宝鸡市街尘、土壤及渭河沉积物重金属污染研究
|
摘要
城市灰尘、城市土壤以及河流沉积物是城市生态环境系统的重要组成部分。研究资料表明,城市化迅速发展的过程中,受城市工业、交通、商业和建筑业等的影响,城市灰尘、城市土壤、城市水体以及河流沉积物重金属污染严重。而宝鸡有关这方面的研究鲜见报道。
为了弄清楚宝鸡地区的环境现状,本文以宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物为研究对象,首次对宝鸡市街尘、土壤以及渭河沉积物三种环境介质的理化性质,重金属元素的含量、分布、来源、存在形态以及迁移转化等环境地球化学问题进行了较为系统的研究,取得了以下结论与认识:
1.利用pH计、马弗炉、磁化率仪、激光粒度仪和X-Ray荧光光谱仪(XRF)研究了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物的pH值、烧失量(LOI)、低频磁化率(LF)、高频磁化率(HF)、频率磁化率(FD)、机械组成以及常量组分等理化性质。分析结果显示,宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物的pH值分别是8.983,8.482,8.639,均呈碱性:烧失量(LOI)分别是8.77%,5.20%,2.47%,城市街尘可能受到了一定的有机污染;低频磁化率(LF)和高频磁化率(HF)在城市街尘中的水平明显高于城市土壤和河流沉积物,在城市土壤和河流沉积物中基本一致,而频率磁化率(FD)在城市土壤当中明显高于城市街尘和河流沉积物,在城市街尘和河流沉积物中基本一致;城市街尘和城市土壤的机械组成主要是粉粒(街尘:71.300%;土壤:59.066%),河流沉积物的机械组成主要是粉粒和沙砾(粉粒:45.610%;沙砾:41.467%);常量组分在三种环境介质当中差异不十分明显,含量水平基本一致。
2.利用XRF、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和原子荧光分光光度计(AFS)分析了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr、Cd、As和Hg)的含量水平。分析结果表明,城市街尘中Cu,Pb,Zn,Mn,Fe(以Fe_2O_3的百分含量表示),Co,Ni,Cr,Cd,As和Hg的平均含量分别是123.2μg/g,408.4μg/g,715.1μg/g,804.2μg/g,7.22%,15.9μg/g,48.8μg/g,126.7μg/g,6.60μg/g,28.3μg/g和1.112μg/g;城市土壤中的平均含量分别是35.4μg/g,36.7μg/g,102.4μg/g,708.6μg/g,4.90%,19.0μg/g,32.7μg/g,89.3μg/g,0.50μg/g,13.4μg/g和0.282μg/g;河流沉积物中的平均含量分别是24.2μg/g,22.7μg/g,68.3μg/g,534.8μg/g,3.85%,15.1μg/g,25.6μg/g,90.9μg/g,0.41μg/g,9.7μg/g和0.470μg/g。同中国土壤元素背景值比较显示,城市街尘中重金属的污染比较严重,尤其是Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn和Cu,其分别是中国土壤元素背景值的68.0,17.1.15.7,9.6和5.4倍;而城市土壤和河流沉积物中重金属元素的含量水平与中国土壤元素背景值基本一致,除了Cd和Hg。同国内外其它城市(街尘和土壤)和其它河流(沉积物)比较显示,宝鸡城市街尘中重金属元索的含量高于国内外大多数城市;而城市土壤和河流沉积物则处于中等水平。相关分析和聚类分析显示,宝鸡城市街尘中Pb、Zn和Mn主要来源于现代城市的工业、商业和交通运输等人为活动:Cd、Hg、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Cu和Cr主要是自然来源。
3.利用相关分析研究了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素同理化指标之间的关系。分析结果表明,在宝鸡城市街尘中,低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率同大多数重金属元素之间显著相关,但黏粒、粉粒和沙砾同重金属元素之间不存在相关关系;而在宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中恰恰相反,且常量组分在宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中同大多数重金属元素之间也显著相关。利用物理筛分的方法,结合XRF分析主要研究了宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr和As)在不同粒径范围的分布情况。结果表明,在宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中,重金属元素在不同粒径范围的分布差异不十分明显。
4.采用修正的欧共体BCR四步连续提取技术,利用ICP-MS和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP-AES)研究了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr和Cd)的存在形式和迁移转化特征。结果表明,在宝鸡城市街尘中,重金属元素随环境条件发生迁移转化的顺序是:Cd(90.11%)＞Pb(82.33%)＞Zn(79.32%)＞Cu(62.35%)＞Mn(51.48%)＞Co(29.02%)＞Ni(23.62%)＞Cr(18.68%)＞Fe(10.21%);在宝鸡城市土壤中,重金属元素发生迁移转化的顺序是:Pb(68.75%)＞Cd(63.93%)＞Co(59.25%)＞Mn(57.32%)＞Zn(29.01%)＞Cu(25.94%)＞Ni(20.70%)＞Cr(15.36%)＞Fe(7.30%);在渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物,重金属元素发生迁移转化的顺序是:Mn(56.70%)≈Pb(56.65%)＞Cd(53.66%)＞Co(48.82%)＞Cu(43.99%)＞Zn(21.93%)＞Ni(15.49%)＞Cr(11.43%)＞Fe(9.62%)。相比较而言。城市街尘具有更大的潜在危害。
5.采用M(u|¨)ller地累积污染指数和Lars Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评价了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属的污染现状。结果表明,宝鸡城市街尘主要受Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属污染;宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物主要受Hg和Cd污染;相比较而言,城市街尘重金属污染比较严重。
Urban dusts, urban soils, and river sediments are important parts of ecologically environmental system of city. Researches show that the heavy metal pollution of urban dusts, urban soils, urban water, and river sediments affected by industry, traffic, commerce, and construction of city is very heavy during the fast development of urbanization. However, the few researches related to Baiji in this field are reported.
In order to clarify the environmental status of Baoji City, the paper chooses urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji City and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River as object researched, firstly researches the physical and chemical property and the content, distribution, origin, speciation, and mobility of heavy metal elements systematically, and attains the following results and cognitions:
1. The physical-chemical property, including pH, Loss on Ignition (LOI), low frequency susceptibility (LF), high frequency susceptibility (HF), frequency-depended susceptibility (FD), physical formation, and the contents of constant elements, of urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River is researched by means of pH-meter, Muffle, Susceptibility-meter, Laser Size Meter, and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). The analytical results show that the pH values of urban street dust, urban soil, and river sediment are respectively 8.983, 8.482, and 8.639 and are all alkaline; that the LOI are respectively 8.77%, 5.20%, and 2.47% and urban street dust has probably some organic pollution; that LF and HF in urban street dust are higher than urban soil and river sediment and the two later are basically same, while FD in urban soil is higher than urban street dust and river sediment and the two later are basically same; that urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji is dominated by silt (street dust: 71.300%, soil: 59.066%) and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River is dominated by silt and sand (silt: 45.610%, sand: 41.467%); that the diferences of constant elements in three environmental factors are not quite clear and their contents are basically same.
2. The concentrations of heavy metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) of urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, are analyzed through XRF, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS). The analytical results show that in urban street dust, the mean contents of heavy metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe-Fe_2O_3%, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) are respectively 123.2μg/g, 408.4μg/g, 715.1μg/g, 804.2μg/g, 7.22%, 15.9μg/g, 48.8μg/g, 126.7μg/g, 6.60μg/g, 28.3μg/g and 1.112μg/g; that in urban soil. the mean contents are respectively 35.4μg/g, 36.7μg/g, 102.4μg/g, 708.6μg/g, 4.90%, 19.0μg/g, 32.7μg/g, 89.3μg/g, 0.50μg/g, 13.4μg/g and 0.282μg/g; that in river sediment, the mean contents are respectively 24.2μg/g, 22.7μg/g, 68.3μg/g, 534.8μg/g, 3.85%, 15.1μg/g. 25.6μg/g, 90.9ng/g, 0.4μg/g, 9.7μg/g and 0.470μg/g. Compared with Chinese Soil Element Background Value (CSEBV), the pollution of heavy metal of urban street dust is very heavy, especially for Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cu, which are respectively 68.0, 17.1, 15.1, and 5.4 times than CSEBV, while the contents of urban soil and river sediment are basically same with CSEBV, except for Hg and Cd. Compared with other cities (street dust) and rivers (sediment), the contents of heavy metal elements of urban street dust are higher than other cities', and the contents in urban soil and river sediment are moderate. The analyses of Correlation and Cluster show that in urban street dust of Baoji, the heavy metal elements (Pb, Zn, and Mn) mainly originate from anthropogenic activities (modern industry, commerce, and traffic), and that the heavy metal elements (Cd, Hg, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Cu, and Cr) mainly come from natural sources.
3. The relationships between heavy metal elements and physical-chemical items in urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River are studied by means of Correlation Analysis. The analytical results show that in urban street dust of Baoji, there are significant correlation between LF, HF, FD and many heavy metal elements, but there is no correlation between clay, silt, sand and heavy metal elements, while in urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, the relationships are just adverse, and that there are significant correlation between constant elements and many heavy metal elements in urban soil and river sediment. The distribution of heavy metal elements in different grain size is researched using physical filtration, plus XRF. The results show that in urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, the difference of distribution of heavy metal elements in different grain size is not quite clear.
