乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心羊牲育肥官员（Kuru（？）da）那鲁的档案重建
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摘要
乌尔第三王朝国王舒勒吉在其统治的第38年建立了大型的贡牲中心—普兹瑞什达干司(é-Puzrish-Dagan),其遗址位于现代伊拉克的德莱海姆(Drehem)。贡牲中心建立的原因是乌尔王权日益强大,各地向国王进贡的动物日益增多,王室和各地总督经常向各种神明奉献牺牲;同时,宫廷和其他王室官员以及士兵食用也需要大量的羊牲。这些接收和支出工作需要一个专门的机构来管理。普兹瑞什达干(Drehem)地处供奉“众神之王”恩利勒的尼普尔城和众神之后宁利勒的图马勒庙区之间,因此被选为中心的所在地。普兹瑞什达干司是古代两河流域影响深远的一个贡牲中心,在乌尔第三王朝的经济管理体系中占有十分重要地位。
本文重建了贡牲中心育肥羊牲官员那鲁的档案。目前,我们收集到的德莱海姆出土的那鲁文献共有1159个。论文分为上下两卷:上卷首先介绍了贡牲中心的设立经过和设立意义,列举了那鲁的主要工作地点、工作经历和工作联系人,分析了乌尔王朝祭祀活动;下卷对收集到的那鲁的原始文献按时间顺序进行排列和重建,并附有楔形文字拉丁化、英文翻译和中文翻译。
通过对那鲁文献档案的重建和分析可知:那鲁文件在贡牲中心出现的时间(即他的工作时间)从舒勒吉26年到舒辛6年1月6日,共38年。虽然没有发现那鲁的印章,通过文献知道他在贡牲中心的头衔是“育肥师”。那鲁从中心总管那里接管育肥和普通的羊牲,放在自己麾下的羊圈用大麦饲养、育肥。那鲁在4个城市:乌尔(王朝的首都)、尼普尔(宗教中心)、乌鲁克(第三大城市)和图马勒都有自己临时的羊圈,这些地方都是乌尔王朝的重要城市。那鲁育肥合格的羊牲用来祭祀神明、满足王室日常需要以及招待外国使节。未育肥的淘汰级的羊牲交给中心总管那萨和普通羊圈官员乌尔库侬那。死去的羊牲(偶尔也有育肥羊牲)转交给专门负责管理死牲的官员。和那鲁工作联系比较紧密的官员有:贡牲中心的4任总管舒勒吉时期的匿名官员和那萨、阿马尔辛时期的阿巴萨旮、舒辛时期的尹塔埃阿;王家兽苑官员杜旮;接收死牲的官员乌尔尼旮尔和舒勒吉乌如穆等等。此外,那鲁还接收大麦作为育肥羊的饲料,把多余的大麦转交给其他官员;登记并转交自己羊圈中生产的羊毛。
那鲁是贡牲中心比较重要的官员,他是舒勒吉、阿马尔辛和舒辛三朝元老。那鲁的工作生涯同时见证了贡牲中心由盛到衰的过程。那鲁为王朝各种祭祀活动提供育肥羊牲祭品,为我们研究乌尔王朝祭祀提供了最原始、最直接的第一手材料。
A large animal tribute center by the name of the Office of Puzri?-Dagan, which is nowthe Drehem site in Iraq, was built by the king ?ulgi of Ur III dynasty at his 39th year’sdominance. The reason for establishing this animal center was that the Ur III dynasty royalfamily, court officials, the governors and nobles of the cities needed an office to manage theiranimal sacrifices, which were frequently offered to the deities in Nippur, Uruk and Ur.Simultaneously the palace and the officials of the royal court as well as the soldiers alsoneeded the massive domestic animals as foods. The receiving and withdrawals of the largeamount of animals required the special accounting office.é-Puzri?-Dagan, which was near tothe religious center of Nippur and Tummal, therefore was elected as the place of the RoyalAnimal Center. The Office of Puzri?-Dagan was the famous animal managing center inancient Mesopotamia and studying its documents will be the most important task forunderstanding the palace economyof Ur III Dynasty.
The work in this paper is to reconstruct the documents of Nalu, who was the fattener ofthe tribute animal center. There are 1159 texts of the archives of Nalu in this part. This bookhas been devided into tow parts. Part one give the analysis of the work of Nalu. Part towreconstructed the archive of Nalu according to the chronological order, and presented in threelanguages: 1) Sumerian transliterations, 2) English translations, and 3) Chinese translations.From the archive we know that the name of Nalu appeared in Drehem texts in the period fromthe 26th year of ?ulgi to the 1st month of the 6th year of ?u-Sin, altogether 38 years.Unfortunately, we didn’t find Nalu’s seal, but from the texts, we know that he was the kuru?da(the fattener) in the tribute Animal Center. Nalu received from the central administrationsheep which were fattened with barley. According to this fact we assume that Nalu maintaineda sheepfold. From the documents of Nalu we know that he maintained sheepfold in Ur, Uruk,Nippur and Tummal. The texts in the early period of his career show that Nalu was closelyrelated to the sheepfold in Tummal. After the 46rd year of ?ulgi, Nalu was mentioned inDrehem texts in connection with Nippur, Ur and Uruk, not Tummal. In those cities, Naluwithdrew the fattened sheep for the deities, the royal and the foreigner. He withdrew the deadsheep to the kitchen officials Urnigar and ?ulgi-urumu.
