大学生自恋人格对自尊和主观幸福感的影响研究
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摘要
随着教育的普及和经济的发展,我国社会也越来越强调个人价值和自我实现,人们似乎变得越来越“自恋”了。当自恋以极端、病态的方式表现,就构成了自恋人格障碍;相比之下,在正常人群中,自恋被看作一种人格特质。大学生健全人格的养成教育问题目前正是人们普遍关注的焦点。因此,本文试图探讨大学生的自恋人格问题。
作为一种人格特质,通常将自恋定义为表现出一种自我膨胀;对无限的权力、美丽和成功的幻想;对批评的极度敏感;强烈的特权感;以及利用性的人际关系。
近30多年来,自恋人格在国外得到了广泛的关注,产生了大量富有价值的研究成果。而国内有关自恋人格的研究才刚刚起步,除了少量从社会学、文学角度进行的探讨以外,心理学界对自恋人格的研究比较少。本文旨在拓展我国心理学领域对自恋人格的研究成果,并且为大学生健康人格的培养提供理论基础。本研究在文献综述的基础上,提出了自己关于自恋人格结构的理论假设;并且首次翻译修订了大学生显性自恋人格问卷和大学生隐性自恋人格问卷的中文版本;还使用自己修订的问卷对在校大学生进行调查研究,用以考察大学生自恋人格的一般特点以及大学生自恋人格对自尊和主观幸福感的影响。结果表明:
(1)所修订的中文版大学生显性自恋人格问卷和大学生隐性自恋人格问卷具有较好的信度和效度。
(2)在显性自恋人格上,文科专业的男大学生显著高于理科专业的男大学生;在隐性自恋人格上,理科专业的大学生显著高于文科专业的大学生。显性和隐性自恋人格均不存在显著性别差异。是否独生子女在显性自恋人格和隐性自恋人格上均差异不显著。不同年级大学生显性自恋人格差异不显著;不同年级大学生隐性自恋人格差异显著,大三学生的隐性自恋程度显著高于其他各个年级的大学生。
(3)显性自恋与自尊、主观幸福感呈正相关;隐性自恋与自尊、主观幸福感呈负相关。显性自恋和隐性自恋可以直接影响主观幸福感,也可以通过自尊间接影响主观幸福感。
With the generalization of education and development of economy, our society has increasingly emphasized on personal values and self-realization, there seems to becoming more and more "narcissism". When narcissism is characterized in a extreme and pathological way, it constitutes a narcissistic personality disorder. Compared to the normal population, narcissism was seen as a personality trait. The development of a sound character on undergraduates is now generally a focus of attention in education. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the narcissistic personality on undergraduates.
As a personality trait, narcissistic personality is usually defined as showing a self-inflation, the illusions of unlimited power, beauty and success, the extremely sensitive to criticism, strong sense of privileges and use nature of human relationships.
Research on narcissistic personality in foreign countries has been widely concerned, and generated a great deal of valuable results. However, research on narcissistic personality in our country has only just begun, in addition to small quantities of sociology and literary point of view, the psychological professional research on narcissistic Personality is Relative low. This paper aims to expand China's research on narcissistic personality in the field of psychology, and provide a theoretical basis for the training of college student's healthy personality. On the basis of the review of lots of literature, this study proposed the theoretical assumptions of narcissistic personality structure. This study translated and revised the Chinese version of overt narcissism personality inventory and covert narcissism personality inventory in undergraduates. In order to inspect the general characteristics of college student's narcissistic Personality and understand the impact of narcissistic personality on self-esteem and subjective well-being in undergraduates, this study also did a survey research on college students with the use of the new revised inventory. The results showed that:
(1) The revised Chinese version of undergraduates overt narcissism personality inventory and undergraduates covert narcissism personality inventory has good reliability and validity.
(2) In overt narcissism, male college students major in arts are significantly higher than male college students major in science; In covert narcissism, college students major in science are significantly higher than college students major in arts. Overt and covert narcissistic personality are not significantly different in gender. There is no significant differences in overt and covert narcissistic personality whether or not only one child in family. In overt narcissism, there is no significant difference between different grades; in covert narcissism, there exists significant differences between grades, and the degree of covert narcissism in grade three is significantly higher than it in other grades.