4. The speciations of heavy metal elements (Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr, and Cd) in urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River are researched utilizing modified-BCR sequential extraction procedure, plus ICP-MS and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). The results show that in urban street dust of Baoji, the order of mobility of heavy metal elements with environmental conditions is Cd (90.11%) > Pb (82.33%) > Zn (79.32%) > Cu (62.35%) > Mn (51.48%) > Co (29.02%) > Ni (23.62%) > Cr (18.68%) > Fe (10.21%); that in urban soil of Baoji, the order is Pb (68.75%) > Cd (63.93%) > Co (59.25%) > Mn (57.32%) > Zn (29.01%) > Cu (25.94%) > Ni (20.70%) > Cr (15.36%) > Fe (7.30%); that in river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, the order is Mn (56.70%)≈Pb (56.65%) > Cd (53.66%) > Co (48.82%) > Cu (43.99%) > Zn (21.93%) > Ni (15.49%) > Cr (11.43%) > Fe (9.62%); and that urban street dust has bigger potential risk than urban soil and river sediment.
5. The level of heavy metal pollution in urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River at present is assessed by means of Müller's Geo-accumulation Pollution Index and Lars Hakanson's Potencially Ecological Risk Index. The results show that urban street dust of Baoji is mainly polluted by the heavy metal elements of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn et al; that urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River are contaminated by Hg and Cd; that the heavy metal pollution of urban street dust is heavier than urban soil and river sediment.
为了弄清楚宝鸡地区的环境现状,本文以宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物为研究对象,首次对宝鸡市街尘、土壤以及渭河沉积物三种环境介质的理化性质,重金属元素的含量、分布、来源、存在形态以及迁移转化等环境地球化学问题进行了较为系统的研究,取得了以下结论与认识:
1.利用pH计、马弗炉、磁化率仪、激光粒度仪和X-Ray荧光光谱仪(XRF)研究了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物的pH值、烧失量(LOI)、低频磁化率(LF)、高频磁化率(HF)、频率磁化率(FD)、机械组成以及常量组分等理化性质。分析结果显示,宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物的pH值分别是8.983,8.482,8.639,均呈碱性:烧失量(LOI)分别是8.77%,5.20%,2.47%,城市街尘可能受到了一定的有机污染;低频磁化率(LF)和高频磁化率(HF)在城市街尘中的水平明显高于城市土壤和河流沉积物,在城市土壤和河流沉积物中基本一致,而频率磁化率(FD)在城市土壤当中明显高于城市街尘和河流沉积物,在城市街尘和河流沉积物中基本一致;城市街尘和城市土壤的机械组成主要是粉粒(街尘:71.300%;土壤:59.066%),河流沉积物的机械组成主要是粉粒和沙砾(粉粒:45.610%;沙砾:41.467%);常量组分在三种环境介质当中差异不十分明显,含量水平基本一致。
2.利用XRF、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和原子荧光分光光度计(AFS)分析了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr、Cd、As和Hg)的含量水平。分析结果表明,城市街尘中Cu,Pb,Zn,Mn,Fe(以Fe_2O_3的百分含量表示),Co,Ni,Cr,Cd,As和Hg的平均含量分别是123.2μg/g,408.4μg/g,715.1μg/g,804.2μg/g,7.22%,15.9μg/g,48.8μg/g,126.7μg/g,6.60μg/g,28.3μg/g和1.112μg/g;城市土壤中的平均含量分别是35.4μg/g,36.7μg/g,102.4μg/g,708.6μg/g,4.90%,19.0μg/g,32.7μg/g,89.3μg/g,0.50μg/g,13.4μg/g和0.282μg/g;河流沉积物中的平均含量分别是24.2μg/g,22.7μg/g,68.3μg/g,534.8μg/g,3.85%,15.1μg/g,25.6μg/g,90.9μg/g,0.41μg/g,9.7μg/g和0.470μg/g。同中国土壤元素背景值比较显示,城市街尘中重金属的污染比较严重,尤其是Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn和Cu,其分别是中国土壤元素背景值的68.0,17.1.15.7,9.6和5.4倍;而城市土壤和河流沉积物中重金属元素的含量水平与中国土壤元素背景值基本一致,除了Cd和Hg。同国内外其它城市(街尘和土壤)和其它河流(沉积物)比较显示,宝鸡城市街尘中重金属元索的含量高于国内外大多数城市;而城市土壤和河流沉积物则处于中等水平。相关分析和聚类分析显示,宝鸡城市街尘中Pb、Zn和Mn主要来源于现代城市的工业、商业和交通运输等人为活动:Cd、Hg、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Cu和Cr主要是自然来源。
3.利用相关分析研究了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素同理化指标之间的关系。分析结果表明,在宝鸡城市街尘中,低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率同大多数重金属元素之间显著相关,但黏粒、粉粒和沙砾同重金属元素之间不存在相关关系;而在宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中恰恰相反,且常量组分在宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中同大多数重金属元素之间也显著相关。利用物理筛分的方法,结合XRF分析主要研究了宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr和As)在不同粒径范围的分布情况。结果表明,在宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中,重金属元素在不同粒径范围的分布差异不十分明显。
4.采用修正的欧共体BCR四步连续提取技术,利用ICP-MS和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP-AES)研究了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr和Cd)的存在形式和迁移转化特征。结果表明,在宝鸡城市街尘中,重金属元素随环境条件发生迁移转化的顺序是:Cd(90.11%)＞Pb(82.33%)＞Zn(79.32%)＞Cu(62.35%)＞Mn(51.48%)＞Co(29.02%)＞Ni(23.62%)＞Cr(18.68%)＞Fe(10.21%);在宝鸡城市土壤中,重金属元素发生迁移转化的顺序是:Pb(68.75%)＞Cd(63.93%)＞Co(59.25%)＞Mn(57.32%)＞Zn(29.01%)＞Cu(25.94%)＞Ni(20.70%)＞Cr(15.36%)＞Fe(7.30%);在渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物,重金属元素发生迁移转化的顺序是:Mn(56.70%)≈Pb(56.65%)＞Cd(53.66%)＞Co(48.82%)＞Cu(43.99%)＞Zn(21.93%)＞Ni(15.49%)＞Cr(11.43%)＞Fe(9.62%)。相比较而言。城市街尘具有更大的潜在危害。
5.采用M(u|¨)ller地累积污染指数和Lars Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评价了宝鸡城市街尘、城市土壤以及渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物中重金属的污染现状。结果表明,宝鸡城市街尘主要受Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属污染;宝鸡城市土壤和渭河宝鸡段河流沉积物主要受Hg和Cd污染;相比较而言,城市街尘重金属污染比较严重。
Urban dusts, urban soils, and river sediments are important parts of ecologically environmental system of city. Researches show that the heavy metal pollution of urban dusts, urban soils, urban water, and river sediments affected by industry, traffic, commerce, and construction of city is very heavy during the fast development of urbanization. However, the few researches related to Baiji in this field are reported.
In order to clarify the environmental status of Baoji City, the paper chooses urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji City and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River as object researched, firstly researches the physical and chemical property and the content, distribution, origin, speciation, and mobility of heavy metal elements systematically, and attains the following results and cognitions:
1. The physical-chemical property, including pH, Loss on Ignition (LOI), low frequency susceptibility (LF), high frequency susceptibility (HF), frequency-depended susceptibility (FD), physical formation, and the contents of constant elements, of urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River is researched by means of pH-meter, Muffle, Susceptibility-meter, Laser Size Meter, and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). The analytical results show that the pH values of urban street dust, urban soil, and river sediment are respectively 8.983, 8.482, and 8.639 and are all alkaline; that the LOI are respectively 8.77%, 5.20%, and 2.47% and urban street dust has probably some organic pollution; that LF and HF in urban street dust are higher than urban soil and river sediment and the two later are basically same, while FD in urban soil is higher than urban street dust and river sediment and the two later are basically same; that urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji is dominated by silt (street dust: 71.300%, soil: 59.066%) and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River is dominated by silt and sand (silt: 45.610%, sand: 41.467%); that the diferences of constant elements in three environmental factors are not quite clear and their contents are basically same.
2. The concentrations of heavy metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) of urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, are analyzed through XRF, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS). The analytical results show that in urban street dust, the mean contents of heavy metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe-Fe_2O_3%, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) are respectively 123.2μg/g, 408.4μg/g, 715.1μg/g, 804.2μg/g, 7.22%, 15.9μg/g, 48.8μg/g, 126.7μg/g, 6.60μg/g, 28.3μg/g and 1.112μg/g; that in urban soil. the mean contents are respectively 35.4μg/g, 36.7μg/g, 102.4μg/g, 708.6μg/g, 4.90%, 19.0μg/g, 32.7μg/g, 89.3μg/g, 0.50μg/g, 13.4μg/g and 0.282μg/g; that in river sediment, the mean contents are respectively 24.2μg/g, 22.7μg/g, 68.3μg/g, 534.8μg/g, 3.85%, 15.1μg/g. 25.6μg/g, 90.9ng/g, 0.4μg/g, 9.7μg/g and 0.470μg/g. Compared with Chinese Soil Element Background Value (CSEBV), the pollution of heavy metal of urban street dust is very heavy, especially for Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cu, which are respectively 68.0, 17.1, 15.1, and 5.4 times than CSEBV, while the contents of urban soil and river sediment are basically same with CSEBV, except for Hg and Cd. Compared with other cities (street dust) and rivers (sediment), the contents of heavy metal elements of urban street dust are higher than other cities', and the contents in urban soil and river sediment are moderate. The analyses of Correlation and Cluster show that in urban street dust of Baoji, the heavy metal elements (Pb, Zn, and Mn) mainly originate from anthropogenic activities (modern industry, commerce, and traffic), and that the heavy metal elements (Cd, Hg, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Cu, and Cr) mainly come from natural sources.