Nalu was an important official in the tribute Animal Center. Not only he worked for along time but also he offered lievstock to deities. From his work, we can known the offeringand sacrifice of the Ur III.
本文重建了贡牲中心育肥羊牲官员那鲁的档案。目前,我们收集到的德莱海姆出土的那鲁文献共有1159个。论文分为上下两卷:上卷首先介绍了贡牲中心的设立经过和设立意义,列举了那鲁的主要工作地点、工作经历和工作联系人,分析了乌尔王朝祭祀活动;下卷对收集到的那鲁的原始文献按时间顺序进行排列和重建,并附有楔形文字拉丁化、英文翻译和中文翻译。
通过对那鲁文献档案的重建和分析可知:那鲁文件在贡牲中心出现的时间(即他的工作时间)从舒勒吉26年到舒辛6年1月6日,共38年。虽然没有发现那鲁的印章,通过文献知道他在贡牲中心的头衔是“育肥师”。那鲁从中心总管那里接管育肥和普通的羊牲,放在自己麾下的羊圈用大麦饲养、育肥。那鲁在4个城市:乌尔(王朝的首都)、尼普尔(宗教中心)、乌鲁克(第三大城市)和图马勒都有自己临时的羊圈,这些地方都是乌尔王朝的重要城市。那鲁育肥合格的羊牲用来祭祀神明、满足王室日常需要以及招待外国使节。未育肥的淘汰级的羊牲交给中心总管那萨和普通羊圈官员乌尔库侬那。死去的羊牲(偶尔也有育肥羊牲)转交给专门负责管理死牲的官员。和那鲁工作联系比较紧密的官员有:贡牲中心的4任总管舒勒吉时期的匿名官员和那萨、阿马尔辛时期的阿巴萨旮、舒辛时期的尹塔埃阿;王家兽苑官员杜旮;接收死牲的官员乌尔尼旮尔和舒勒吉乌如穆等等。此外,那鲁还接收大麦作为育肥羊的饲料,把多余的大麦转交给其他官员;登记并转交自己羊圈中生产的羊毛。
那鲁是贡牲中心比较重要的官员,他是舒勒吉、阿马尔辛和舒辛三朝元老。那鲁的工作生涯同时见证了贡牲中心由盛到衰的过程。那鲁为王朝各种祭祀活动提供育肥羊牲祭品,为我们研究乌尔王朝祭祀提供了最原始、最直接的第一手材料。
A large animal tribute center by the name of the Office of Puzri?-Dagan, which is nowthe Drehem site in Iraq, was built by the king ?ulgi of Ur III dynasty at his 39th year’sdominance. The reason for establishing this animal center was that the Ur III dynasty royalfamily, court officials, the governors and nobles of the cities needed an office to manage theiranimal sacrifices, which were frequently offered to the deities in Nippur, Uruk and Ur.Simultaneously the palace and the officials of the royal court as well as the soldiers alsoneeded the massive domestic animals as foods. The receiving and withdrawals of the largeamount of animals required the special accounting office.é-Puzri?-Dagan, which was near tothe religious center of Nippur and Tummal, therefore was elected as the place of the RoyalAnimal Center. The Office of Puzri?-Dagan was the famous animal managing center inancient Mesopotamia and studying its documents will be the most important task forunderstanding the palace economyof Ur III Dynasty.
The work in this paper is to reconstruct the documents of Nalu, who was the fattener ofthe tribute animal center. There are 1159 texts of the archives of Nalu in this part. This bookhas been devided into tow parts. Part one give the analysis of the work of Nalu. Part towreconstructed the archive of Nalu according to the chronological order, and presented in threelanguages: 1) Sumerian transliterations, 2) English translations, and 3) Chinese translations.From the archive we know that the name of Nalu appeared in Drehem texts in the period fromthe 26th year of ?ulgi to the 1st month of the 6th year of ?u-Sin, altogether 38 years.Unfortunately, we didn’t find Nalu’s seal, but from the texts, we know that he was the kuru?da(the fattener) in the tribute Animal Center. Nalu received from the central administrationsheep which were fattened with barley. According to this fact we assume that Nalu maintaineda sheepfold. From the documents of Nalu we know that he maintained sheepfold in Ur, Uruk,Nippur and Tummal. The texts in the early period of his career show that Nalu was closelyrelated to the sheepfold in Tummal. After the 46rd year of ?ulgi, Nalu was mentioned inDrehem texts in connection with Nippur, Ur and Uruk, not Tummal. In those cities, Naluwithdrew the fattened sheep for the deities, the royal and the foreigner. He withdrew the deadsheep to the kitchen officials Urnigar and ?ulgi-urumu.
