机场水泥道面加铺层的沥青混合料设计研究
摘要
叙利亚绝大多数的机场路面都是坚硬的硅酸盐水泥混凝土,在最近几年里这些机场(跑道,滑行道…)都面临着翻新的需要,一方面是由于本身已达到了设计寿命,另一方面是由于新增的降落飞机总重。
这一研究将尝试引入中国在翻新机场路面时所采用的添加新的柔性层(柔性盖层)的技术,并且将以哈尔滨国际机场为例讨论这一方法。
这一研究将着重于现有硅酸盐水泥混凝土路面上热拌沥青(HMA)盖层的设计。
首先,论文将讨论机场路面表层的常见破损(结构性的,功能性的)及其原因。
这一研究还将对现有的硅酸盐水泥混凝土机场路面进行结构及功能评估,然后依照美国联邦航空局的标准设计出一种在硅酸盐水泥混凝土路面上敷设热拌沥青盖层的方法,此外还将展现出哈尔滨国际机场的路面评估效果以及现有硅酸盐路面所存在的各类问题的原因。
此外,本文还通过分析机场路面所采用的热拌沥青的特性以及机场路面与公路路面之间的不同对设计盖层材料时的最优方法进行了细致的讨论。
最后,通过查阅哈尔滨国际机场所采用的热拌沥青盖层的设计以及2006年进行调查时所获得的结果来推测沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料盖层投入使用后4年的情况。
Most of the airports pavement in Syria are rigid; Portland Cement Concrete, inthe last several years a rehabilitation of these airfields ( runways, taxiway,.. ) isneeded because most of them has reached it’s designed life time or because of theincreasing weight of new landing aircrafts.
The research will try to get use of technology used in China to rehabilitate theairports pavement by adding a new flexible layer ( flexible overlay ) and willdiscus HarbinInternationalAirport as an example of this procedure.
This research will concentrate on the design of a Hot Mixed Asphalt ( HMA )overlayon an existing Portland Cement Concrete ( PCC ) pavement.
At first this thesis will discuss the common distresses could be seen in airportspavement surface ( structural, functional ) and the cause of these distresses.
The research also will discuss the structural and functional evaluation of anexisting PCC airfield pavement and then the design method of a HMAoverlay onPCC pavement according to Federal Aviation Administration in the U.S. and willshow the result of Harbin International Airport pavement evaluation and thereasons of the problems shown in the existing PCC pavement.
And it will elaborately discuss the optimum methods for designing the materialsto be used in the overlay by showing special specifications of the hot mixedasphalt to be used in the airfield pavement and the difference between airportsand highways pavement .
Then will browse the HMA design for the overlay used in Harbin InternationalAirport and the results of the investigation which carried out in 2006 todetermine the situation of Stone Matrix Asphalt ( SMA) overlay after 4 years ofbeing in use.
这一研究将尝试引入中国在翻新机场路面时所采用的添加新的柔性层(柔性盖层)的技术,并且将以哈尔滨国际机场为例讨论这一方法。
这一研究将着重于现有硅酸盐水泥混凝土路面上热拌沥青(HMA)盖层的设计。
首先,论文将讨论机场路面表层的常见破损(结构性的,功能性的)及其原因。
这一研究还将对现有的硅酸盐水泥混凝土机场路面进行结构及功能评估,然后依照美国联邦航空局的标准设计出一种在硅酸盐水泥混凝土路面上敷设热拌沥青盖层的方法,此外还将展现出哈尔滨国际机场的路面评估效果以及现有硅酸盐路面所存在的各类问题的原因。
此外,本文还通过分析机场路面所采用的热拌沥青的特性以及机场路面与公路路面之间的不同对设计盖层材料时的最优方法进行了细致的讨论。
最后,通过查阅哈尔滨国际机场所采用的热拌沥青盖层的设计以及2006年进行调查时所获得的结果来推测沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料盖层投入使用后4年的情况。
Most of the airports pavement in Syria are rigid; Portland Cement Concrete, inthe last several years a rehabilitation of these airfields ( runways, taxiway,.. ) isneeded because most of them has reached it’s designed life time or because of theincreasing weight of new landing aircrafts.
