基于自适应波传播的空域图像加密算法的研究与分析
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摘要
随着计算机处理能力和网络技术的不断发展,多媒体已广泛地运用到了社会生活的各个领域。同时,多媒体通信的安全问题也日益突出。密码学是解决这一问题的重要技术。与文本数据不同,多媒体具有数据量非常大的特点,对其加密会消耗大量的计算资源和时间。数字图像是多媒体的一种,其研究成果易于推广到其它多媒体形式中。本文主要研究在空域上设计出一种安全、高效的数字图像加密算法。论文的工作主要包括以下几个方面:
①简要介绍空域图像加密的基础,包括密码学基础、图像加密的思想、性能指标、扩散技术以及并行图像加密的基本要求。
②分析和总结现有的典型空域图像加密算法的特点,指出其优点与不足以及不足之处的根源。
③提出了波传播加密的思想,即通过模拟离散化后的物理波在图像上传播对图像进行加密。论文给出了其实现细节,对其进行了全面分析,总结出该加密思想的优点与不足。并指出了弥补其不足的方法。
④根据波传播加密思想的特点,将其与自适应加密相结合,提出了自适应波传播加密算法。该法首先将图像进行分块,从部分块中提取特定信息,将其与密钥一起用来控制波的三个参数构造四条正弦波。然后利用所构造的正弦波对未提供特定信息的图像块进行加密,最后用同样的方法利用已加密的块对未加密的块进行加密。论文给出了详细的加密和解密过程,提出了将加密过程并行化的框架以及将其扩展到彩色图像加密的方法,并通过仿真实验、与两个典型空域图像加密算法的对比以及对实验结果的分析证明了自适应波传播加密算法在敏感性、速度和安全性上的高性能。
最后是全文的总结,并提出了论文的不足以及今后进一步研究改进的方向。
With the development of computing and network technology, multimedia data are used more and more widely. So,the security of multimedia data draws increasingly attention. Cryptography is the major method to resolve it. However,contrast to texts, multimedia contents contain huge volume of data, which makes their encryption become very slow and power-consuming. This paper focuses on the approaches to design a secure and fast algorithm for image in spatial domain. Some of the conclusions and contribution of this paper are listed as follows.
①A brief description of the basic theory for image encryption in spatial domain is presented,including basic theory of cryptology, basic ideas of image encryption, performance indexes, diffusion techniques and basic requirement of parallel image encryption.
②Analysis and summarization of the existing classical image encryption in spatial domain. Point out its features, advantages, disadvantages as well as where its weakness lies in.
③Put up with the idea of wave transmission, that is, encrypting a image by simulating the transmission of discrete waves on it. Provide the details of realizing it. Carry out a thorough analysis on it to find its advantages,disadvantages and the way to make up with its weakness.
④By combining the idea of wave transmission with self-adaptive encryption according to its feature,the image encryption algorithm based on self-adaptive wave transmission is proposed. The algorithm first extracts some certain information from a part of the image after doing partitioning; combine them with keys to control the three parameters of four sin waves. Then, using the four waves to encrypt the left part from which none information is extracted. At last, the unencrypted part is encrypted with the encrypted part using the same method. The detailed encryption and decryption progress as well as its parallelized frame are given. Simulation results for a gray-level and a color image and comparison with other typical algorithms have demonstrated the high performance on the sensitivity, speed, and security of the proposed algorithm.
Finally, there comes the conclusion of this dissertation. Some disadvantages and further work are also given.
①简要介绍空域图像加密的基础,包括密码学基础、图像加密的思想、性能指标、扩散技术以及并行图像加密的基本要求。
②分析和总结现有的典型空域图像加密算法的特点,指出其优点与不足以及不足之处的根源。
③提出了波传播加密的思想,即通过模拟离散化后的物理波在图像上传播对图像进行加密。论文给出了其实现细节,对其进行了全面分析,总结出该加密思想的优点与不足。并指出了弥补其不足的方法。
④根据波传播加密思想的特点,将其与自适应加密相结合,提出了自适应波传播加密算法。该法首先将图像进行分块,从部分块中提取特定信息,将其与密钥一起用来控制波的三个参数构造四条正弦波。然后利用所构造的正弦波对未提供特定信息的图像块进行加密,最后用同样的方法利用已加密的块对未加密的块进行加密。论文给出了详细的加密和解密过程,提出了将加密过程并行化的框架以及将其扩展到彩色图像加密的方法,并通过仿真实验、与两个典型空域图像加密算法的对比以及对实验结果的分析证明了自适应波传播加密算法在敏感性、速度和安全性上的高性能。
最后是全文的总结,并提出了论文的不足以及今后进一步研究改进的方向。
With the development of computing and network technology, multimedia data are used more and more widely. So,the security of multimedia data draws increasingly attention. Cryptography is the major method to resolve it. However,contrast to texts, multimedia contents contain huge volume of data, which makes their encryption become very slow and power-consuming. This paper focuses on the approaches to design a secure and fast algorithm for image in spatial domain. Some of the conclusions and contribution of this paper are listed as follows.