3. The relationships between heavy metal elements and physical-chemical items in urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River are studied by means of Correlation Analysis. The analytical results show that in urban street dust of Baoji, there are significant correlation between LF, HF, FD and many heavy metal elements, but there is no correlation between clay, silt, sand and heavy metal elements, while in urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, the relationships are just adverse, and that there are significant correlation between constant elements and many heavy metal elements in urban soil and river sediment. The distribution of heavy metal elements in different grain size is researched using physical filtration, plus XRF. The results show that in urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, the difference of distribution of heavy metal elements in different grain size is not quite clear.
4. The speciations of heavy metal elements (Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cr, and Cd) in urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River are researched utilizing modified-BCR sequential extraction procedure, plus ICP-MS and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). The results show that in urban street dust of Baoji, the order of mobility of heavy metal elements with environmental conditions is Cd (90.11%) > Pb (82.33%) > Zn (79.32%) > Cu (62.35%) > Mn (51.48%) > Co (29.02%) > Ni (23.62%) > Cr (18.68%) > Fe (10.21%); that in urban soil of Baoji, the order is Pb (68.75%) > Cd (63.93%) > Co (59.25%) > Mn (57.32%) > Zn (29.01%) > Cu (25.94%) > Ni (20.70%) > Cr (15.36%) > Fe (7.30%); that in river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River, the order is Mn (56.70%)≈Pb (56.65%) > Cd (53.66%) > Co (48.82%) > Cu (43.99%) > Zn (21.93%) > Ni (15.49%) > Cr (11.43%) > Fe (9.62%); and that urban street dust has bigger potential risk than urban soil and river sediment.
5. The level of heavy metal pollution in urban street dust and urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River at present is assessed by means of Müller's Geo-accumulation Pollution Index and Lars Hakanson's Potencially Ecological Risk Index. The results show that urban street dust of Baoji is mainly polluted by the heavy metal elements of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn et al; that urban soil of Baoji and river sediment of Baoji section in Weihe River are contaminated by Hg and Cd; that the heavy metal pollution of urban street dust is heavier than urban soil and river sediment.
引文
[1]杜佩轩,田晖,韩永明.城市灰尘概念、研究内容与方法[J].陕西地质,2004,22(1):73-79.
[2]卢瑛,龚子同.城市土壤分类概述[J].土壤通报,1999,30:60-64.
[3]刘哲民.宝鸡土壤重金属污染及其防治[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(2):101-104.
[4]X.P.Li,C.C.Huang.Environment Impact of Heavy Metals on Urban Soil in the Vicinity of Industrial Area of Baoji City,P.R.China[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52:1631-1637.
[5]A.Tessier,P.G.C.Campbell,M.Bisson.Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(5):844-851.
[6]李非里,刘从强,宋照亮.土壤中重金属形态的化学分析综述[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(4):21-27.
[7]冯素萍,鞠莉,沈永等.沉积物中重金属形态分析方法研究进展[J].化学计量分析,2006,15(4):72-74.
[8]S.M.Charlesworth,J.A.Lees.The Distribution of Heavy Metals in Deposited Urban Dusts and Sediments,Coventry,England[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,1999,21:97-115.
[9]S.J.Xie,J.A.Dearing,J.Bloemendal et al.Association between the Organic Matter Content and Magnetic Properties in Street Dust,Liverpool,UK[J].The Science of the Total Environment,1999,241:205-214.
[10]S.J.Xie,J.A.Dearing,J.Bloemendal.The Organic Matter Content of Street Dust in Liverpool,UK,and its Association with Dust Magnetic Properties[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:269-275.
[11]S.J.Xie,J.A.Dearing,J.F.Boyle et al.Association between Magnetic Properties and Element Concentration of Liverpool Street Dust and its Implication[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2001,48:83-92.
[12]S.Charlesworth,M.Everett,R.McCarthy et al.A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Concentration and Distribution in Deposited Street Dusts in a Large and a Small Urban Area:Birmingham and Coventry,West Midlands,UK[J].Environment International,2003,29:563-573.
[13]V.F.Shilton,C.A.Booth,J.P.Smith et al.Magnetic Properties of Urban Dust and their Relationship with Organic Matter in the West Midlands, UK [J].Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39:3651-3659.
[14] A. Jiries. Vehicular Contamination of Dusts in Amman, Jordan [J]. The Environmentalist, 2003, 23:205-210.
[15] O.A. Al-Khashman. Heavy Metal Distribution in Dust, Street Dust and Soils from the Work Place in Karak Industrial Estate, Jordan [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38:6803-6812.
[16] O.A. Al-Khashman. Determination of Metal Accumulation in Deposited Street Dusts in Amman, Jordan [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29:1-10.
[17] O.A. Al-Khashman. The Investigation of Metal Concentrations in Street Dust Samples in Aqaba City, Jordan [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29:197-207.
[18] N. Sezgin, H.K. Ozcan, G. Demir et al. Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Street Dusts in Istanbul E-5 Highway [J]. Environment International, 2003, 29:979-985.
[19] S. Tokahoglu, S. Kartal. Multivariate Analysis of the Data and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Street Dust Samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40:2797-2805.
[20] F. Ahmed, H. Ishiga. Trace Metal Concentrations in Street Dusts of Dhaka city, Bangladesh [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40:3835-3844.
[21] F. Ahmed, M.H. Bibi, H. Ishiga. Environmental Assessment of Dhaka City (Bangladesh) Based on Trace Metal Contents in Road Dusts [J].Environmental Geology, 2007, 51:975-985.
[22] H.T. Chon, K.W. Kim, J.Y. Kim. Metal Contamination of Soils and Dusts in Seoul Metropolitan City, Korea [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,1995, 17:139-146.
[23] H.T. Chon, J.S. Ahn, M.C. Jung. Seasonal and Variations and Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Soils and Dusts from the Satellite Cities of Seoul, Korea [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1998, 20:77-86.
[24] E. De Miguel, J.F. Llamas, E. Chacon et al. Origin and Patterns of Distribution of Trace Elements in Street Dust: Unleaded Petrol and Urban Lead [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31(17):2733-2740.
[25]A.Ordónez,J.Loredo,E.De Miguel et al.Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Street Dusts and Soils of an Industrial City in Northern Spain[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,44:160-170.
[26]X.D.Li,C.S.Poon,P.S.Liu.Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Soils and Street Dusts in Hong Kong[J].Applied Geochemistry,2001,16:1361-1368.[27]Z.L.L.Yeung,R.C.W.Kwok,K.N.Yu.Determination of Multi-element Profile of Street Dust Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence(EDXRF)[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2003,58:339-346.
[28]S.Ng,L.S.Chan,K.C.Lam et al.Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2003,89:221-232.
[29]A.D.K.Banerjee.Heavy Metal Levels and Solid Phase Speciation in Street Dusts of Delhi,India[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,123:95-105.
[30]L.Ferreira-Baptista,E.De Miguel.Geochemistry and Risk Assessment of Street Dust in Luanda,Angola:a Tropical Urban Environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:4501-4512.
[31]D.Varrica,G.Dongarra,G.Sabatino et al.Inorganic Geochemistry of Roadway Dust from the Metropolitan Area of Palermo,Italy[J].Environmental Geology,2003,44:222-230.
[32]A.S.Al-Chalabi,D.Hawker.Retention and Exchange Behavior of Vehicular Lead in Street Dusts from Major Roads[J].The Science of the Total environment,1996,187:105-119.
[33]N.Jabeen,S.Ahmed,S.T.Hassan et al.Levels and Sources of Heavy Metals in House Dust[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2001,247(1):145-149.
[34]M.S.Akhter,I.M.Madany.Heavy Metals in Street and House Dust in Bahrain [J].Water,Air,and Soil pollution,1993,66:111-119.
[35]A.D.P.Netto,F.C.Muniz,E.C.P.R.Laurentino.Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Dust of Niterói City,BJ.Brazil[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2002,68:931-838.
[36]杜佩轩,田晖,韩永明等.城市灰尘粒径组成及环境效应-以西安市为例[J].岩石矿物学杂志.2002,21(1):93-98.
[37]杜佩轩,赵阿宁,田晖.西安市街道灰尘中重金属铅的环境异常[J].物探与化 探.2006,30(3):276-279.
[38]田晖,杜佩轩,梅琳.西安市城市灰尘微量元素环境异常研究[J].地质力学学报.2005,11(4):361-369.
[39]Y.M.Han,P.X.Du,J.J.Cao et al.Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Dusts of Xi'an,Central China[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2006,355:176-186.
[40]田晖,刘连刚,徐文世.西安灰尘来源探析[J].北京地质.2002,14(1):23-27.
[41]韩永明,杜佩轩,李智明.西安市灰尘循环模式及搬运沉积[J].物探与化探.2003,27(3):227-229.
[42]田晖.西安市街道灰尘中铬、镉、铅赋存状态及环境效应[J].北京地质.2002,14(2):34-39.