The research will try to get use of technology used in China to rehabilitate theairports pavement by adding a new flexible layer ( flexible overlay ) and willdiscus HarbinInternationalAirport as an example of this procedure.
This research will concentrate on the design of a Hot Mixed Asphalt ( HMA )overlayon an existing Portland Cement Concrete ( PCC ) pavement.
At first this thesis will discuss the common distresses could be seen in airportspavement surface ( structural, functional ) and the cause of these distresses.
The research also will discuss the structural and functional evaluation of anexisting PCC airfield pavement and then the design method of a HMAoverlay onPCC pavement according to Federal Aviation Administration in the U.S. and willshow the result of Harbin International Airport pavement evaluation and thereasons of the problems shown in the existing PCC pavement.
And it will elaborately discuss the optimum methods for designing the materialsto be used in the overlay by showing special specifications of the hot mixedasphalt to be used in the airfield pavement and the difference between airportsand highways pavement .
Then will browse the HMA design for the overlay used in Harbin InternationalAirport and the results of the investigation which carried out in 2006 todetermine the situation of Stone Matrix Asphalt ( SMA) overlay after 4 years ofbeing in use.
引文
1. Federal Aviation Administration, Engineering Brief No. 59a“Item P-401Plant Mix Bituminous Pavements (Superpave?). U.S Department ofTransportation, 2006.
2. Federal Aviation Administration, AC150/5320-6D: Airport pavementDesign and Evaluation. U.S Department ofTransportation, 1995.
3. Federal Aviation Administration,AC150/5370-11A: Use of NondestructiveTesting in the Evaluation of Airport Pavement. U.S Department ofTransportation, 2004.
4. Federal Aviation Administration, AC150/5335-5A: Standardized Methodof Reporting Airport Pavement Strength PCN. U.S Department ofTransportation, 2006.
5. Huang, Y. H. Pavement Analysis and Design. Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodCliffs, NJ, 1993.
6. Freddy L. Robert, Prithvi S.Kandhal, E. Ray Brown, Dah-Yinn Lee,andThomas W. Kennedy, Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture, andConstruction, Second Edition. NAPAEducation Foundation, 1996.
7. Harold N. Atkins,Highway Materials, Soils and Concretes, Third Edition.PRENTICE HALL, ISBN 0-13-212862-4, 1997.
8. Mark Buncher, and H.Wayne Jones,“Rubblization of Airfield Pavements,”Asphalt PavementAlliance, 2005.
9. The Bureau of Materials and Physical Research, Pavement TechnologyAdvisory- Rubblizing.Illinois Department ofTransportation, 2005.
10.Gary L. Fitts,“Controlling Reflection Cracking in HMA Overlays of PCCPavement”Asphalt Institute.
11.Asphalt Institute. Superpave Mix Design, Superpave Series No. 2. SP-2.Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY, 1996.
12.McGennis, R. B., R. M. Anderson, T. W. Kennedy, and M. Solaimanian.Background of Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design and Analysis. ReportSA-95-003. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department ofTransportation, 1994.
13.Kennedy, T. W., P. S. Kandhal, S. F. Brown, D. Y. Lee, and F. L. Roberts.Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Procedure. NAPAResearch and Education Foundation, Lanham, MD, 1996.
14.Federal Highway Administration. Superpave Asphalt Mixture Analysis:Lab Notes. Federal Highway Administration, Office of TechnologyApplications,Washington, DC, 1996.
15.Chowdhury, A., J. C. Graw, J. W. Button, and D.N. Little, Effects ofAggregate Gradation on Permanent Deformation of Superpave HMA,Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the TransportationResearch Board,Washington, DC, 2001.
16.Kandhal, P. S., and R. B. Mallick, Effect of Mix Gradation on RuttingPotential of Dense-Graded Asphalt Mixtures, Transportation ResearchRecord No. 1767. Transportation Research Board, National ResearchCouncil,Washington, DC, 2001.
17.Hand, A. J., and A. L. Epps, Impact of Gradation Relative to SuperpaveRestricted Zone on Hot-Mix Asphalt Performance, TransportationResearch Record No. 1767. Transportation Research Board, NationalResearch Council,Washington, DC, 2001.