(3) Overt narcissism is positively related to self-esteem and subjective well-being; covert narcissism is negatively related to self-esteem and subjective well-being. Overt and covert narcissism not only can affect subjective well-being directly, but also can indirectly affect it through the regulation of self-esteem.
作为一种人格特质,通常将自恋定义为表现出一种自我膨胀;对无限的权力、美丽和成功的幻想;对批评的极度敏感;强烈的特权感;以及利用性的人际关系。
近30多年来,自恋人格在国外得到了广泛的关注,产生了大量富有价值的研究成果。而国内有关自恋人格的研究才刚刚起步,除了少量从社会学、文学角度进行的探讨以外,心理学界对自恋人格的研究比较少。本文旨在拓展我国心理学领域对自恋人格的研究成果,并且为大学生健康人格的培养提供理论基础。本研究在文献综述的基础上,提出了自己关于自恋人格结构的理论假设;并且首次翻译修订了大学生显性自恋人格问卷和大学生隐性自恋人格问卷的中文版本;还使用自己修订的问卷对在校大学生进行调查研究,用以考察大学生自恋人格的一般特点以及大学生自恋人格对自尊和主观幸福感的影响。结果表明:
(1)所修订的中文版大学生显性自恋人格问卷和大学生隐性自恋人格问卷具有较好的信度和效度。
(2)在显性自恋人格上,文科专业的男大学生显著高于理科专业的男大学生;在隐性自恋人格上,理科专业的大学生显著高于文科专业的大学生。显性和隐性自恋人格均不存在显著性别差异。是否独生子女在显性自恋人格和隐性自恋人格上均差异不显著。不同年级大学生显性自恋人格差异不显著;不同年级大学生隐性自恋人格差异显著,大三学生的隐性自恋程度显著高于其他各个年级的大学生。
(3)显性自恋与自尊、主观幸福感呈正相关;隐性自恋与自尊、主观幸福感呈负相关。显性自恋和隐性自恋可以直接影响主观幸福感,也可以通过自尊间接影响主观幸福感。
With the generalization of education and development of economy, our society has increasingly emphasized on personal values and self-realization, there seems to becoming more and more "narcissism". When narcissism is characterized in a extreme and pathological way, it constitutes a narcissistic personality disorder. Compared to the normal population, narcissism was seen as a personality trait. The development of a sound character on undergraduates is now generally a focus of attention in education. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the narcissistic personality on undergraduates.
As a personality trait, narcissistic personality is usually defined as showing a self-inflation, the illusions of unlimited power, beauty and success, the extremely sensitive to criticism, strong sense of privileges and use nature of human relationships.
Research on narcissistic personality in foreign countries has been widely concerned, and generated a great deal of valuable results. However, research on narcissistic personality in our country has only just begun, in addition to small quantities of sociology and literary point of view, the psychological professional research on narcissistic Personality is Relative low. This paper aims to expand China's research on narcissistic personality in the field of psychology, and provide a theoretical basis for the training of college student's healthy personality. On the basis of the review of lots of literature, this study proposed the theoretical assumptions of narcissistic personality structure. This study translated and revised the Chinese version of overt narcissism personality inventory and covert narcissism personality inventory in undergraduates. In order to inspect the general characteristics of college student's narcissistic Personality and understand the impact of narcissistic personality on self-esteem and subjective well-being in undergraduates, this study also did a survey research on college students with the use of the new revised inventory. The results showed that:
(1) The revised Chinese version of undergraduates overt narcissism personality inventory and undergraduates covert narcissism personality inventory has good reliability and validity.
(2) In overt narcissism, male college students major in arts are significantly higher than male college students major in science; In covert narcissism, college students major in science are significantly higher than college students major in arts. Overt and covert narcissistic personality are not significantly different in gender. There is no significant differences in overt and covert narcissistic personality whether or not only one child in family. In overt narcissism, there is no significant difference between different grades; in covert narcissism, there exists significant differences between grades, and the degree of covert narcissism in grade three is significantly higher than it in other grades.
(3) Overt narcissism is positively related to self-esteem and subjective well-being; covert narcissism is negatively related to self-esteem and subjective well-being. Overt and covert narcissism not only can affect subjective well-being directly, but also can indirectly affect it through the regulation of self-esteem.