[43]刘春华,岑况.北京市街道灰尘的化学成分及其可能来源[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(7):1181-1188.
[44]史贵涛,陈振楼,许世远,王利,张菊,李海雯,李丽娜.上海城市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染特征[J].环境科学.2007,28(2):238-242.
[45]史贵涛,陈振楼,王利,张菊,李海雯,许世远.上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].城市环境与城市生态.2006,19(4):40-43.
[46]张菊,陈振楼,许世远,姚春霞,刘伟,邓焕广.上海城市街道灰尘重金属铅污染现状及评价[J].环境科学.2006,27(3):519-523.
[47]N.S.Duzgoren-Aydin,C.S.C.Wong,A.Aydin et al.Heavy Metal Contamination and Distribution in the Urban Environment of Guangzhou,SE China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2006,28:375-391.
[48]李章平,陈玉成,杨学春,魏世强.重庆市主城区街道地表物中重金属的污染特征[J].水土保持学报.2006,20(1):114-116
[49]施择明,倪师军,张成红.成都市近地表大气尘的地球化学特征[J].地球与环境,2004,32(3-4):53-58.
[50]夏敦胜,余晔,马剑英等.兰州市街道尘埃磁学特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学,2007,28(5):937-944.
[51]Y.Z.Sun,H.J.Zhang,Z.C.Du et al.Organic Pollution of Street Dusts in the Handan City,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,70:422-429.
[52]朱伟,边博,阮爱东.镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属污染的来源分析[J].环境科学,2007,28(7):1584-1589.
[53] D.L. Johnson, J.K. Bretsch. Soil Lead and Children's Blood Lead Levels in Syracuse, NY, USA [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2002,24:375-385.
[54] M.J. Martinez Garcia, S. Moreno-Grun, J.J. Martinez Garcia et al.Distribution of the Metals Lead, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Top Soil of Cartagena, Spain [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 131:329-347.
[55] A. Ordonez, J. Loredo, E. De Miguel et al. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Street Dusts and Soils of an Industrial City in Northern Spain [J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003,44:160-170.
[56] E. Ruiz-Cortes, R. Reinoso, E. Dfaz-Barrientos et al. Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Soils of Seville: Relationship with Different Land use [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2005,27:465-474.
[57] E. Morillo, A.S. Romero, L. Madrid et al. Characteristics and Sources of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Environments of Sevilla (Southern Spain) [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2008, 187:41-51.
[58] M. Linde, H. Bengtsson, I. Oborn. Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm, Sweden [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2001, 1:83-101.
[59] I. Oborn, M. Linde. Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm, Sweden [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 1:255:265.
[60] M. Linde, I. Oborn, J.P. Gustafsson. Effects of Changed Soil Condition on the Mobility of Trace Metals in Moderately Contaminated Urban Soils [J]. Water,Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007, 183:69-83.
[61] M.M. Diawara, J.S. Litt, D. Unis et al. Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Surface Soils, Pueblo, Colorado: Implications for Population Health Risk [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2006, 28:297-315.
[62] M. Birke, U. Rauch. Urban Geochemistry: Investigation in the Berlin Metropolitan Area [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2000,22:233-248.
[63] F. Douay, C. Pruvot, H. Roussel et al. Contamination of Urban Soils in an Area of Northern France Polluted by Dust Emissions of Two Smelters[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2008,188:247-260.
[64]F.Bretzel,M.Calderisi.Metal Concentration in Urban Soils of Coastal Tuscany(Italy)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2006,118:319-335.
[65]S.Bakirdere,M.Yaman.Determination of Lead,Cadmium and Copper in Roadside Soil and Plant in Elazig,Turkey[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,136:401-410.
[66]P.Peltola,M.Astrom.Urban Geochemistry:a Multimedia and Multielement Survey of a Small Town in Northern Europe[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2003,25:397-419.
[67]张甘霖,卢瑛,龚子同等.南京城市土壤某些元素的富集特征及其对浅层地下水的影响[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(4):446-455.
[68]吴新民,潘根兴,姜海洋等.南京城市土壤的特性与重金属污染的研究[J].生态环境,2003,12(1):19-23.
[69]吴新民,李恋卿,潘根兴等.南京市不同功能城区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb 和Cd的污染特征[J].环境科学,2003,24(3):105-111.
[70]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖.南京城市土壤中重金属的化学形态分布[J].环境化学,2003,22(3):131-136.
[71]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖等.南京城市土壤重金属含量及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):123-126.
[72]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin,S.X.Sang.Accumulation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Urban Topsoils:a Case Study from the City of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,48:101-107.
[73]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Correlation between Magnetic Susceptibility and Heavy Metals in Urban Topsoil:a Case Study from the City of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,49:10-18.
[74]王学松,秦勇.徐州城市表层土壤中重金属环境风险测度与源解析[J].地球化学,2006,35(1):1-8.
[75]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Spatial Distribution of Metals in Urban Topsoils of Xuzhou(China):Controlling Factors and Environmental Implications[J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:905-914.
[76]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Comparison of Magnetic Parameters with Vehicular Br Levels in Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Geology,2006,50:787-791.
[77]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin,Y.K.Chen.Heavy Meals in Urban Roadside Soils,Part 1:Effect of Particle Size Fractions on Heavy Metals Partitioning[J].Environmental Geology,2006,50:1061-1066.
[78]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Magnetic Properties of Urban Topsoils and Correlation with Heavy Metals:a Case Study from the City of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:897-904.
[79]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Use of Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Determine the Relationship between the Magnetic Properties of Urban Topsoil and its Metal,S,and Br Content[J].Environmental Geology,2006,51:509-516.
[80]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin,Y.K.Chen.Leaching Characteristics of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Urban Roadside Soils Using a Simple Bioavailability Extraction Test [J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,129:221-226.
[81]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Some Characteristics of the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Urban Topsoil of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29:11-19.
[82]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Leaching Characteristics of Heavy Metals and As from Two Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,132:83-92.
[83]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Relationships between Heavy Metals and Iron Oxides,Fulvic Acids,Particle Size Fractions in Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52:63-69.
[84]王学松,秦勇.利用对数正态分布图解析徐州城市土壤中重金属元素来源和确定地球化学背景值[J].地球化学,2007,36(1):98-102.
[85]X.S.Wang.Correlations between Heavy Metals and Organic Carbon Extracted by Dry Oxidation Procedure in Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54:269-273.
[86]Y.Lu,F.Zhu,J.Chen et al.Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils of Guangzhou,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,134:429-439.
[87]李章平,陈玉成,杨学春等.重庆市主城区土壤重金属的潜在生态危害评价[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(2):227-230.
[88]施泽明,倪师军,张成江等.成都市城市土壤中重金属的现状评价[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(4):391-395.
[89]J.D.Wang,H.M.Ren,X.L.Zhang.Distribution Patterns of Lead in Urban Soil and Dust in Shenyang City,Northeast China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2006,28:53-59.
[90]刘玉燕,刘敏,刘浩峰.乌鲁木齐城市土壤中重金属分布[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(1):120-123.
[91]乔胜英,李望成,何方等.漳州市城市土壤重金属含量特征及控制因素[J].地球化学,2005,34(6):635-641.
[92]S.Yah,Q.C.Ling,Z.Y.Bao.Metals Contamination in Soils and Vegetables in Metal Smelter Contaminated Sites in Huangshi,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79:361-366.
[93]M.Ajmal,M.A.Khan,A.A.Nomani.Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments of Selected Sites of Yamuna River(India)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1985,205-214.
[94]M.Ajmal,Raziuddin,A.U.Khan.Heavy Metals in Water,Sediments,Fish and Plants of River Hindon,U.P.,India[J].Hydrobiologia,1987,148:151-157.
[95]V.Subramanian,R.V.Grieken,L.V.Dack.Heavy Metals Distribution in the Sediments of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers[J].Environmental Geology and Water Science,1987,9(2):93-103.
[96]R.Ramesh,V.Subramanian,R.V.Grieken.Heavy Metal Distribution in Sediments of Krishna River Basin,India[J].Environmental Geology and Water Science,1990,15(3):207-216.
[97]G.J.Chakrapani,V.Subramanian.Heavy Metals Distribution and Fractionation in Sediments of the Mahanadi River Basin,India[J].Environmental Geology,1993,22:80-87.
[98]G.J.Chakrapani,V.Subramanian.Fractionation of Heavy Metals and Phosphorus in Suspended Sediments of the Yamuna River,India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1996,43:117-124.
[99]M.Singh,A.A.Ansari,G.Müller et al.Heavy Metals in Freshly Deposited Sediments of the Gomati River(a Tributary of the Ganges River):Effects of Human Activities[J].Environmental Geology,1997,29(3/4):246-252.
[100] M. Singh. Heavy Metal Pollution in Freshly Deposited Sediments of the Yamuna River (the Ganges River tributary): a Case Study from Delhi and Agra Urban Centers, India [J]. Environmental Geology, 2001, 40(6):664-671.
[101] M.B.K. Prasad, A.L. Ramanathan, S.K. Shrivastav et al. Metal Fractionation Studies in Surfacial and Core Sediments in the Achankovil River Basin in India [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006, 121:77-102.
[102] P. Purushothaman, G.J. Chakrapani. Heavy Metals Fractionation in Ganges River Sediments, India [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007,132:475-489.