18.Yong-Rak Kim, Francisco Aragao, and Jamilla Lutif, Restricted-ZoneRequirements for Superpave Mixes Made with Local Aggregate Sources,Universityof Nebraska-Lincoln (Department of Civil Engineering), 2006.
19.NCHRP ( National Cooperative Highway Research Program ) Report 464:The Restricted Zone in the Superpave Aggregate Gradation Specification(NCHRP9-14).
20.WesTrack Team, Superpave Volumetric Designs of the WesTrack Project,draft of paper prepared forTransportation Research Board, 1997.
21.NCHRP ( National Cooperative Highway Research Program ) Report 465:Simple Performance Test for Superpave Mix Design, 2002.
22.NCHRP ( National Cooperative Highway Research Program ) Report 455:Recommended Performance-Related Specification for Hot-Mix AsphaltConstruction: Results of the Westrack Project , 2002.
23.Anthony Davit, Randall W. Brown, James L. Greene, U.S. Air Force(USAF) Airfield Pavement Evaluation Program, Airport TechnologyTransfer Conference, FederalAviationAdministration, 2002.
24.Federal Aviation Administration, 150/5380-6B: Guidelines andProcedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements . U.S Department ofTransportation, 2007.
25.Federal Aviation Administration, 150/5380-7A: Airport PavementManagement Program, U.S Department ofTransportation, 2006.
26.Panagouli, O.K. and Kokkalis, A.B. Skid resistance and fractal structureof pavement surface. Chaos Solutions and Fractals, 9 (3), 493-505, 1998.
27.Henry, J.J. NCHRP Synthesis291, evaluation of pavement frictioncharacteristics, National Cooperative Highway Research Program,Transportation Research Board,Washington, DC, 2000.
28.Kandhal, P.S. and Frazier P. Jr.. Aggregate tests related to asphaltconcrete performance in pavements. NCHRP Report 405, NationalAcademyPress,Washington, D.C, 1998.
29.Henry, J.J. and Dahir, S.H.. Effects of textures and the aggregates thatproduce them on the performance of bituminous surfaces. TransportationResearch Record, 712, 44-50, 1979.
30.Timothy W. Vollor and Douglas I. Hanson, Development Of LaboratoryProcedure For Measuring Friction Of HMA Mixtures, National Center forAsphalt Technology, NCATReport06-06, 2006.
31.Federal Aviation Administration, AC 150/5320-12C Measurement,Construction, And Maintenance Of Skid-Resistant Airport PavementSurfaces, U.S Department ofTransportation, 1997.
32.Brown, E. R., J. E. Haddock, Rajib B. Mallick and Todd A. Lynn,Development Of A Mixture Design Procedure For Stone Matrix Asphalt(SMA), National Center for Asphalt Technology, NCAT Report 97-3, 1997.
33.Brown, E. R., J. E. Haddock, C. Crawford, C. S. Hughes, and T. A. Lynn.Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Volume II - Research Results.Interim Report Prepared for National Cooperative Highway ResearchProgram, TRB, National Research Council. National Center for AsphaltTechnology,Auburn University,AL36849-5354, 1995.
34.Brown, E. R. and Rajib B. Mallick. Stone Matrix Asphalt PropertiesRelated to Mixture Design. Report No. 94-2. National Center for AsphaltTechnology,Auburn University,AL36849-5354, 1994.
35.Brown, E. R., Experience With Stone Matrix Asphalt In The UnitedStates, Report No. 94-2. National Center for Asphalt Technology, AuburnUniversity, 1992.
36.Bern Schneider, Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement Technology for The NewMillennium, Road Construction Division, Germany.
37.Mohd. Razali Abd. Kadir and Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud, Cost Comparisonbetween Stone Mastic Asphalt and Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course ,American Journal ofApplied Sciences 2 (9): 1350-1355, 2005.
38.L. Allen Cooley, Jr. Permeability Of Superpave Mixtures: Evaluation OfField Permeameters Report No. 99-1. National Center for AsphaltTechnology,Auburn University, 1999.
