶段;第Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段为矿化主要阶段。矿床围岩蚀变以钾化、黄铁矿化和硅化为主。
     海沟金矿床的流体包裹体可以分为气液两相包裹体、富气相(主要为CO_2)包裹体两类,大小较小,多在2~8μm之间。海沟金矿成矿流体成分为富CO_2型CO_2-H_2O-CH_4体系,具―低盐富碳‖的特点,与典型造山型金矿流体成分特点相似。主矿化阶段(第Ⅲ、Ⅳ矿化阶段)成矿温度集中在200~300℃。碳、氢、氧同位素研究结果显示成矿流体以岩浆水为主,有大气水参与,且后期有增加趋势,具幔源特点。硫、铅同位素研究显示成矿物质具壳幔混合来源的特点,主要来源于元古宙色洛河群和太古宙地壳。
     海沟岩体是矿区内金矿脉的直接赋矿围岩,可分为中心相二长花岗岩和边缘相二长岩两个岩相,岩石常量元素显示海沟岩体为低硅富铝的钾玄岩系列-高钾钙碱性系列,稀土元素分馏明显、轻稀土富集(71.36×10~(-6)~220.97×10~(-6)),重稀土亏损(9.05×10~(-6)~35.7×10~(-6)),δEu=0.81~1.26,平均1.01,无明显铕异常。微量元素富Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素和U、Th、Pb等高场强元素,亏损P、Ti等。
     通过对二长花岗岩(HG11)、二长岩(HG12)的锆石CL图像分析和岩浆锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年研究,认为海沟岩体成岩年代为晚古生代海西期(322.4-326.1Ma)。其中所捕获的太古代(2802±37Ma)和元古代(2320±32Ma、2305±32Ma)继承锆石可能反映了元古宙及太古宙地层对海沟岩体岩浆来源的贡献,结合稀土、微量元素及其Sr、Nd、Hf同位素研究,认为其岩浆来源以壳源为主,并有较多幔源物质混入,产出大地构造环境为与古亚洲板块俯冲作用有关的陆缘火山弧环境。
     本次测得正长闪长斑岩岩浆结晶锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为132.4Ma,结合前人对海沟金矿成矿时代研究结果,限定海沟金矿成矿作用发生在142.3~128Ma之间,矿化峰期时间为130Ma。结合海沟矿区的成矿动力学背景,其成矿模式可总结如下:
     在142.3~128Ma之间,海沟金矿区所在地区受到太平洋板块由俯冲碰撞挤压向伸展构造体制转换过渡的影响,古老的地幔岩石圈发生大规模拆沉和快速减薄,软流圈地幔向上底侵,导致下地壳部分熔融,为成矿提供初始的热源和早期高盐度岩浆热液;同时,随着底侵作用的发生,富CO_2的地幔流体与板下基性岩浆沿深大断裂上侵,提供部分幔源成矿物质,并引起一系列中基性岩浆活动,海沟矿区主要表现为侵入至海西期海沟岩体中的辉石闪长岩体和大量基性脉岩。地幔流体在上升运移过程中,萃取地壳中成矿物质,形成含矿热液。在其温度、压力、pH值、Eh值等物理化学条件发生改变的情况下,含矿热液中的金在海沟岩体中的NE-NEE向有利构造部位沉淀成矿。
Haigou gold deposit is located in Liangjiang town, Antu country of JilinProvince. It is in the transitional tectonic area between the northern margin of theNorth China Plate and the Xing'an-Mongolia orogenic belt (Jilin-Heilongjiangportion). The study area is in a tectonic region where the Mesozoic Pacific tectonicdomain superposed on Hercynian Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic domain. The Haigougold deposit exsits in the place where NW trending Jinyinbie-Qingchaguan Faultcrosscuts with NE trending Liangjiang Fault.
     The strata exposed in the region mainly include Ji’an Group and Seluohe Groupmetamorphic rock series, Qingbaikou System sedimentary strata of Proterozoic, andvolcanic-sedimentary rock series of Mesozoic-Cenozoic. NE trending and NWtrending faults are seen in and nearby the Haigou mine, for example, the LiangjiangFault and the Haigou-Huanggou Fault. The regional magmatic activities were alsostrong in the area and the intrusions are mainly Late Hercynian intermediate-acidgranitoids, and Mesozoic granitic and dioritic intrusions. The intermediate-basicvolcanic rocks of Mesozoic-Cenozoic are locally developped in the area.
