塔里木盆地古生代张性正断裂判识及其油气地质意义
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摘要
塔里木盆地断裂带中发育了60%以上的油气圈闭,这些圈闭的形成大多与断裂密切相关。断裂识别及其演化研究是落实圈闭和评价圈闭有效性的重要因素及内容。目前对塔里木盆地古生代张性正断裂的研究尚少。因此,针对塔里木盆地古生代正断裂的判识及其油气地质意义进行系统、全面、深入的研究是非常必要的。
     本文以板块构造理论为指导,以现有的区域地质、物探、钻井、地震、地层等综合资料为基础,以地震解释、断裂演化为主要依托,以张性正断层判识方法为手段,识别出古生代张性正断裂,分析其剖面特征、平面展布特征、对典型(主干)古生代张性正断裂进行精细刻画和演化分析。在此基础上,分析古生代张性正断裂对沉积、后期断裂演化的控制和影响,结合前人关于油气演化的成果,探讨古生代张性断裂与油气的关系。取得了以下主要结论与认识:
     (1)运用张性正断裂综合判识方法,首次在塔里木盆地全盆范围内系统识别了古生代张性正断裂,共50余条。
     (2)现今仍保持正断层形态的早期正断层,往往向下断入基底,向上只断入寒武系,至多断入奥陶系,这类断层活动时期为加里东早期,未受后期构造运动明显影响。断层一旦断穿奥陶系,则多数将持续受加里东中晚期,海西期构造运动的改造,继承性逆冲,部分甚至持续活动至喜马拉雅期。总体上看,早期张性正断层,后期继承性活动发生正反转的断层占多数。
     (3)早古生代张性正断裂主要集中于塔北、塔中、巴楚三大古隆起,这一定程度上与这三大古隆起地震资料相对其它地区丰富有关,但仅从贯穿全的盆23条区域大剖面看,这三大古隆起的张性正断层也相对较多。总体来看,盆地早古生代主要发育了一系列北西向、北北西向及北西西向张性正断裂,这正好验证了加里东早期,塔里木盆地存在北东-南西方向的拉张应力。
     (4)晚古生代张性断裂较早古生代少很多,在塔里木盆地只有零星分布,且主要集中于巴楚-塔中地区,在顺托果勒地区,有一系列的规模较小的张性断层。需要指出的是,一些断层在海西晚期是逆断裂形态,但却是伸展开启状,态这种断层,我也把它归入张性断裂里面。整体上看,断裂多呈北西-南东向展布,说明在海西晚期,塔里木盆地存在北东-南西方向的拉张应力。需要说明的,是晚古生代的张性断裂多发育于早中二叠世,由于断裂开启,多沿这种张性断裂有玄武岩喷发。
     (5)认为轮台断裂、阿克库木断裂、阿克库勒断裂、艾丁西2号断裂、塔中I号断裂、塔中Ⅱ号断裂、塔中10井断裂、塔中22井断裂、塘北断裂、色力布亚断裂、康塔枯木断裂、古董山断裂、玛扎塔格断裂、卡拉沙依断裂、吐木休克断裂等断裂都是早古生代张性正断裂。色力布亚断裂、康塔库木断裂、玛扎塔格断裂、卡拉沙依断裂一直到早中二叠世都是张性正断裂,吐木休克断裂在早中二叠世时期虽是逆断裂形态,但却是伸展开启状态,也可称之为张性断裂。
     (6)早古生代张性正断裂对同期及其后期地层的沉积起控制作用;是后期断裂演化的基础,是现今断裂构造带的雏形;古生代张性正断裂影响了后期局部构造和圈闭的形成,可以作为油气运移的通道,沿晚古生代张性断裂喷发的早二叠世的火山岩,对前期形成的油气藏起到了破坏作用。
More than 60% oil and gas traps had been found in Tarim Basin fault zone, thesetraps are closely related to faults. The identification and evolution of fracture isimportant element and content. There are few studies about palaeozoic tensionalnormal fault of in Tarim Basin. Therefore,the study for the identification of thesefaults and their relationship with oil and gas systems is very necessary.
     Guided by the theory of plate tectonics ,this thesis using the existing regionalgeological, geophysical, drilling, seismic, formation data as the base. Using seismicinterpretation technology identify the Paleozoic tensional normal fault to analyze theprofile characteristics, planar distribution of these fault. On this basis, analyzing theinfluence of tensional normal faults to Paleozoic sediment and anaphase faults.Combining with research production of predecessor about the evolution of oil and gasis to investigate the relationship between Paleozoic tensional fractures andhydrocarbons .Made the following main conclusions:
     (1) Applying comprehensive method for identifying tensional normal fault , thisthesis identified more than 50 palaeozoic tensional normal faults for the first time inthe Tarim basin
     (2) Today,the normal faults who keeping the early conformation often brokendown into the basement, only break up into Cambrian strata, or Ordovician strata. Theactive time of these faults is early Caledonian movement ,who was not influenced byLater tectonic movement. but if these faults break up into Ordovician strata,theywould be influenced by late Caledonian and Hercynian tectonic movement. some ofthese fault kept activities until Himalayan. Overall, the palaeozoic tensional normalfaults who kept activities after early Caledonian movement most changed into thrustfault reversed.
     (3) Early Paleozoic tensional normal fault mainly in the three ancient uplift: Tabei、Tazhong and Bachu uplift is relevant to the Seismic Data of three ancient upliftrelative wealth than other regions, but throughout the entire basin of the 23 regionallarge section , this three paleouplift normal faults are relatively high too. Overall,early Paleozoic basin development of a series of major NW, NNW and WNW tensionfaults, it just proved that there was NE - SW direction of tensile stress in Caledonianearly in Tarim Basin.
     (4) The late Paleozoic extension fracture is much less in the early Paleozoic,tarim basin only scattered,they only sporadically distributed in tarim basin.In顺托国勒area,there has a series of smaller piece of externtion fault.It should be pointed outthat, some faults are thrust faults in late hercynian, but extend open on state。This kindof faults, I also put it into externtion fracture.Overall, the faults in north west from thesouth east,It shows that there is pull stress from north east to south west In latehercynian of tarim basin.It should be pointed out that,the faults of the late Paleozoicare developed.In the early Permian,Due to the fault of the open,there are many timesBasalt eruption along with this externtion faults.
     (5) I think that Luntai fault, akkum fault, Akekule fault, Aiding Xi 2 fault, TowerI fault, tower, towerⅡfault, tower 10 wells fault, tower 22 fault, Tangbei fault,Serikbuya fault, Contador Kumu fault, Antique Hill fault, Mazhatage fault, Kalashayifault, Contador Kumu fault,Tumxuk fault, etc. All of these faults are early Paleozoicexterntion fault.Serikbuya fault,Mazhatage fault and Kalashayi fault are externtionfault until the early Permian.The Tumxuk fault is Inverse fault morphology in thePeriod of the early Permian,but Extension open on state,so also called externtion fault.
     (6) Early Paleozoic externtion faults have a Control to the corresponding periodand late sedimentary formation.It is not only the foundation of evolution in faults butalso the rudiment of fault tectonic belt today.Paleozoic externtion fault affected latelocal structure and the form of trap,they can be used as hydrocarbon migrationchannels. Early Permian volcanic rock which eruption along with this Paleozoicexterntion faults have destroied The formation of the reservoir.
引文
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