①A brief description of the basic theory for image encryption in spatial domain is presented,including basic theory of cryptology, basic ideas of image encryption, performance indexes, diffusion techniques and basic requirement of parallel image encryption.
②Analysis and summarization of the existing classical image encryption in spatial domain. Point out its features, advantages, disadvantages as well as where its weakness lies in.
③Put up with the idea of wave transmission, that is, encrypting a image by simulating the transmission of discrete waves on it. Provide the details of realizing it. Carry out a thorough analysis on it to find its advantages,disadvantages and the way to make up with its weakness.
④By combining the idea of wave transmission with self-adaptive encryption according to its feature,the image encryption algorithm based on self-adaptive wave transmission is proposed. The algorithm first extracts some certain information from a part of the image after doing partitioning; combine them with keys to control the three parameters of four sin waves. Then, using the four waves to encrypt the left part from which none information is extracted. At last, the unencrypted part is encrypted with the encrypted part using the same method. The detailed encryption and decryption progress as well as its parallelized frame are given. Simulation results for a gray-level and a color image and comparison with other typical algorithms have demonstrated the high performance on the sensitivity, speed, and security of the proposed algorithm.
Finally, there comes the conclusion of this dissertation. Some disadvantages and further work are also given.
引文
[1]贺超.基于混沌的图像加密研究与实现:硕士学位论文.长春:长春理工大学,2008.
[2]周庆.数字图像快速加密算法的设计与实现.博士学位论文.重庆:重庆大学,2008.
[3] Xu Li,Wei Shu, Minglu Li, Hongyu Huang, Min-You Wu. Performance Evaluation of Vehicle-based Mobile Sensor Networks for Traffic Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (TVT), 58(4):1647-1653, 2009.
[4] Xu Li, Hongyu Huang, Minglu Li, Wei Shu and Min-You Wu. Packet-Oriented Routing in Delay-Tolerant Vehicular Sensor Networks.Journal of Information Science and Engineering (JISE), 25(6):1803-1817, 2009.
[5] Xu Li, Hongyu Huang, Wei Shu, Minglu Li and Min-You Wu. VStore: Towards Cooperative Storage in Vehicular Sensor Networks for Mobile Surveillance,”the IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 2972-2977, Budapest, Hungary, April 2009.
[6] Xu Li, Hongyu Huang, Minglu Li, Xinhua Lin, Wei Shu and Min-You Wu. A Mobile Sensor System and Its Performance of Traffic Monitoring,”the 68th Semi-Annual IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pp. 1-5, Calgary, Canada, September 2008.
[7]王洪均.数字图像加密算法研究:硕士学位论文.南京:南京理工大学,2007.
[8] B.Furht,D.Kirovski,editors. Multimedia Security Handbook. CRC Press,Boca Raton,Florida,2004.
[9] Andreas Uhl,Andreas Pommer. Image and Video Encryption From Digital Rights Management to Secured Personal Communication. Springer Press. 2005.
[10] Furht,Borivoje. Multimedia Encryption and Watermarking. Springer Press,2005
[11]廉士国.多媒体快速加密算法研究:博士学位论文.南京:南京理工大学,2005.
[12] William Stallings著,刘玉珍等译.密码编码学与网络安全-原理与实践(第三版).电子工业出版社. 2004.
[13]王凤英,程震.网络与信息安全.中国铁道出版社. 2006.
[14]陈广山.网络与信息安全技术.机械工程出版社. 2007
[15]周继军.网络与信息安全基础.清华大学出版社. 2008
[16]杨义先,钮心忻,应用密码学,北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[17] Vanstone SA, Menezes AJ, Oorschot PC. Handbook of applied cryptography. London: CRC Press. 1996.
[18]杨波.现代密码学(第二版).清华大学出版社.2007
[19] Garnet P.Williama. Chaos Theory Tamed. Jsseph Henry Press,Washington, D.C. 1997
[20] Shannon C. Communication theory of secrecy systems. Bell System Tech J.28:656–715. 1949
[21]张翌维,王育民,沈绪榜.基于混沌映射的一种交替结构图像加密算法.中国科学. 37(2):183-190.2007.