39.Brown, E. R., J. E. Haddock, A Method To Ensure Stone-On-StoneContact In Stone Matrix Asphalt Paving Mixtures, Report No. 97-2.National Center forAsphalt Technology,Auburn University, 1997.
40.E. Ray Brown, Prithvi S. Kandhal, and Jingna Zhang, PerformanceTesting For Hot Mix Asphalt (Executive Summary), Report No. 01-05A.National Center forAsphalt Technology,Auburn University, 2001.
41.Peterson, R L; Mahboub, K C; Anderson, R M; Masad, E ; Tashman, L,Superpave Laboratory Compaction Versus Field Compaction . Paperappears in Transportation Research Record ( TRB ) No. 1832, BituminousPaving Mixtures 2003.
2. Federal Aviation Administration, AC150/5320-6D: Airport pavementDesign and Evaluation. U.S Department ofTransportation, 1995.
3. Federal Aviation Administration,AC150/5370-11A: Use of NondestructiveTesting in the Evaluation of Airport Pavement. U.S Department ofTransportation, 2004.
4. Federal Aviation Administration, AC150/5335-5A: Standardized Methodof Reporting Airport Pavement Strength PCN. U.S Department ofTransportation, 2006.
5. Huang, Y. H. Pavement Analysis and Design. Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodCliffs, NJ, 1993.
6. Freddy L. Robert, Prithvi S.Kandhal, E. Ray Brown, Dah-Yinn Lee,andThomas W. Kennedy, Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture, andConstruction, Second Edition. NAPAEducation Foundation, 1996.
7. Harold N. Atkins,Highway Materials, Soils and Concretes, Third Edition.PRENTICE HALL, ISBN 0-13-212862-4, 1997.
8. Mark Buncher, and H.Wayne Jones,“Rubblization of Airfield Pavements,”Asphalt PavementAlliance, 2005.
9. The Bureau of Materials and Physical Research, Pavement TechnologyAdvisory- Rubblizing.Illinois Department ofTransportation, 2005.
10.Gary L. Fitts,“Controlling Reflection Cracking in HMA Overlays of PCCPavement”Asphalt Institute.
11.Asphalt Institute. Superpave Mix Design, Superpave Series No. 2. SP-2.Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY, 1996.
12.McGennis, R. B., R. M. Anderson, T. W. Kennedy, and M. Solaimanian.Background of Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design and Analysis. ReportSA-95-003. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department ofTransportation, 1994.
13.Kennedy, T. W., P. S. Kandhal, S. F. Brown, D. Y. Lee, and F. L. Roberts.Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Procedure. NAPAResearch and Education Foundation, Lanham, MD, 1996.
14.Federal Highway Administration. Superpave Asphalt Mixture Analysis:Lab Notes. Federal Highway Administration, Office of TechnologyApplications,Washington, DC, 1996.
15.Chowdhury, A., J. C. Graw, J. W. Button, and D.N. Little, Effects ofAggregate Gradation on Permanent Deformation of Superpave HMA,Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the TransportationResearch Board,Washington, DC, 2001.
16.Kandhal, P. S., and R. B. Mallick, Effect of Mix Gradation on RuttingPotential of Dense-Graded Asphalt Mixtures, Transportation ResearchRecord No. 1767. Transportation Research Board, National ResearchCouncil,Washington, DC, 2001.
17.Hand, A. J., and A. L. Epps, Impact of Gradation Relative to SuperpaveRestricted Zone on Hot-Mix Asphalt Performance, TransportationResearch Record No. 1767. Transportation Research Board, NationalResearch Council,Washington, DC, 2001.
18.Yong-Rak Kim, Francisco Aragao, and Jamilla Lutif, Restricted-ZoneRequirements for Superpave Mixes Made with Local Aggregate Sources,Universityof Nebraska-Lincoln (Department of Civil Engineering), 2006.
19.NCHRP ( National Cooperative Highway Research Program ) Report 464:The Restricted Zone in the Superpave Aggregate Gradation Specification(NCHRP9-14).
20.WesTrack Team, Superpave Volumetric Designs of the WesTrack Project,draft of paper prepared forTransportation Research Board, 1997.