引文
[1]Pulver.Narcissism:The term and the concept[J].Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,1970,18:319-341.
[2]Robert Raskin,Howard Terry.A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(5):890-902.
[3]Kohut.Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage[J].Psychoanalytic Study of the Child,1972,27:360-400.
[4]Kernberg.Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities[J].Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,1970,18:51-85.
[5]Rathvon,Holmstrom.An MMPI-2 portrait of narcissism[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,,1996,66(1):1-19.
[6]Michael John Meier,David Royse.Exploring narcissism in a group of male batterers[D].USA:Dissertation for the degree of Doctor at the University of Kentucky,2003.
[7]Robert Raskin,Calvin S.Hall.The narcissistic personality inventoy:alternate form reliability and further evidence of construct validity[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1981,159-162.
[8]Frederick Rhodewalt,Stacy K.Eddings.Narcissus reflects:memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high and low narcissistic men[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2002,36:97-116.
[9]Emmons R A.Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1984,48:291-300.
[10]Joshua D.Foster,W.Keith Campbell.Are there such things as "narcissists" in social psychology.'?A taxometric analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory [J].Personality and Individual Differences,2007,1-12.
[11]Morf & Rhodewalt.Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism:A dynamic self-regulatory processing model[J].Psychological Inquiry,2001,12:177-196.
[12]黄藜,郑涌.大学生自恋人格及其与心理健康的相关研究[D].西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[13]Peter M.del Rosario,Royce M.White.The narcissistic personality inventory:test-retest stability and internal consistency[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2005,39:1075-1081.
[14] Thomas S. Kubaych, Ian J.Deary, Elizabeth J .Austin. The narcissistic personality inventory: factor structure in a non-clinical sample [J]. Personality and Individual Differences,2004,36:857-872.
[15] Juliska Kansi. The narcissistic personality inventory: applicability in a Swedish population sample [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,2003,44:441-448
[16] Peter Strelan. Who forgives others,themselves,and situations?The roles of narcissism,guilt,self-esteem,and agreeableness [J]. Personality and Individual Differences,2007,42:259-269.
[17] Christopher, Sarah, Grafeman. The relations among narcissism,self-esteem,and delinquency in a sample of at-risk adolescents [J]. Journal of Adolescence,2006.
[18] Wink. Two faces of narcissism [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,61:590-597.
[19] Watson, Morris. Self-reported narcissism and perfectionism:an ego-psychological perspective and the continuum hypothesis [J]. Imagination,Cognition and Personality,2000,19:59-69.
[20] Morey,Waugh,&Blashfield. MMPI scales for DSM-III personality disorders:Their derivation and correlates [J]. Journal of Personality Assessment ,1985,49:245-251.
[21] Wink,Gough. New narcissism scales for the California Psychological Inventory and MMPI [J]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1990,54:446-463.
[22] Ashby,Lee,Duke. A narcissistic personality disorder MMPI scale [R]. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association(87~(th),NewYork,September,1979).
[23] Pepper. Judgmental subscales for the MF scale of the MMPI. Unpublished manuscript,1958.
[24] Serkownek K. Subscales for scale 5 and 0 of the MMPI[J]. Journal of Personality Assessment,1975.
[25] Hendin,&Cheek. Assessing hypersensitive Narcissism:A reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale[J]. Journal of Research in Personality, 1997,31:588-599.
[26] Emmons R A. Narcissism: Theory and Measurement [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1987,52:11-17.
[27] Raskin,&Hall. A narcissistic personality inventory [J]. Psychological Reports,1979,45:590.
[28]Susan,Hickman,PJ.Watson.Optimism,pessimism,and the complexity of narcissism[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1995,20(4):521-525.
[29]Robert Raskin,Calvin S.Hall.The narcissistic personality inventoy:alternate form reliability and further evidence of construct validity[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1981,159-162.
[30]Daniel R.Ames,Paul Rose,Cameron P.Anderson.The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2006,40:440-450.
[31]Paul Rose.The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2002,379-391.
[32]周帆,王登峰.人格特质与显性自尊和隐性自尊的关系[J].心理学报,2005,37(1):100-105.