[22] Chen Gang, Zhao Xiao Yu. A Self-Adaptive Algorithm on Image Encryption. Journal of Software, 19(11):1975-1974. 2005.
[23] Howard Cheng Xiaobo Li, Partial Encryption of Compressed Images and Videos, IEEE transactions on signal processive, 48(8): 2439-2451. 2000.
[24] H.S. Kwok, Wallace K.S. Tang, A fast image encryption system based on chaotic maps with finite precision representation, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 32 (2007) 1518–1529
[25] Yeo, J.-C,Guo, J.-I.. Efficient hierarchical chaotic image encryption algorithm and its VLSI realization. IEEE Image and Signal Processing. 147(2000) 167– 175.
[26]李昌刚,韩正之,张浩然.一类基于随机密钥及“类标准映射”的图像加密算法.计算机学报. 26(4):465-470. 2003
[27] Guanrong Chen, Yaobin Mao b, Charles K. Chui. A symmetric image encryption scheme based on 3D chaotic cat maps. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 21 (2004) 749–761.
[28] Shiguo Lian, Jinsheng Sun, Zhi quan Wang. A block cipher based on a suitable use of the chaotic standard map. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 26 (2005) 117–129.
[29] Kwok-Wo Wong, Bernie Sin-Hung Kwok, Wing-Shing Law,“A fast image encryption scheme based on chaotic standard map”, Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 2645–2652.
[30] Tiegang Gao, Zengqiang Chen. Image encryption based on a new total shuffling algorithm. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 38 (2008): 213–220.
[31] Xiaojun Tong, Minggen Cui, Image encryption scheme based on 3D baker with dynamical compound chaotic sequence cipher generator, Signal Processing 89 (2009) 480–491
[32] N.K. Pareek, Vinod Patidar, K.K. Sud, Image encryption using chaotic logistic map. Image and Vision Computing. 24 (2006) 926–934
[33] A.N. Pisarchik, N.J. Flores-Camona, M.Carpio-Valadez. Encryption and decryption of images with chaotic map lattices. Chaos. 16 (2006) 033118.
[34] S. Behnia,A. Akhshani,H. Mahmodi, A. Akhavan. A novel novel algorithm for image encryption based on mixture of chaotic maps. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 35 (2008): 408–419
[35] O. Lafe, Data compression and encryption using cellular automata transform, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 10 (6) (1998) 581–591.
[36] Rong-Jian Chen, Jui-Lin Lai,“Image security system using recursive cellular automatasubstitution”, Pattern Recognition 40 (2007) 1621– 1631
[37]张晓岩,王超,李素梅,马先锋.基于二维细胞自动机的图像加密技术.光电子.激光. 19(2):242-245. 2008.
[38]张晓岩,王超,孙志人,于杨.基于有序细胞自动机的图像加密方案.光学精密工程
[39] Jin Jun. Image Encryption Method Based on Elementary Cellular Automata. Southeastcon.IEEE 5-8 March 2009 Page(s):345-349
[40] Qing Zhou, Kwok-wo Wong b, et al,“Parallel image encryption algorithm based on discretized chaotic map”, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 38 (2008) 1081–1092.
[41]李旭.车载传感器网络的应用及关键技术研究.博士学位论文.上海:上海交通大学.2009 ???
[2]周庆.数字图像快速加密算法的设计与实现.博士学位论文.重庆:重庆大学,2008.
[3] Xu Li,Wei Shu, Minglu Li, Hongyu Huang, Min-You Wu. Performance Evaluation of Vehicle-based Mobile Sensor Networks for Traffic Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (TVT), 58(4):1647-1653, 2009.
[4] Xu Li, Hongyu Huang, Minglu Li, Wei Shu and Min-You Wu. Packet-Oriented Routing in Delay-Tolerant Vehicular Sensor Networks.Journal of Information Science and Engineering (JISE), 25(6):1803-1817, 2009.
[5] Xu Li, Hongyu Huang, Wei Shu, Minglu Li and Min-You Wu. VStore: Towards Cooperative Storage in Vehicular Sensor Networks for Mobile Surveillance,”the IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 2972-2977, Budapest, Hungary, April 2009.
[6] Xu Li, Hongyu Huang, Minglu Li, Xinhua Lin, Wei Shu and Min-You Wu. A Mobile Sensor System and Its Performance of Traffic Monitoring,”the 68th Semi-Annual IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pp. 1-5, Calgary, Canada, September 2008.
[7]王洪均.数字图像加密算法研究:硕士学位论文.南京:南京理工大学,2007.
[8] B.Furht,D.Kirovski,editors. Multimedia Security Handbook. CRC Press,Boca Raton,Florida,2004.