     Haigou gold deposit contains more than50ore veins, and the28th,38thand43thvein are the main vein groups of them. The veins are mainly controlled by NE-NNEtrending structure belts in monzonite and monzogranite, a few in Seluohe complex.The mineralization type are auriferous quartz veins principally, and a few altered rocktype. The ore minerals are native gold, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, molybdenite,sphalerite and hematite etc, and the gangue minerals are mainly quartz, calcite, barite,kaolin, etc. There are many types of ore structures, mainly include crystallinestructure, replacement texture, cataclastic structure etc. Ore textures mainly includevein, reticulate vein texture, in addition to developing massive texture, disseminated texture and scattered texture, etc. In accordance with formation orders, themineralization of Haigou gold deposit can be divided into five phases:Ⅰ.quartzvein-hematite-pitchblende stage,Ⅱ. white quartz vein stage, Ⅲ. gold-gray quartzvein-pyrite stage, Ⅳ. gold-polymetallic sulfide stage, and Ⅴ.calcite stage. Amongthem the stage Ⅲ, Ⅳ are the principal mineralization stages. The types of wall-rockalteration include alteration to K-feldspar, pyrite, and silicification etc.
     The types of fluid inclusions can be divided into two phases: gas-liquidtwo-phase inclusions and gas-rich(mainly CO_2) inclusions, whose size ranges from2to8μm. The components of ore-forming fluid are CO_2-H_2O-CH_4system, which ischaracterized by CO_2-rich and salinity-low, similar to the fluid composition of typicalorogenic gold deposits. The temperature of the main mineralization stage(Ⅲ,Ⅳ)focused on200~300℃. The results of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen isotopes researchindicate that the ore-forming fluids are mostly magmatic water, a little meteoric waterand a few mantle-derived fluids in addition. Sulfur and lead isotopes research revealthat the ore-forming material resources mainly come from Seluohe group of LateProterozoic and Archean Strata, with crust-mantle mixing characteristics.
     The Haigou intrusion consists mainly of central monzogranite, and marginalmonzonite. Study on major elements shows that Haigou intrusive rocks are alkali-richand aluminum-rich shoshonite-serieshigh-K calc-alkaline series granitic rocks,characterized by enrichment in LREE(71.36×10~(-6)~220.97×10~(-6)) and depletion inHREE(9.05×10~(-6)~35.7×10~(-6)), unconspicuous anomalies of Eu(δEu=0.81~1.26,averaged at1.01). The rocks are characterized by the enrichment of LILE(Ba, Sr) andHFSE(Th, U, Pb),depletion of Pand Ti, etc.
     According to the CL image analysis and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of testing ofzircon in adamellite(HG11), monzonite(HG12), the petrogenic age of Haigouintrusion is Hercynian period(322.4-326.1Ma), with inherited zircon of Archeanera(2802±37Ma) and Proterozoic era(2320±32Ma,2305±32Ma). Combining the REEs,trace elements, and Sr, Nd, Hf isotopes research, the paper suggests that the sources ofHaigou intrusion are mainly derived from crust source, with a great amount of mantlematerial, its tectonic environment belongs a continental margin setting related toPaleo-Asian Ocean plate subduction..
     The geologic age of syn-mineralization granodiorite porphyry is132.4Ma.Considering the former studies about metallogenic epoch of the Haigou gold deposit, its mineralization time should be limited to142.3~128Ma, mainly130Ma.
     The metallogenic model of the deposit is suggested as the followings:
     In142.3~128Ma, the area was in the period of conversion of tectonic regimes.The ancient mantle lithospheric delamination and extension, asthenosphere upwelling,caused the lower crust partial melting, provided the initial heat source and highsalinity magmatic hydrothermal for mineralization. And with the occurrence anddevelopment of underplating, the CO_2-rich mantle fluids and the basic magma intrudeupwards along the deep-large fault, carrying partial mantle-derived ore-formingmaterial and caused the formation of the Dahaigou gabbro-diorite stock and largenumber of intermediate-basic dikes in the mine. During the mantle-derived fluidsascending, they extracted the ore-forming materials from the crust and formedore-bearing hydrothermal fluids. Gold was deposited in the NE-NEE extending faultsin the Haigou intrusion where favorable physicochemical conditions (for instance, P, T,Ph, Eh) are met.
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