21.NCHRP ( National Cooperative Highway Research Program ) Report 465:Simple Performance Test for Superpave Mix Design, 2002.
22.NCHRP ( National Cooperative Highway Research Program ) Report 455:Recommended Performance-Related Specification for Hot-Mix AsphaltConstruction: Results of the Westrack Project , 2002.
23.Anthony Davit, Randall W. Brown, James L. Greene, U.S. Air Force(USAF) Airfield Pavement Evaluation Program, Airport TechnologyTransfer Conference, FederalAviationAdministration, 2002.
24.Federal Aviation Administration, 150/5380-6B: Guidelines andProcedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements . U.S Department ofTransportation, 2007.
25.Federal Aviation Administration, 150/5380-7A: Airport PavementManagement Program, U.S Department ofTransportation, 2006.
26.Panagouli, O.K. and Kokkalis, A.B. Skid resistance and fractal structureof pavement surface. Chaos Solutions and Fractals, 9 (3), 493-505, 1998.
27.Henry, J.J. NCHRP Synthesis291, evaluation of pavement frictioncharacteristics, National Cooperative Highway Research Program,Transportation Research Board,Washington, DC, 2000.
28.Kandhal, P.S. and Frazier P. Jr.. Aggregate tests related to asphaltconcrete performance in pavements. NCHRP Report 405, NationalAcademyPress,Washington, D.C, 1998.
29.Henry, J.J. and Dahir, S.H.. Effects of textures and the aggregates thatproduce them on the performance of bituminous surfaces. TransportationResearch Record, 712, 44-50, 1979.
30.Timothy W. Vollor and Douglas I. Hanson, Development Of LaboratoryProcedure For Measuring Friction Of HMA Mixtures, National Center forAsphalt Technology, NCATReport06-06, 2006.
31.Federal Aviation Administration, AC 150/5320-12C Measurement,Construction, And Maintenance Of Skid-Resistant Airport PavementSurfaces, U.S Department ofTransportation, 1997.
32.Brown, E. R., J. E. Haddock, Rajib B. Mallick and Todd A. Lynn,Development Of A Mixture Design Procedure For Stone Matrix Asphalt(SMA), National Center for Asphalt Technology, NCAT Report 97-3, 1997.
33.Brown, E. R., J. E. Haddock, C. Crawford, C. S. Hughes, and T. A. Lynn.Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Volume II - Research Results.Interim Report Prepared for National Cooperative Highway ResearchProgram, TRB, National Research Council. National Center for AsphaltTechnology,Auburn University,AL36849-5354, 1995.
34.Brown, E. R. and Rajib B. Mallick. Stone Matrix Asphalt PropertiesRelated to Mixture Design. Report No. 94-2. National Center for AsphaltTechnology,Auburn University,AL36849-5354, 1994.
35.Brown, E. R., Experience With Stone Matrix Asphalt In The UnitedStates, Report No. 94-2. National Center for Asphalt Technology, AuburnUniversity, 1992.
36.Bern Schneider, Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement Technology for The NewMillennium, Road Construction Division, Germany.
37.Mohd. Razali Abd. Kadir and Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud, Cost Comparisonbetween Stone Mastic Asphalt and Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course ,American Journal ofApplied Sciences 2 (9): 1350-1355, 2005.
38.L. Allen Cooley, Jr. Permeability Of Superpave Mixtures: Evaluation OfField Permeameters Report No. 99-1. National Center for AsphaltTechnology,Auburn University, 1999.
39.Brown, E. R., J. E. Haddock, A Method To Ensure Stone-On-StoneContact In Stone Matrix Asphalt Paving Mixtures, Report No. 97-2.National Center forAsphalt Technology,Auburn University, 1997.
40.E. Ray Brown, Prithvi S. Kandhal, and Jingna Zhang, PerformanceTesting For Hot Mix Asphalt (Executive Summary), Report No. 01-05A.National Center forAsphalt Technology,Auburn University, 2001.
41.Peterson, R L; Mahboub, K C; Anderson, R M; Masad, E ; Tashman, L,Superpave Laboratory Compaction Versus Field Compaction . Paperappears in Transportation Research Record ( TRB ) No. 1832, BituminousPaving Mixtures 2003.