[9] Andreas Uhl,Andreas Pommer. Image and Video Encryption From Digital Rights Management to Secured Personal Communication. Springer Press. 2005.
[10] Furht,Borivoje. Multimedia Encryption and Watermarking. Springer Press,2005
[11]廉士国.多媒体快速加密算法研究:博士学位论文.南京:南京理工大学,2005.
[12] William Stallings著,刘玉珍等译.密码编码学与网络安全-原理与实践(第三版).电子工业出版社. 2004.
[13]王凤英,程震.网络与信息安全.中国铁道出版社. 2006.
[14]陈广山.网络与信息安全技术.机械工程出版社. 2007
[15]周继军.网络与信息安全基础.清华大学出版社. 2008
[16]杨义先,钮心忻,应用密码学,北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[17] Vanstone SA, Menezes AJ, Oorschot PC. Handbook of applied cryptography. London: CRC Press. 1996.
[18]杨波.现代密码学(第二版).清华大学出版社.2007
[19] Garnet P.Williama. Chaos Theory Tamed. Jsseph Henry Press,Washington, D.C. 1997
[20] Shannon C. Communication theory of secrecy systems. Bell System Tech J.28:656–715. 1949
[21]张翌维,王育民,沈绪榜.基于混沌映射的一种交替结构图像加密算法.中国科学. 37(2):183-190.2007.
[22] Chen Gang, Zhao Xiao Yu. A Self-Adaptive Algorithm on Image Encryption. Journal of Software, 19(11):1975-1974. 2005.
[23] Howard Cheng Xiaobo Li, Partial Encryption of Compressed Images and Videos, IEEE transactions on signal processive, 48(8): 2439-2451. 2000.
[24] H.S. Kwok, Wallace K.S. Tang, A fast image encryption system based on chaotic maps with finite precision representation, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 32 (2007) 1518–1529
[25] Yeo, J.-C,Guo, J.-I.. Efficient hierarchical chaotic image encryption algorithm and its VLSI realization. IEEE Image and Signal Processing. 147(2000) 167– 175.
[26]李昌刚,韩正之,张浩然.一类基于随机密钥及“类标准映射”的图像加密算法.计算机学报. 26(4):465-470. 2003
[27] Guanrong Chen, Yaobin Mao b, Charles K. Chui. A symmetric image encryption scheme based on 3D chaotic cat maps. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 21 (2004) 749–761.
[28] Shiguo Lian, Jinsheng Sun, Zhi quan Wang. A block cipher based on a suitable use of the chaotic standard map. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 26 (2005) 117–129.
[29] Kwok-Wo Wong, Bernie Sin-Hung Kwok, Wing-Shing Law,“A fast image encryption scheme based on chaotic standard map”, Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 2645–2652.
[30] Tiegang Gao, Zengqiang Chen. Image encryption based on a new total shuffling algorithm. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 38 (2008): 213–220.
[31] Xiaojun Tong, Minggen Cui, Image encryption scheme based on 3D baker with dynamical compound chaotic sequence cipher generator, Signal Processing 89 (2009) 480–491
[32] N.K. Pareek, Vinod Patidar, K.K. Sud, Image encryption using chaotic logistic map. Image and Vision Computing. 24 (2006) 926–934
[33] A.N. Pisarchik, N.J. Flores-Camona, M.Carpio-Valadez. Encryption and decryption of images with chaotic map lattices. Chaos. 16 (2006) 033118.
[34] S. Behnia,A. Akhshani,H. Mahmodi, A. Akhavan. A novel novel algorithm for image encryption based on mixture of chaotic maps. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 35 (2008): 408–419
[35] O. Lafe, Data compression and encryption using cellular automata transform, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 10 (6) (1998) 581–591.
[36] Rong-Jian Chen, Jui-Lin Lai,“Image security system using recursive cellular automatasubstitution”, Pattern Recognition 40 (2007) 1621– 1631
[37]张晓岩,王超,李素梅,马先锋.基于二维细胞自动机的图像加密技术.光电子.激光. 19(2):242-245. 2008.
[38]张晓岩,王超,孙志人,于杨.基于有序细胞自动机的图像加密方案.光学精密工程
[39] Jin Jun. Image Encryption Method Based on Elementary Cellular Automata. Southeastcon.IEEE 5-8 March 2009 Page(s):345-349
[40] Qing Zhou, Kwok-wo Wong b, et al,“Parallel image encryption algorithm based on discretized chaotic map”, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 38 (2008) 1081–1092.
[41]李旭.车载传感器网络的应用及关键技术研究.博士学位论文.上海:上海交通大学.2009 ???