伊犁河谷灌区土壤盐渍化与地下水调控研究
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摘要
土壤盐渍化是世界干旱、半干旱农业区最突出的生态环境问题之一,是自然因素与人为因素综合作用对区域水盐运动产生影响的结果。土壤盐渍化与地下水条件密切相关。因此,不少学者进行了大量研究,分析了土壤盐渍化与地下水条件之间的关系,并取得了重要突破,但大部分主要集中于单一的针对地下水埋深或者地下水质对土壤盐渍化的影响方面的研究。对地下水埋深及其矿化度综合作用条件下的土壤盐渍化与地下水条件之间的关系有待进一步研究。
近年来,随着伊犁河谷部分灌区不合理的水土开发,区域内土壤盐渍化日益加重,明显阻碍了区域农业可持续发展。针对研究区目前的土壤盐渍化问题,在生态水文学、数理统计学理论的基础上,以地下水为主线,定量研究土壤盐渍化与地下水条件的关系,阐明土壤盐渍化的原因,确定研究区地下水最佳调控模式,提出有效防止土壤盐渍化的措施,对伊犁河谷生态保育和水土资源可持续开发利用有重要意义。本文主要研究成果如下：
1)通过对研究区土壤盐分以及地下水、地表水检测资料的分析,探讨了土壤盐分特征及离子组成之间的定量关系,分析了不同土地利用类型,不同灌溉方式与不同灌溉时期土壤盐分特征。结果表明：研究区46.32%土壤为盐渍化土壤,盐渍化土壤类型主要为硫酸盐渍土。土壤阴离子以SO42-、Cl-为主,阳离子以Mg2+、Na+、Ca2+离子为主。不同土地利用类型条件下,耕层土壤盐分含量从高到低依次为：草地、旱田、稻田、林地。不同灌溉期耕层土壤含盐量从高到低依次为：春灌前、夏灌期、秋灌后、秋灌期；渠灌农田土壤含盐量比井灌农田小。研究区不合理的人类活动是导致土壤盐渍化的主要原因。
2)研究区地下水化学类型主要为氯化钠-硫酸钠型水,阴离子以SO42-与Cl-为主,阳离子以Mg2+与ca2+离子为主。不同土地利用类型条件下,地下水矿化度从高到低依次为：草地、旱田、稻田、林地；不同灌溉期地下水矿化度从高到低依次为：春灌前、秋灌后、秋灌期、夏灌期。地下水埋深9-3月呈现增加的趋势,并3月达到最大值,之后开始减小,并6月达到最小值。本文提出了“地下水位活动期”的概念,并从而表达了研究区地下水埋深动态变化特征。
3)在空间、时间尺度上研究了地下水埋深,地下水与土壤盐分分布规律,为研究区地下水资源的管理以及防止土壤盐渍化提供了科学依据。研究区地下水、土壤盐分时空变化特征基本相似。地下水与土壤盐分主要集中于研究区的中、西部区域,并形成了区域“积盐中心”。从时间尺度上,土壤含盐量春灌前最大,秋灌期最小；地下水矿化度春灌前最大,夏灌期最小。研究区垂直、平行河道方向各采样线土壤含盐量与地下水环境呈现总体一致的变化趋势,说明了土壤含盐量与地下水矿化度之间的关系密切。因子分析与灰色关联分析结果来看,地下水矿化度、EC、地下水埋深、Cl-与Na+浓度对研究区土壤盐渍化的影响较明显。
4)结合研究区地下水条件以及土壤盐分检测资料的分析,采用对数正态分布模型,分析了土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深及其矿化度之间的关系,建立了不同地下水矿化度条件下,土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深之间的关系模型,确定了地下水调控深度,为研究区地下水人为调控提供技术支持。对数正态分布模型拟合结果表明：为了防止土壤次生盐渍化,当地下水矿化度介于1-3 g/L、3-6 g/L、6-10 g/L与1-10g/L时,地下水埋深应该分别控制在2.06 m、2.49 m、2.66 m与2.24 m以上。地下水矿化度越大,可在较大的地下水埋深范围内会出现土壤盐渍化。研究区不同时期地下水动态调控深度来看,夏灌期地下水调控深度为1.5-2.0m,秋灌期、春灌前、秋灌后均为2.0-2.5m是比较适宜的。结合前人研究结果,2.50m可作为干旱、半干旱区防止土壤盐渍化的地下水调控深度。
5)在研究区整体盐胁迫不十分强烈情况下,可优先考虑采用地势较低的积盐洼地进行排盐。针对研究土壤盐渍化特征,从不同角度提出了土壤盐渍化的调控对策。这些对策对改善农业生产条件和生态环境,发展生态、可持续农业,促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。
Soil salinization is one of the major eco-environmental problems in arid and semi-arid agricultural lands in the world. It resulted from the effects of regional natural conditions and human activities on water-salt movement. Soil salinization is related closely to groundwater conditions. Therefore, many researchers have studied the relations between soil salinization and groundwater conditions, and have achieved some important results. But most of the studies have been concentrated mainly on the effects of groundwater depth or quality on soil salinization. Studies of the relations between soil salinization and groundwater under the co-effectivies of groundwater depth and salinity still need more specific studies.