[103] L. Ramos, M.A. Fernandez, M.J. Gonzalez et al. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water, Sediments, and Earthworms from the Ebro River, Spain [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1999, 63:305-311.
[104] M.J. Irabien, F. Velasco. Heavy Metals in Oka River Sediments (Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, Northern Spain): Lithogenic and Anthropogenic Effects [J]. Environmental Geology, 1999, 37 (1-2):54-63.
[105] J. Borrego, J.A. Morales, M.L.D.L. Torre et al. Geochemical Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments of the Tinto and Odiel River Estuary (Southwestern Spain) [J]. Environmental Geology, 2002,41:785-796.
[106] F.A. Adekola, O.A.A. Eletta. A Study of Heavy Metal Pollution of Asa River,Ilorin. Nigeria: Trace Metal Monitoring and Geochemistry [J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 125:157-163.
[107] Y.M. Sin, M.K. Wong, L.M. Chou et al. A Study of the Heavy Metal Contaminations of the Singapore River [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1991, 19:481-494.
[108] P.E. Lim, M.Y. Kiu. Determination and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Juru River, Penang, Malaysia. [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1995, 35:85-95.
[109] E.C. Teixeira, L.S. Ortiz, M.F.C.C. Alves et al. Distribution of Selected Heavy Metals in Fluvial Sediments of the Coal Mining Region of Baixo Jacuf, RS, Brazil [J]. Environmental Geology, 2001, 41:145-154.
[110] S.H. Lee, J.W. Moon, H.S. Moon. Heavy Metals in the Bed and Suspended Sediments of Anyang River,Korea:Implications for Water Quality[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2003,25:433-452.
[111]H.E.Belkin,H.M.Sparck.Mercury,Arsenic,Antimony,and Selenium Contents of Sediments from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel,Alaska,USA[J].Environmental Geology,1993,22:106-110.
[112]M.Tahri,F.Benyaǐch,M.Bounakhla et al.Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents in Soils,Sediments and Water in the Region of Meknes (Central Morocco)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2005,102:405-417.
[113].H.T.T.Thuy,N.N.H.Vy,T.T.C.Loan.Anthropogenic Input of Selected Heavy Metals(Cu,Cr,Pb,Zn and Cd) in the Aquatic Sediments of Hochiminh City,Vietnam[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2007,182:73-81.
[114]G.Birch,M.Siaka,C.Owens.The Source of Anthropogenic Heavy Metals in Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Catchment:Coxs River,Australia[J].Water,Air,and Soil pollution,2001,126:13-35.
[115]L.Giusti,A.Taylor.Natural and Anthropogenic Contamination of the Fratta-Gorzone River(Veneto,Italy)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,134:211-231.
[116]H.Zhang,D.Ma,Q.Xie et al.An Approach to Studying Heavy Metal Pollution Caused by Modern City Development in Nanjing,China[J].Environmental Geology,1999,38(3):223-228.
[117]李朝生,王新伟,何江等.河流沉积物重金属潜在生态风险及其空间分异-以黄河包头段为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):308-311.
[118]徐争启,倪师军,张成江等.金沙江攀枝花段水系沉积物中重金属的分布特征及污染评价[J].物探化探计算技术,2004,26(3):252-255.
[119]丁振华,王文华,刘彩娥等.黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征[J].环境科学,2005,26(5):62-66.
[120]林春野,周豫湘,呼丽娟等.松花江水体沉积物汞污染的生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(3):466-473.
[121]何孟常,王子健,汤鸿霄.乐安江沉积物重金属污染及生态风险性评价[J].环境科学,1999,20(1):7-10.
[122]C.Lin,M.C.He,Y.X.Zhou et al.Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment of the Second Songhua River,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,137:329-342.
[123]王立军,张潮生.珠江广州江段水体沉积物和悬浮物中27种元素的含量与形态分布特征[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,1999,7(1):12-20.
[124]刘芳文,颜文,王文质等.珠江口沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价[J].海洋环境科学,2002,21(3):34-38.
[125]王增焕,林钦,李纯厚等.珠江口表层沉积物铜铅锌镉的分布与评价[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(4):5-9.
[126]牛红义,吴群河,陈新庚.珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及相关性研究[J].生态环境,2006,15(5):954-959.
[127]郁亚娟,黄宏,王晓栋等.淮河沉积物中重金属的测定和污染评价[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(6):26-28.
[128]黄宏,郁亚娟,王晓栋等.淮河沉积物中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价[J].环境污染与防治,2004,26(3):207-208.
[129]朱兰保,盛蒂,周开胜等.淮河安徽段沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(10):784-786.
[130]L.Liu,F.S.Li,D.Q.Xiong et al.Heavy Metal Contamination and their Distribution in Different Size Fraction of the Surficial Sediment of Haihe River,China[J].Environmental Geology,2006,50:431-438.
[131]尚英男,倪师军,张成江等.应用地质累积指数评价成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染[J].广东微量元素科学,2005,12(10):12-16.
[132]尚英男,倪师军,张成江等.成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].生态环境,2005,14(6):827-829.
[133]董德明,李海龙,李鱼等.伊通河(长春市区段)沉积物重金属元素化学形态分布特征[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(1):95-96.
[134]贾振邦,赵智杰,杨小毛等.洋涌河、茅洲河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染及评价[J].环境化学,2001,20(3):212-219.
[135]黄奕龙,王仰麟,岳隽.深圳市河流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境污染与防治,2005,27(9):711-715.
[136]李莲芳,曾希柏,李国学等.北京市温榆河沉积物的重金属污染风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(2):289-297.
[137]程永前,将大和,马红梅等.常州市河流沉积物重金属污染评价[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(2):76-78.
[138]张晓华,肖邦定,陈珠金等.三峡库区香溪河中重金属元素的分布特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3):269-273.
[139]周建民,党志,蔡美芳等.大宝山矿区污染水体中重金属的形态分布及迁移转化[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(3):5-10.
[140]刘伟,陈振楼,许世远等.上海市小城镇河流沉积物重金属污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(3):538-543.
[141]王新伟,何江,李朝生.黄河包头段沉积物中生物可给态重金属分布研究[J].环境科学研究,2002,15(1):20-23.
[142]Q.Y.Fan,J.He,H.X.Xue et al.Competitive Adsorption,Release and Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Yellow River Sediments,China[J].Environmental Geology,2007,53:239-251.
[143]何江,李朝生,王新伟.多离子体系中黄河沉积物对重金属的竞争吸附研究[J].沉积学报,2003,21(3):500-505.
[144]何江,王新伟,李朝生等.黄河包头段水-沉积物系统中重金属的污染特征[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(1):53-57.
[145]何江,郑乐平,李朝生等.黄河表层沉积物对Hg~(2+)的吸附研究[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):104-106,133.
[146]何江,米娜,匡运臣等.黄河表层沉积物与稀土元素La~(3+)的交换吸附作用研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3):574-577.
[147]贾振邦,霍文毅,赵智杰等.应用次生相富集系数评价柴河沉积物重金属污染[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(6):808-812.
[148]D.Panda,V.Subramanian,R.C.Panigrahy.Geochemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Chilka Lake(East Coast of India) -- a Tropical Coastal Lagoon[J].Environmental Geology,1995,26:199-210.
[149]W.H.Fan,W.X.Wang,J.S.Chen et al.Cu,Ni,and Pb Speciation in Surface Sediments from a Contaminated Bay of Northern China[J].Baseline/Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,44:820-826.
[150]J.V.García-Meza,A.Carrillo-Cavez,O.Morton-Bermea.Sequential Extractions on Mine Tailings Samples after and before Bioassays:Implications on the Speciation of Metals during Microbial Re-colonization [J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:437-448.
[151]R.J.Krupadam,R.Ahuja,S.R.Wate.Heavy Metal Binding Fractions in the Sediments of the Godavari Estuary,East Coast of India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 12:145-155.
[152] G.M. Peters, W.A. Maher, J.P. Barford et al. Selenium Association in Estuarine Sediments: Redox Effects [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1997,99:275-282.
[153] X.D. Zou, T. Yuan, Y. Zhu et al. Heterogeneous Distribution of Copper in Different Grain Size and Density Fractions of Contaminated Surface Sediment from Nansi Lake (China) [J]. Environmental Geology, 2007 51:813-820.
[154] H. Wang, C. X. Wang, Z. J. Wang et al. Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Taihu Lake, East China [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2004, 26:303-309.
[155] R. Poykio, H. Nurmesniemi, R. L. Keiski. Environmental Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Extractability in a Biosludge from the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant of a Pulp and Paper Mill [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 128:153-164.
[156] C.M. Davidson, P.C.S. Ferreira, A.M. Ure. Some Sources of Variability in Application of the Three-stage Sequential Extraction Procedure Recommended by BCR to Industrially-contaminated Soil [J]. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1999, 363:446-451.
[157] K.L. Holdinig, R.A. Gill, J. Carter. The Relationship between Epilithic Periphyton (Biofilm) Bound Metals and Metals Bound to Sediments in Freshwater Systems [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2003,25:87-93.
[158] Y. Zhu, X.D. Zou, S.P. Feng et al. The Effect of Grain Size on the Cu, Pb,Ni, Cd Speciation and Distribution in Sediments: a Case Study of Dongting Lake, China [J]. Environmental Geology, 2006, 50:753-759.