[33]Greenwald,Banaji.Implicit social cognition:Attitude,self-esteem,and stereotypes [J].Psychological Review,1995,102(1):4-27.
[34]张兴贵.人格与主观幸福感关系的研究述评[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2005,42(3):99-103.
[35]Diener,E.et al..Subjective well-being:the decades of progress[J].Psychological Bulletin,1999,125(2):276-302.v[36]Diener E.Personality,culture,and subjective well-being:emotional and cognitive evaluations of life[J].Annual Review of Psychology,2003,54:403-425
[37]Jahoda.The Happy Personality:A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality and Well-being[J].Psychology Bulletin,1998,124(2):197-229.
[38]Brickman.Traits can be powerful,but.are not enough:lessons from subjective well-being[J].Journal of Research in Personality,1996,30(3):389-399.
[39]Wessman.Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54:31-39.
[40]郑日昌,蔡永红,周益群.心理测量学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1998:29-30.
[41]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:30.
[42]Ferrari.J.R.Psychometric validation of two procrastination inventories for adults:arousal and avoidance measures[J].Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,1992,14(2):97-110.
[43]汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M].北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,1999.
[44]潘玉进.教育与心理统计[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005.
[45]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002.
[46]Heiserman,&Cook.Narcissism,affect,and gender:An empirical examination of Kernberg's and Kohut's theories of narcissism[J].Psychoanalytic Psychology,1998,15:74-92.
[47]Foster,Campbell,&Twenge.Individual differences in narcissism:inflated self-view across the lifespan and around the word[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2003,37:469-486.
[48]Joshua D.Foster,W.Keith Campbell.Are there such things as "narcissists" in social psychology?A taxometric analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory [J].Personality and Individual Differences,2007,1-12.
[49]Frederick Rhodewalt,Michael W.Tragakis,Justin Finnerty.Narcissism and self-handicapping:linking self-aggrandizement to behavior[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2006,40:573-597.
[50]Frederick Rhodewalt,Stacy K.Eddings.Narcissus reflects:memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high and low narcissistic men[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2002,36:97-116
[51]W.Keith Campbell,Glenn D.Reeder,Constantine Sedikides.Narcissism and comparative self-enhancement strategies[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2000,34:329-347.
[2]Robert Raskin,Howard Terry.A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(5):890-902.
[3]Kohut.Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage[J].Psychoanalytic Study of the Child,1972,27:360-400.
[4]Kernberg.Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities[J].Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,1970,18:51-85.
[5]Rathvon,Holmstrom.An MMPI-2 portrait of narcissism[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,,1996,66(1):1-19.
[6]Michael John Meier,David Royse.Exploring narcissism in a group of male batterers[D].USA:Dissertation for the degree of Doctor at the University of Kentucky,2003.
[7]Robert Raskin,Calvin S.Hall.The narcissistic personality inventoy:alternate form reliability and further evidence of construct validity[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1981,159-162.
[8]Frederick Rhodewalt,Stacy K.Eddings.Narcissus reflects:memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high and low narcissistic men[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2002,36:97-116.
[9]Emmons R A.Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1984,48:291-300.
[10]Joshua D.Foster,W.Keith Campbell.Are there such things as "narcissists" in social psychology.'?A taxometric analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory [J].Personality and Individual Differences,2007,1-12.
[11]Morf & Rhodewalt.Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism:A dynamic self-regulatory processing model[J].Psychological Inquiry,2001,12:177-196.
[12]黄藜,郑涌.大学生自恋人格及其与心理健康的相关研究[D].西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[13]Peter M.del Rosario,Royce M.White.The narcissistic personality inventory:test-retest stability and internal consistency[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2005,39:1075-1081.
[14] Thomas S. Kubaych, Ian J.Deary, Elizabeth J .Austin. The narcissistic personality inventory: factor structure in a non-clinical sample [J]. Personality and Individual Differences,2004,36:857-872.
[15] Juliska Kansi. The narcissistic personality inventory: applicability in a Swedish population sample [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,2003,44:441-448
[16] Peter Strelan. Who forgives others,themselves,and situations?The roles of narcissism,guilt,self-esteem,and agreeableness [J]. Personality and Individual Differences,2007,42:259-269.