In recent years, with the improper exploitation of water and soil resources in some irrigation areas of Ili River Valley, soil salinization in the area has been gradually increased, and apparently obstructed the agricultural sustainable development. Aimed at the current situations of soil salinization in Ili River Valley, based on the theories of eco-hydrology and mathematical statistics, take groundwater as the main clue, the changes of groundwater conditions and soil salinization were studied, and the relations between groundwater conditions and soil salinization were quantitatively analyzed, the main causes of soil salinization were clarified. The ecological water table for the study area was confirmed, and the effective measures for control of soil salinization were analyzed. Results of the study could provide good scientific basic for ecological protection and sustainable use of soil, water resources in Ili River Valley. The main results of the study were as follows:
1) Based on the analysis of the measurement datum from soil, groundwater and surface water, the quantitative relations between soil salinity and ion components were discussed, the characters of soil salinity under different land use types, irrigation methods and different periods were analyzed. Results showed that:46.32% of soil samples in the study area were salinized, and the main type of saline soil was sulphate saline soil. Anions were mainly SO42- and Cl- while cations were mainly Mg2+, Na+, and Ca2+ in the soil. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layer for different land use types was in the following order:grassland> glebe field> paddy field> forest land. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layer for different period was in the following order:before spring irrigation> summer irrigation> after autumn irrigation> during autumn irrigation. The salinity of root zone soil layer of farmlands irrigated with surface water was lower than farmlands irrigated with groundwater. Improper human activities were the main causes of soil salinization in the study area.
2) The main type of groundwater was sodium chloride-sodium sulfate water. Anions were mainly SO42- and Cl- while cations were mainly Mg2+ and Ca2+ for groundwater. The abundance of groundwater salinity for different land use type was in the following order: grassland> glebe field> paddy field> forest land. The abundance of groundwater salinity for different period was in the following order:before spring irrigation> after autumn irrigation> during autumn irrigation> summer irrigation. Groundwater depth were increased from September to March in the study area, and reached to the maximum value in March, and then it declined and reached to the minimum value in June. The conception of "groundwater level active period" was put forward, and the dynamics of groundwater depth were evaluated.
3) The distribution of salinity of soil and groundwater was analyzed at spatial and temporal scale. It will provide scientific basic for groundwater management and control of soil salinization. The spacio-temporal variations of salinity of soil and groundwater were essentially similar. Salinity of soil and groundwater was concentrated mainly at the central and western parts of the study area, and formed regional "salt center". In the temporal scale, the soil salinity showed maximum value before spring irrigation, and showed minimum value during autumn irrigation while the groundwater salinity showed maximum value before spring irrigation period, and showed minimum value during summer irrigation period. The trend for the changes of the salinity of soil and groundwater for each sampling lines which vertical and parallel with riverbed showed almost the same trends. It explained the close relations between the salinity of soil and groundwater. Results of factor analysis and compositor analysis explained that:groundwater salinity, EC, groundwater level, Cl" and Na+ concentration have much influence on soil salinization.
4) The relationship between groundwater level and soil salinity were analyzed integrated with the analysis of the measurement of soil salinity and groundwater conditions in the study area, and adopted the logarithmic normal distribution model. The relationship models between groundwater level and soil salinity under different groundwater salinity were established. It will helpful for providing technical support for groundwater control in the study area. Results of logarithmic normal distribution model showed that:the groundwater depth should be sustained more that 2.06 m,2.49 m,2.66 m and 2.24 m for control of soil salinization while the groundwater salinity is 1-3 g/L,3-6 g/L,6-10 g/L and 1-10 g/L, respectively. The probability of the emergency of soil salinization was higher with higher groundwater salinity. According to the dynamic control of groundwater level for different periods, groundwater level might be controlled within 1.5-2.0 m during summer irrigation, and 2.0-2.5 m for autumn irrigation, before spring irrigation and after autumn irrigation. According to the results of similar researches,2.5m could be the critical groundwater depth for controlling soil salinization in arid and semi-arid zone.