[159] A. Sahuquillo, G. Rauret, M, Bianchi et al. Mercury Determination in Solid Phases from Application of the Modified BCR-sequential Extraction Procedure: a Valuable Tool for Assessing its Mobility in Sediments [J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2003, 375:578-583.
[160] S. Miko, G. Dum, R. Adamcov& et al. Heavy Metal Distribution in Karst Soils from Croatia and Slovakia [J]. Environmental Geology, 2003,45:262-272.
[161]T.G.Kazi,M.K.Jamali,G.H.Kazi et al.Evaluating the Mobility of Toxic Metals in Untreated Industrial Wastewater Sludge Using a BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure and a Leaching Test[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2005,383:297-304.
[162]I.U.Umoren,A.P.Udoh,I.I.Udousoro.Concentration and Chemical Speciation for the Determination of Cu,Zn,Ni,Pb and Cd from Refuse Dump Soil Using the Optimized BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure[J].The Environmentalist,2007,27:241-252.
[163]A.S.Joksic,S.A.Katz,M.Horvat et al.Comparison of Single and Sequential Extraction Procedure for Assessing Metal Leaching from Dredged Coastal Sediment[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2005,162:265-283.
[164]丁喜桂,叶思源,高宗军.近海沉积物重金属污染评价方法[J].海洋地质动态,2005,21(8):31-36.
[2]卢瑛,龚子同.城市土壤分类概述[J].土壤通报,1999,30:60-64.
[3]刘哲民.宝鸡土壤重金属污染及其防治[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(2):101-104.
[4]X.P.Li,C.C.Huang.Environment Impact of Heavy Metals on Urban Soil in the Vicinity of Industrial Area of Baoji City,P.R.China[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52:1631-1637.
[5]A.Tessier,P.G.C.Campbell,M.Bisson.Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(5):844-851.
[6]李非里,刘从强,宋照亮.土壤中重金属形态的化学分析综述[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(4):21-27.
[7]冯素萍,鞠莉,沈永等.沉积物中重金属形态分析方法研究进展[J].化学计量分析,2006,15(4):72-74.
[8]S.M.Charlesworth,J.A.Lees.The Distribution of Heavy Metals in Deposited Urban Dusts and Sediments,Coventry,England[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,1999,21:97-115.
[9]S.J.Xie,J.A.Dearing,J.Bloemendal et al.Association between the Organic Matter Content and Magnetic Properties in Street Dust,Liverpool,UK[J].The Science of the Total Environment,1999,241:205-214.
[10]S.J.Xie,J.A.Dearing,J.Bloemendal.The Organic Matter Content of Street Dust in Liverpool,UK,and its Association with Dust Magnetic Properties[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:269-275.
[11]S.J.Xie,J.A.Dearing,J.F.Boyle et al.Association between Magnetic Properties and Element Concentration of Liverpool Street Dust and its Implication[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2001,48:83-92.
[12]S.Charlesworth,M.Everett,R.McCarthy et al.A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Concentration and Distribution in Deposited Street Dusts in a Large and a Small Urban Area:Birmingham and Coventry,West Midlands,UK[J].Environment International,2003,29:563-573.
[13]V.F.Shilton,C.A.Booth,J.P.Smith et al.Magnetic Properties of Urban Dust and their Relationship with Organic Matter in the West Midlands, UK [J].Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39:3651-3659.
[14] A. Jiries. Vehicular Contamination of Dusts in Amman, Jordan [J]. The Environmentalist, 2003, 23:205-210.
[15] O.A. Al-Khashman. Heavy Metal Distribution in Dust, Street Dust and Soils from the Work Place in Karak Industrial Estate, Jordan [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38:6803-6812.
[16] O.A. Al-Khashman. Determination of Metal Accumulation in Deposited Street Dusts in Amman, Jordan [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29:1-10.
[17] O.A. Al-Khashman. The Investigation of Metal Concentrations in Street Dust Samples in Aqaba City, Jordan [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29:197-207.
[18] N. Sezgin, H.K. Ozcan, G. Demir et al. Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Street Dusts in Istanbul E-5 Highway [J]. Environment International, 2003, 29:979-985.
[19] S. Tokahoglu, S. Kartal. Multivariate Analysis of the Data and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Street Dust Samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40:2797-2805.
[20] F. Ahmed, H. Ishiga. Trace Metal Concentrations in Street Dusts of Dhaka city, Bangladesh [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40:3835-3844.
[21] F. Ahmed, M.H. Bibi, H. Ishiga. Environmental Assessment of Dhaka City (Bangladesh) Based on Trace Metal Contents in Road Dusts [J].Environmental Geology, 2007, 51:975-985.
[22] H.T. Chon, K.W. Kim, J.Y. Kim. Metal Contamination of Soils and Dusts in Seoul Metropolitan City, Korea [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,1995, 17:139-146.
[23] H.T. Chon, J.S. Ahn, M.C. Jung. Seasonal and Variations and Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Soils and Dusts from the Satellite Cities of Seoul, Korea [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1998, 20:77-86.
[24] E. De Miguel, J.F. Llamas, E. Chacon et al. Origin and Patterns of Distribution of Trace Elements in Street Dust: Unleaded Petrol and Urban Lead [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31(17):2733-2740.
[25]A.Ordónez,J.Loredo,E.De Miguel et al.Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Street Dusts and Soils of an Industrial City in Northern Spain[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,44:160-170.
[26]X.D.Li,C.S.Poon,P.S.Liu.Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Soils and Street Dusts in Hong Kong[J].Applied Geochemistry,2001,16:1361-1368.[27]Z.L.L.Yeung,R.C.W.Kwok,K.N.Yu.Determination of Multi-element Profile of Street Dust Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence(EDXRF)[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2003,58:339-346.
[28]S.Ng,L.S.Chan,K.C.Lam et al.Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2003,89:221-232.
[29]A.D.K.Banerjee.Heavy Metal Levels and Solid Phase Speciation in Street Dusts of Delhi,India[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,123:95-105.
[30]L.Ferreira-Baptista,E.De Miguel.Geochemistry and Risk Assessment of Street Dust in Luanda,Angola:a Tropical Urban Environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:4501-4512.
[31]D.Varrica,G.Dongarra,G.Sabatino et al.Inorganic Geochemistry of Roadway Dust from the Metropolitan Area of Palermo,Italy[J].Environmental Geology,2003,44:222-230.
[32]A.S.Al-Chalabi,D.Hawker.Retention and Exchange Behavior of Vehicular Lead in Street Dusts from Major Roads[J].The Science of the Total environment,1996,187:105-119.
[33]N.Jabeen,S.Ahmed,S.T.Hassan et al.Levels and Sources of Heavy Metals in House Dust[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2001,247(1):145-149.
[34]M.S.Akhter,I.M.Madany.Heavy Metals in Street and House Dust in Bahrain [J].Water,Air,and Soil pollution,1993,66:111-119.
[35]A.D.P.Netto,F.C.Muniz,E.C.P.R.Laurentino.Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Dust of Niterói City,BJ.Brazil[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2002,68:931-838.
[36]杜佩轩,田晖,韩永明等.城市灰尘粒径组成及环境效应-以西安市为例[J].岩石矿物学杂志.2002,21(1):93-98.
[37]杜佩轩,赵阿宁,田晖.西安市街道灰尘中重金属铅的环境异常[J].物探与化 探.2006,30(3):276-279.
[38]田晖,杜佩轩,梅琳.西安市城市灰尘微量元素环境异常研究[J].地质力学学报.2005,11(4):361-369.
[39]Y.M.Han,P.X.Du,J.J.Cao et al.Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Dusts of Xi'an,Central China[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2006,355:176-186.
[40]田晖,刘连刚,徐文世.西安灰尘来源探析[J].北京地质.2002,14(1):23-27.
[41]韩永明,杜佩轩,李智明.西安市灰尘循环模式及搬运沉积[J].物探与化探.2003,27(3):227-229.
[42]田晖.西安市街道灰尘中铬、镉、铅赋存状态及环境效应[J].北京地质.2002,14(2):34-39.
[43]刘春华,岑况.北京市街道灰尘的化学成分及其可能来源[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(7):1181-1188.
[44]史贵涛,陈振楼,许世远,王利,张菊,李海雯,李丽娜.上海城市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染特征[J].环境科学.2007,28(2):238-242.
[45]史贵涛,陈振楼,王利,张菊,李海雯,许世远.上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].城市环境与城市生态.2006,19(4):40-43.
[46]张菊,陈振楼,许世远,姚春霞,刘伟,邓焕广.上海城市街道灰尘重金属铅污染现状及评价[J].环境科学.2006,27(3):519-523.
[47]N.S.Duzgoren-Aydin,C.S.C.Wong,A.Aydin et al.Heavy Metal Contamination and Distribution in the Urban Environment of Guangzhou,SE China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2006,28:375-391.
[48]李章平,陈玉成,杨学春,魏世强.重庆市主城区街道地表物中重金属的污染特征[J].水土保持学报.2006,20(1):114-116
[49]施择明,倪师军,张成红.成都市近地表大气尘的地球化学特征[J].地球与环境,2004,32(3-4):53-58.
[50]夏敦胜,余晔,马剑英等.兰州市街道尘埃磁学特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学,2007,28(5):937-944.
[51]Y.Z.Sun,H.J.Zhang,Z.C.Du et al.Organic Pollution of Street Dusts in the Handan City,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,70:422-429.