[17] Christopher, Sarah, Grafeman. The relations among narcissism,self-esteem,and delinquency in a sample of at-risk adolescents [J]. Journal of Adolescence,2006.
[18] Wink. Two faces of narcissism [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,61:590-597.
[19] Watson, Morris. Self-reported narcissism and perfectionism:an ego-psychological perspective and the continuum hypothesis [J]. Imagination,Cognition and Personality,2000,19:59-69.
[20] Morey,Waugh,&Blashfield. MMPI scales for DSM-III personality disorders:Their derivation and correlates [J]. Journal of Personality Assessment ,1985,49:245-251.
[21] Wink,Gough. New narcissism scales for the California Psychological Inventory and MMPI [J]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1990,54:446-463.
[22] Ashby,Lee,Duke. A narcissistic personality disorder MMPI scale [R]. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association(87~(th),NewYork,September,1979).
[23] Pepper. Judgmental subscales for the MF scale of the MMPI. Unpublished manuscript,1958.
[24] Serkownek K. Subscales for scale 5 and 0 of the MMPI[J]. Journal of Personality Assessment,1975.
[25] Hendin,&Cheek. Assessing hypersensitive Narcissism:A reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale[J]. Journal of Research in Personality, 1997,31:588-599.
[26] Emmons R A. Narcissism: Theory and Measurement [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1987,52:11-17.
[27] Raskin,&Hall. A narcissistic personality inventory [J]. Psychological Reports,1979,45:590.
[28]Susan,Hickman,PJ.Watson.Optimism,pessimism,and the complexity of narcissism[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1995,20(4):521-525.
[29]Robert Raskin,Calvin S.Hall.The narcissistic personality inventoy:alternate form reliability and further evidence of construct validity[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1981,159-162.
[30]Daniel R.Ames,Paul Rose,Cameron P.Anderson.The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2006,40:440-450.
[31]Paul Rose.The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2002,379-391.
[32]周帆,王登峰.人格特质与显性自尊和隐性自尊的关系[J].心理学报,2005,37(1):100-105.
[33]Greenwald,Banaji.Implicit social cognition:Attitude,self-esteem,and stereotypes [J].Psychological Review,1995,102(1):4-27.
[34]张兴贵.人格与主观幸福感关系的研究述评[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2005,42(3):99-103.
[35]Diener,E.et al..Subjective well-being:the decades of progress[J].Psychological Bulletin,1999,125(2):276-302.v[36]Diener E.Personality,culture,and subjective well-being:emotional and cognitive evaluations of life[J].Annual Review of Psychology,2003,54:403-425
[37]Jahoda.The Happy Personality:A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality and Well-being[J].Psychology Bulletin,1998,124(2):197-229.
[38]Brickman.Traits can be powerful,but.are not enough:lessons from subjective well-being[J].Journal of Research in Personality,1996,30(3):389-399.
[39]Wessman.Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54:31-39.
[40]郑日昌,蔡永红,周益群.心理测量学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1998:29-30.
[41]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:30.
[42]Ferrari.J.R.Psychometric validation of two procrastination inventories for adults:arousal and avoidance measures[J].Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,1992,14(2):97-110.
[43]汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M].北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,1999.
[44]潘玉进.教育与心理统计[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005.
[45]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002.
[46]Heiserman,&Cook.Narcissism,affect,and gender:An empirical examination of Kernberg's and Kohut's theories of narcissism[J].Psychoanalytic Psychology,1998,15:74-92.
[47]Foster,Campbell,&Twenge.Individual differences in narcissism:inflated self-view across the lifespan and around the word[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2003,37:469-486.
[48]Joshua D.Foster,W.Keith Campbell.Are there such things as "narcissists" in social psychology?A taxometric analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory [J].Personality and Individual Differences,2007,1-12.
[49]Frederick Rhodewalt,Michael W.Tragakis,Justin Finnerty.Narcissism and self-handicapping:linking self-aggrandizement to behavior[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2006,40:573-597.
[50]Frederick Rhodewalt,Stacy K.Eddings.Narcissus reflects:memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high and low narcissistic men[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2002,36:97-116
[51]W.Keith Campbell,Glenn D.Reeder,Constantine Sedikides.Narcissism and comparative self-enhancement strategies[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2000,34:329-347.