5) It is prior consideration to the control of soil salinization at lowlands with low salt stress in the study area. According to current status of soil salinization in the study area, the countermeasures of salt-affected soil put forward, they were much significant not only for improving the agricultural production conditions and ecological environment, but also for developing ecological, sustainable agriculture and for promoting regional sustainable development of the study area.
近年来,随着伊犁河谷部分灌区不合理的水土开发,区域内土壤盐渍化日益加重,明显阻碍了区域农业可持续发展。针对研究区目前的土壤盐渍化问题,在生态水文学、数理统计学理论的基础上,以地下水为主线,定量研究土壤盐渍化与地下水条件的关系,阐明土壤盐渍化的原因,确定研究区地下水最佳调控模式,提出有效防止土壤盐渍化的措施,对伊犁河谷生态保育和水土资源可持续开发利用有重要意义。本文主要研究成果如下：
1)通过对研究区土壤盐分以及地下水、地表水检测资料的分析,探讨了土壤盐分特征及离子组成之间的定量关系,分析了不同土地利用类型,不同灌溉方式与不同灌溉时期土壤盐分特征。结果表明：研究区46.32%土壤为盐渍化土壤,盐渍化土壤类型主要为硫酸盐渍土。土壤阴离子以SO42-、Cl-为主,阳离子以Mg2+、Na+、Ca2+离子为主。不同土地利用类型条件下,耕层土壤盐分含量从高到低依次为：草地、旱田、稻田、林地。不同灌溉期耕层土壤含盐量从高到低依次为：春灌前、夏灌期、秋灌后、秋灌期；渠灌农田土壤含盐量比井灌农田小。研究区不合理的人类活动是导致土壤盐渍化的主要原因。
2)研究区地下水化学类型主要为氯化钠-硫酸钠型水,阴离子以SO42-与Cl-为主,阳离子以Mg2+与ca2+离子为主。不同土地利用类型条件下,地下水矿化度从高到低依次为：草地、旱田、稻田、林地；不同灌溉期地下水矿化度从高到低依次为：春灌前、秋灌后、秋灌期、夏灌期。地下水埋深9-3月呈现增加的趋势,并3月达到最大值,之后开始减小,并6月达到最小值。本文提出了“地下水位活动期”的概念,并从而表达了研究区地下水埋深动态变化特征。
3)在空间、时间尺度上研究了地下水埋深,地下水与土壤盐分分布规律,为研究区地下水资源的管理以及防止土壤盐渍化提供了科学依据。研究区地下水、土壤盐分时空变化特征基本相似。地下水与土壤盐分主要集中于研究区的中、西部区域,并形成了区域“积盐中心”。从时间尺度上,土壤含盐量春灌前最大,秋灌期最小；地下水矿化度春灌前最大,夏灌期最小。研究区垂直、平行河道方向各采样线土壤含盐量与地下水环境呈现总体一致的变化趋势,说明了土壤含盐量与地下水矿化度之间的关系密切。因子分析与灰色关联分析结果来看,地下水矿化度、EC、地下水埋深、Cl-与Na+浓度对研究区土壤盐渍化的影响较明显。
4)结合研究区地下水条件以及土壤盐分检测资料的分析,采用对数正态分布模型,分析了土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深及其矿化度之间的关系,建立了不同地下水矿化度条件下,土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深之间的关系模型,确定了地下水调控深度,为研究区地下水人为调控提供技术支持。对数正态分布模型拟合结果表明：为了防止土壤次生盐渍化,当地下水矿化度介于1-3 g/L、3-6 g/L、6-10 g/L与1-10g/L时,地下水埋深应该分别控制在2.06 m、2.49 m、2.66 m与2.24 m以上。地下水矿化度越大,可在较大的地下水埋深范围内会出现土壤盐渍化。研究区不同时期地下水动态调控深度来看,夏灌期地下水调控深度为1.5-2.0m,秋灌期、春灌前、秋灌后均为2.0-2.5m是比较适宜的。结合前人研究结果,2.50m可作为干旱、半干旱区防止土壤盐渍化的地下水调控深度。
5)在研究区整体盐胁迫不十分强烈情况下,可优先考虑采用地势较低的积盐洼地进行排盐。针对研究土壤盐渍化特征,从不同角度提出了土壤盐渍化的调控对策。这些对策对改善农业生产条件和生态环境,发展生态、可持续农业,促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。
Soil salinization is one of the major eco-environmental problems in arid and semi-arid agricultural lands in the world. It resulted from the effects of regional natural conditions and human activities on water-salt movement. Soil salinization is related closely to groundwater conditions. Therefore, many researchers have studied the relations between soil salinization and groundwater conditions, and have achieved some important results. But most of the studies have been concentrated mainly on the effects of groundwater depth or quality on soil salinization. Studies of the relations between soil salinization and groundwater under the co-effectivies of groundwater depth and salinity still need more specific studies.