[52]朱伟,边博,阮爱东.镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属污染的来源分析[J].环境科学,2007,28(7):1584-1589.
[53] D.L. Johnson, J.K. Bretsch. Soil Lead and Children's Blood Lead Levels in Syracuse, NY, USA [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2002,24:375-385.
[54] M.J. Martinez Garcia, S. Moreno-Grun, J.J. Martinez Garcia et al.Distribution of the Metals Lead, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Top Soil of Cartagena, Spain [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 131:329-347.
[55] A. Ordonez, J. Loredo, E. De Miguel et al. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Street Dusts and Soils of an Industrial City in Northern Spain [J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003,44:160-170.
[56] E. Ruiz-Cortes, R. Reinoso, E. Dfaz-Barrientos et al. Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Soils of Seville: Relationship with Different Land use [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2005,27:465-474.
[57] E. Morillo, A.S. Romero, L. Madrid et al. Characteristics and Sources of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Environments of Sevilla (Southern Spain) [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2008, 187:41-51.
[58] M. Linde, H. Bengtsson, I. Oborn. Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm, Sweden [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2001, 1:83-101.
[59] I. Oborn, M. Linde. Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm, Sweden [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2001, 1:255:265.
[60] M. Linde, I. Oborn, J.P. Gustafsson. Effects of Changed Soil Condition on the Mobility of Trace Metals in Moderately Contaminated Urban Soils [J]. Water,Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007, 183:69-83.
[61] M.M. Diawara, J.S. Litt, D. Unis et al. Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Surface Soils, Pueblo, Colorado: Implications for Population Health Risk [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2006, 28:297-315.
[62] M. Birke, U. Rauch. Urban Geochemistry: Investigation in the Berlin Metropolitan Area [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2000,22:233-248.
[63] F. Douay, C. Pruvot, H. Roussel et al. Contamination of Urban Soils in an Area of Northern France Polluted by Dust Emissions of Two Smelters[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2008,188:247-260.
[64]F.Bretzel,M.Calderisi.Metal Concentration in Urban Soils of Coastal Tuscany(Italy)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2006,118:319-335.
[65]S.Bakirdere,M.Yaman.Determination of Lead,Cadmium and Copper in Roadside Soil and Plant in Elazig,Turkey[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,136:401-410.
[66]P.Peltola,M.Astrom.Urban Geochemistry:a Multimedia and Multielement Survey of a Small Town in Northern Europe[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2003,25:397-419.
[67]张甘霖,卢瑛,龚子同等.南京城市土壤某些元素的富集特征及其对浅层地下水的影响[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(4):446-455.
[68]吴新民,潘根兴,姜海洋等.南京城市土壤的特性与重金属污染的研究[J].生态环境,2003,12(1):19-23.
[69]吴新民,李恋卿,潘根兴等.南京市不同功能城区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb 和Cd的污染特征[J].环境科学,2003,24(3):105-111.
[70]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖.南京城市土壤中重金属的化学形态分布[J].环境化学,2003,22(3):131-136.
[71]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖等.南京城市土壤重金属含量及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):123-126.
[72]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin,S.X.Sang.Accumulation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Urban Topsoils:a Case Study from the City of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,48:101-107.
[73]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Correlation between Magnetic Susceptibility and Heavy Metals in Urban Topsoil:a Case Study from the City of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,49:10-18.
[74]王学松,秦勇.徐州城市表层土壤中重金属环境风险测度与源解析[J].地球化学,2006,35(1):1-8.
[75]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Spatial Distribution of Metals in Urban Topsoils of Xuzhou(China):Controlling Factors and Environmental Implications[J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:905-914.
[76]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Comparison of Magnetic Parameters with Vehicular Br Levels in Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Geology,2006,50:787-791.
[77]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin,Y.K.Chen.Heavy Meals in Urban Roadside Soils,Part 1:Effect of Particle Size Fractions on Heavy Metals Partitioning[J].Environmental Geology,2006,50:1061-1066.
[78]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Magnetic Properties of Urban Topsoils and Correlation with Heavy Metals:a Case Study from the City of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:897-904.
[79]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Use of Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Determine the Relationship between the Magnetic Properties of Urban Topsoil and its Metal,S,and Br Content[J].Environmental Geology,2006,51:509-516.
[80]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin,Y.K.Chen.Leaching Characteristics of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Urban Roadside Soils Using a Simple Bioavailability Extraction Test [J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,129:221-226.
[81]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Some Characteristics of the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Urban Topsoil of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2007,29:11-19.
[82]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Leaching Characteristics of Heavy Metals and As from Two Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,132:83-92.
[83]X.S.Wang,Y.Qin.Relationships between Heavy Metals and Iron Oxides,Fulvic Acids,Particle Size Fractions in Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52:63-69.
[84]王学松,秦勇.利用对数正态分布图解析徐州城市土壤中重金属元素来源和确定地球化学背景值[J].地球化学,2007,36(1):98-102.
[85]X.S.Wang.Correlations between Heavy Metals and Organic Carbon Extracted by Dry Oxidation Procedure in Urban Roadside Soils[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54:269-273.
[86]Y.Lu,F.Zhu,J.Chen et al.Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils of Guangzhou,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,134:429-439.
[87]李章平,陈玉成,杨学春等.重庆市主城区土壤重金属的潜在生态危害评价[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(2):227-230.
[88]施泽明,倪师军,张成江等.成都市城市土壤中重金属的现状评价[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(4):391-395.
[89]J.D.Wang,H.M.Ren,X.L.Zhang.Distribution Patterns of Lead in Urban Soil and Dust in Shenyang City,Northeast China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2006,28:53-59.
[90]刘玉燕,刘敏,刘浩峰.乌鲁木齐城市土壤中重金属分布[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(1):120-123.
[91]乔胜英,李望成,何方等.漳州市城市土壤重金属含量特征及控制因素[J].地球化学,2005,34(6):635-641.
[92]S.Yah,Q.C.Ling,Z.Y.Bao.Metals Contamination in Soils and Vegetables in Metal Smelter Contaminated Sites in Huangshi,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79:361-366.
[93]M.Ajmal,M.A.Khan,A.A.Nomani.Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments of Selected Sites of Yamuna River(India)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1985,205-214.
[94]M.Ajmal,Raziuddin,A.U.Khan.Heavy Metals in Water,Sediments,Fish and Plants of River Hindon,U.P.,India[J].Hydrobiologia,1987,148:151-157.
[95]V.Subramanian,R.V.Grieken,L.V.Dack.Heavy Metals Distribution in the Sediments of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers[J].Environmental Geology and Water Science,1987,9(2):93-103.
[96]R.Ramesh,V.Subramanian,R.V.Grieken.Heavy Metal Distribution in Sediments of Krishna River Basin,India[J].Environmental Geology and Water Science,1990,15(3):207-216.
[97]G.J.Chakrapani,V.Subramanian.Heavy Metals Distribution and Fractionation in Sediments of the Mahanadi River Basin,India[J].Environmental Geology,1993,22:80-87.
[98]G.J.Chakrapani,V.Subramanian.Fractionation of Heavy Metals and Phosphorus in Suspended Sediments of the Yamuna River,India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1996,43:117-124.
[99]M.Singh,A.A.Ansari,G.Müller et al.Heavy Metals in Freshly Deposited Sediments of the Gomati River(a Tributary of the Ganges River):Effects of Human Activities[J].Environmental Geology,1997,29(3/4):246-252.
[100] M. Singh. Heavy Metal Pollution in Freshly Deposited Sediments of the Yamuna River (the Ganges River tributary): a Case Study from Delhi and Agra Urban Centers, India [J]. Environmental Geology, 2001, 40(6):664-671.
[101] M.B.K. Prasad, A.L. Ramanathan, S.K. Shrivastav et al. Metal Fractionation Studies in Surfacial and Core Sediments in the Achankovil River Basin in India [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006, 121:77-102.
[102] P. Purushothaman, G.J. Chakrapani. Heavy Metals Fractionation in Ganges River Sediments, India [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007,132:475-489.
[103] L. Ramos, M.A. Fernandez, M.J. Gonzalez et al. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water, Sediments, and Earthworms from the Ebro River, Spain [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1999, 63:305-311.
[104] M.J. Irabien, F. Velasco. Heavy Metals in Oka River Sediments (Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, Northern Spain): Lithogenic and Anthropogenic Effects [J]. Environmental Geology, 1999, 37 (1-2):54-63.
[105] J. Borrego, J.A. Morales, M.L.D.L. Torre et al. Geochemical Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments of the Tinto and Odiel River Estuary (Southwestern Spain) [J]. Environmental Geology, 2002,41:785-796.
[106] F.A. Adekola, O.A.A. Eletta. A Study of Heavy Metal Pollution of Asa River,Ilorin. Nigeria: Trace Metal Monitoring and Geochemistry [J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 125:157-163.
[107] Y.M. Sin, M.K. Wong, L.M. Chou et al. A Study of the Heavy Metal Contaminations of the Singapore River [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1991, 19:481-494.
[108] P.E. Lim, M.Y. Kiu. Determination and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Juru River, Penang, Malaysia. [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1995, 35:85-95.
[109] E.C. Teixeira, L.S. Ortiz, M.F.C.C. Alves et al. Distribution of Selected Heavy Metals in Fluvial Sediments of the Coal Mining Region of Baixo Jacuf, RS, Brazil [J]. Environmental Geology, 2001, 41:145-154.