In recent years, with the improper exploitation of water and soil resources in some irrigation areas of Ili River Valley, soil salinization in the area has been gradually increased, and apparently obstructed the agricultural sustainable development. Aimed at the current situations of soil salinization in Ili River Valley, based on the theories of eco-hydrology and mathematical statistics, take groundwater as the main clue, the changes of groundwater conditions and soil salinization were studied, and the relations between groundwater conditions and soil salinization were quantitatively analyzed, the main causes of soil salinization were clarified. The ecological water table for the study area was confirmed, and the effective measures for control of soil salinization were analyzed. Results of the study could provide good scientific basic for ecological protection and sustainable use of soil, water resources in Ili River Valley. The main results of the study were as follows:
1) Based on the analysis of the measurement datum from soil, groundwater and surface water, the quantitative relations between soil salinity and ion components were discussed, the characters of soil salinity under different land use types, irrigation methods and different periods were analyzed. Results showed that:46.32% of soil samples in the study area were salinized, and the main type of saline soil was sulphate saline soil. Anions were mainly SO42- and Cl- while cations were mainly Mg2+, Na+, and Ca2+ in the soil. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layer for different land use types was in the following order:grassland> glebe field> paddy field> forest land. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layer for different period was in the following order:before spring irrigation> summer irrigation> after autumn irrigation> during autumn irrigation. The salinity of root zone soil layer of farmlands irrigated with surface water was lower than farmlands irrigated with groundwater. Improper human activities were the main causes of soil salinization in the study area.
2) The main type of groundwater was sodium chloride-sodium sulfate water. Anions were mainly SO42- and Cl- while cations were mainly Mg2+ and Ca2+ for groundwater. The abundance of groundwater salinity for different land use type was in the following order: grassland> glebe field> paddy field> forest land. The abundance of groundwater salinity for different period was in the following order:before spring irrigation> after autumn irrigation> during autumn irrigation> summer irrigation. Groundwater depth were increased from September to March in the study area, and reached to the maximum value in March, and then it declined and reached to the minimum value in June. The conception of "groundwater level active period" was put forward, and the dynamics of groundwater depth were evaluated.
3) The distribution of salinity of soil and groundwater was analyzed at spatial and temporal scale. It will provide scientific basic for groundwater management and control of soil salinization. The spacio-temporal variations of salinity of soil and groundwater were essentially similar. Salinity of soil and groundwater was concentrated mainly at the central and western parts of the study area, and formed regional "salt center". In the temporal scale, the soil salinity showed maximum value before spring irrigation, and showed minimum value during autumn irrigation while the groundwater salinity showed maximum value before spring irrigation period, and showed minimum value during summer irrigation period. The trend for the changes of the salinity of soil and groundwater for each sampling lines which vertical and parallel with riverbed showed almost the same trends. It explained the close relations between the salinity of soil and groundwater. Results of factor analysis and compositor analysis explained that:groundwater salinity, EC, groundwater level, Cl" and Na+ concentration have much influence on soil salinization.
4) The relationship between groundwater level and soil salinity were analyzed integrated with the analysis of the measurement of soil salinity and groundwater conditions in the study area, and adopted the logarithmic normal distribution model. The relationship models between groundwater level and soil salinity under different groundwater salinity were established. It will helpful for providing technical support for groundwater control in the study area. Results of logarithmic normal distribution model showed that:the groundwater depth should be sustained more that 2.06 m,2.49 m,2.66 m and 2.24 m for control of soil salinization while the groundwater salinity is 1-3 g/L,3-6 g/L,6-10 g/L and 1-10 g/L, respectively. The probability of the emergency of soil salinization was higher with higher groundwater salinity. According to the dynamic control of groundwater level for different periods, groundwater level might be controlled within 1.5-2.0 m during summer irrigation, and 2.0-2.5 m for autumn irrigation, before spring irrigation and after autumn irrigation. According to the results of similar researches,2.5m could be the critical groundwater depth for controlling soil salinization in arid and semi-arid zone.
5) It is prior consideration to the control of soil salinization at lowlands with low salt stress in the study area. According to current status of soil salinization in the study area, the countermeasures of salt-affected soil put forward, they were much significant not only for improving the agricultural production conditions and ecological environment, but also for developing ecological, sustainable agriculture and for promoting regional sustainable development of the study area.
引文
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