[110] S.H. Lee, J.W. Moon, H.S. Moon. Heavy Metals in the Bed and Suspended Sediments of Anyang River,Korea:Implications for Water Quality[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2003,25:433-452.
[111]H.E.Belkin,H.M.Sparck.Mercury,Arsenic,Antimony,and Selenium Contents of Sediments from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel,Alaska,USA[J].Environmental Geology,1993,22:106-110.
[112]M.Tahri,F.Benyaǐch,M.Bounakhla et al.Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents in Soils,Sediments and Water in the Region of Meknes (Central Morocco)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2005,102:405-417.
[113].H.T.T.Thuy,N.N.H.Vy,T.T.C.Loan.Anthropogenic Input of Selected Heavy Metals(Cu,Cr,Pb,Zn and Cd) in the Aquatic Sediments of Hochiminh City,Vietnam[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2007,182:73-81.
[114]G.Birch,M.Siaka,C.Owens.The Source of Anthropogenic Heavy Metals in Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Catchment:Coxs River,Australia[J].Water,Air,and Soil pollution,2001,126:13-35.
[115]L.Giusti,A.Taylor.Natural and Anthropogenic Contamination of the Fratta-Gorzone River(Veneto,Italy)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,134:211-231.
[116]H.Zhang,D.Ma,Q.Xie et al.An Approach to Studying Heavy Metal Pollution Caused by Modern City Development in Nanjing,China[J].Environmental Geology,1999,38(3):223-228.
[117]李朝生,王新伟,何江等.河流沉积物重金属潜在生态风险及其空间分异-以黄河包头段为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):308-311.
[118]徐争启,倪师军,张成江等.金沙江攀枝花段水系沉积物中重金属的分布特征及污染评价[J].物探化探计算技术,2004,26(3):252-255.
[119]丁振华,王文华,刘彩娥等.黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征[J].环境科学,2005,26(5):62-66.
[120]林春野,周豫湘,呼丽娟等.松花江水体沉积物汞污染的生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(3):466-473.
[121]何孟常,王子健,汤鸿霄.乐安江沉积物重金属污染及生态风险性评价[J].环境科学,1999,20(1):7-10.
[122]C.Lin,M.C.He,Y.X.Zhou et al.Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment of the Second Songhua River,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,137:329-342.
[123]王立军,张潮生.珠江广州江段水体沉积物和悬浮物中27种元素的含量与形态分布特征[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,1999,7(1):12-20.
[124]刘芳文,颜文,王文质等.珠江口沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价[J].海洋环境科学,2002,21(3):34-38.
[125]王增焕,林钦,李纯厚等.珠江口表层沉积物铜铅锌镉的分布与评价[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(4):5-9.
[126]牛红义,吴群河,陈新庚.珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及相关性研究[J].生态环境,2006,15(5):954-959.
[127]郁亚娟,黄宏,王晓栋等.淮河沉积物中重金属的测定和污染评价[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(6):26-28.
[128]黄宏,郁亚娟,王晓栋等.淮河沉积物中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价[J].环境污染与防治,2004,26(3):207-208.
[129]朱兰保,盛蒂,周开胜等.淮河安徽段沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(10):784-786.
[130]L.Liu,F.S.Li,D.Q.Xiong et al.Heavy Metal Contamination and their Distribution in Different Size Fraction of the Surficial Sediment of Haihe River,China[J].Environmental Geology,2006,50:431-438.
[131]尚英男,倪师军,张成江等.应用地质累积指数评价成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染[J].广东微量元素科学,2005,12(10):12-16.
[132]尚英男,倪师军,张成江等.成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].生态环境,2005,14(6):827-829.
[133]董德明,李海龙,李鱼等.伊通河(长春市区段)沉积物重金属元素化学形态分布特征[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(1):95-96.
[134]贾振邦,赵智杰,杨小毛等.洋涌河、茅洲河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染及评价[J].环境化学,2001,20(3):212-219.
[135]黄奕龙,王仰麟,岳隽.深圳市河流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境污染与防治,2005,27(9):711-715.
[136]李莲芳,曾希柏,李国学等.北京市温榆河沉积物的重金属污染风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(2):289-297.
[137]程永前,将大和,马红梅等.常州市河流沉积物重金属污染评价[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(2):76-78.
[138]张晓华,肖邦定,陈珠金等.三峡库区香溪河中重金属元素的分布特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3):269-273.
[139]周建民,党志,蔡美芳等.大宝山矿区污染水体中重金属的形态分布及迁移转化[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(3):5-10.
[140]刘伟,陈振楼,许世远等.上海市小城镇河流沉积物重金属污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(3):538-543.
[141]王新伟,何江,李朝生.黄河包头段沉积物中生物可给态重金属分布研究[J].环境科学研究,2002,15(1):20-23.
[142]Q.Y.Fan,J.He,H.X.Xue et al.Competitive Adsorption,Release and Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Yellow River Sediments,China[J].Environmental Geology,2007,53:239-251.
[143]何江,李朝生,王新伟.多离子体系中黄河沉积物对重金属的竞争吸附研究[J].沉积学报,2003,21(3):500-505.
[144]何江,王新伟,李朝生等.黄河包头段水-沉积物系统中重金属的污染特征[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(1):53-57.
[145]何江,郑乐平,李朝生等.黄河表层沉积物对Hg~(2+)的吸附研究[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):104-106,133.
[146]何江,米娜,匡运臣等.黄河表层沉积物与稀土元素La~(3+)的交换吸附作用研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3):574-577.
[147]贾振邦,霍文毅,赵智杰等.应用次生相富集系数评价柴河沉积物重金属污染[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(6):808-812.
[148]D.Panda,V.Subramanian,R.C.Panigrahy.Geochemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Chilka Lake(East Coast of India) -- a Tropical Coastal Lagoon[J].Environmental Geology,1995,26:199-210.
[149]W.H.Fan,W.X.Wang,J.S.Chen et al.Cu,Ni,and Pb Speciation in Surface Sediments from a Contaminated Bay of Northern China[J].Baseline/Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,44:820-826.
[150]J.V.García-Meza,A.Carrillo-Cavez,O.Morton-Bermea.Sequential Extractions on Mine Tailings Samples after and before Bioassays:Implications on the Speciation of Metals during Microbial Re-colonization [J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:437-448.
[151]R.J.Krupadam,R.Ahuja,S.R.Wate.Heavy Metal Binding Fractions in the Sediments of the Godavari Estuary,East Coast of India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 12:145-155.
[152] G.M. Peters, W.A. Maher, J.P. Barford et al. Selenium Association in Estuarine Sediments: Redox Effects [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1997,99:275-282.
[153] X.D. Zou, T. Yuan, Y. Zhu et al. Heterogeneous Distribution of Copper in Different Grain Size and Density Fractions of Contaminated Surface Sediment from Nansi Lake (China) [J]. Environmental Geology, 2007 51:813-820.
[154] H. Wang, C. X. Wang, Z. J. Wang et al. Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Taihu Lake, East China [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2004, 26:303-309.
[155] R. Poykio, H. Nurmesniemi, R. L. Keiski. Environmental Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Extractability in a Biosludge from the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant of a Pulp and Paper Mill [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007, 128:153-164.
[156] C.M. Davidson, P.C.S. Ferreira, A.M. Ure. Some Sources of Variability in Application of the Three-stage Sequential Extraction Procedure Recommended by BCR to Industrially-contaminated Soil [J]. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1999, 363:446-451.
[157] K.L. Holdinig, R.A. Gill, J. Carter. The Relationship between Epilithic Periphyton (Biofilm) Bound Metals and Metals Bound to Sediments in Freshwater Systems [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2003,25:87-93.
[158] Y. Zhu, X.D. Zou, S.P. Feng et al. The Effect of Grain Size on the Cu, Pb,Ni, Cd Speciation and Distribution in Sediments: a Case Study of Dongting Lake, China [J]. Environmental Geology, 2006, 50:753-759.
[159] A. Sahuquillo, G. Rauret, M, Bianchi et al. Mercury Determination in Solid Phases from Application of the Modified BCR-sequential Extraction Procedure: a Valuable Tool for Assessing its Mobility in Sediments [J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2003, 375:578-583.
[160] S. Miko, G. Dum, R. Adamcov& et al. Heavy Metal Distribution in Karst Soils from Croatia and Slovakia [J]. Environmental Geology, 2003,45:262-272.
[161]T.G.Kazi,M.K.Jamali,G.H.Kazi et al.Evaluating the Mobility of Toxic Metals in Untreated Industrial Wastewater Sludge Using a BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure and a Leaching Test[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2005,383:297-304.
[162]I.U.Umoren,A.P.Udoh,I.I.Udousoro.Concentration and Chemical Speciation for the Determination of Cu,Zn,Ni,Pb and Cd from Refuse Dump Soil Using the Optimized BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure[J].The Environmentalist,2007,27:241-252.
[163]A.S.Joksic,S.A.Katz,M.Horvat et al.Comparison of Single and Sequential Extraction Procedure for Assessing Metal Leaching from Dredged Coastal Sediment[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2005,162:265-283.
[164]丁喜桂,叶思源,高宗军.近海沉积物重金属污染评价方法[J].海洋地质动态,2005,21(8):31-36.