Nalu was an important official in the tribute Animal Center. Not only he worked for along time but also he offered lievstock to deities. From his work, we can known the offeringand sacrifice of the Ur III.
引文
1现代伊拉克的德莱海姆Drehem。
2刘文鹏主编:《古代西亚北非文明》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第242页。
1具体内容见Wu Yuhong, Naran-ili, ?u-Kabta and Nawir-lum in the Archives of ?ar?ana, Puzri?-Dagan and Umma, JAC, Changchun, 2008, vol. 23, p.1-36.
1关于这些地方月名的具体内容见吴宇虹:“Calendar Synchronization and Intercalary Months in Umma, Puzri?-Dagan,Nippur, Lagash and Ur during the Ur III Period”,《乌尔第三王朝时期温马、普孜瑞什达干、尼普尔、拉旮什和乌尔各城年历的同步和闰月研究》,JAC 17,《古代文明杂志》17卷, 2002年,113-134页。
2具体内容见吴宇虹:“How did they change from Mashda Calendar to Akiti Calendar from Shulgi 45-48 inPuzrish-Dagan”,《舒勒吉四十五年至四十八年间在普孜瑞什达干的发生的年历变化》JAC 15,《古代文明杂志》15卷,2000年, 79-92页。
1刘文鹏主编:《古代西亚北非文明》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1999年,两河流域部分:第242页。
1 Politi. J. &Verderame. L. The Drehem Texts in the British Museum, Nisaba 8, DI. Sc.A. M. Messina 2005, p. 1.
1 Tohru Gomi.“Bringing (mu-túm) livestock and the Puzurish-Dagan organization in the Ur III dynasty”, ASJ 11, 1989, p.69-110.
2关于那冉伊里的内容详见齐兵的硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心运送官员那冉伊里的档案重建》。
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[4] Wu Yuhong. Narm-ili, ?u-Kabta and Nawir-ilum in the Archives of ?ar?ana, Puzri?-Dagan and Umma [J]. Changchun:The Institute for the HistoryofAncient Civilizations, 2008 (23): 1-37.
[5] Yoshikawa Mamoru. An Agricultural Festival in Tummal in the Ur III Period [J]. Jounal of ACTASumerological, 1986 (8): 121-132.
[6]Yoshikawa Mamoru. Look forTummal [J]. Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1989, 11: 285-304.
[7] Yoshikawa Mamoru. Inanna Repenting: The Conclusion of Inanna’s Descent [J]. Jounal of ACTASumerological, 1996 (18): 1-18.
[8] Tohru Gomi. The Calendars of Ur and Puzri?-Dagān in the Early Ur-III Period [J]. Jounal of ACTA Sumerological, 1979, 1: 1-11.
[9] Tohru Gomi. Bringing (mu-túm) livestock and the Puzurish-Dagan organization in the Ur III dynasty [J].Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1989, 11: 69-110.
[10] Tonia Momi. Sharlach, Provincial Taxation and the Ur III State [M]. Netherland, Styx/koninklijke BrillNV, 2004, p.105-170.
[11] Amar A. The God Ninurtar——in the Mythology and Royal Ideology of Ancient Mesopotamia [M].Finland:The Neo-Assyrian TextCorpus Project , 2002.
[12] Diane W, Samuel N K. Inanna——Queen of Heaven and Earth [M]. New York: Harper & Row,Publishers, Inc, 1983.115-201.
[13] Samuel N K. The Sumerian——Their History, Culture, and Character [M], Chicago & London, TheUniversityof Chicago Press, 1963.
[14] Richard L. Field Plans fromthe Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur [J]. Jounal of ACTASumerological,1989, 11: 305-309.
[15] Kang, S T. Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive [M]. Chicago: University of IllinoisPress, 1972. 238-270.
[16] Henrietta M C. Mesopotamian Myths [M]. London:British Museum1995.
[17] Marcel Sigrist, Gomi Tohru. The Comprehensive Catalogue of Published Ur III Tablets [M], Maryland:CDLPress Bethesda, 1991.
[18] Bottéro J. Religion inAncient Mesopotamia [M], Chicago:The Universityof Chicago Press, 2001.
[19] Roux G.Ancient Iraq [M], GreatBritin: GeorgeAllen & Unwin Ltd, 1977.
[20] Roaf M. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East [M], New York: Equinox (Oxford)Ltd, 1990.
[21] Setsuku O.An Agricultural Festival in Tumma in the Ur III Period [J], Jounal ofACTASumerological,1986, 8:121-132.
[22] Bendt A. Inanna Repenting: The Conclusion of Inanna’s Descent [J], Jounal of ACTA Sumerological,1996, 18: 1-18.
[23] Dina K. How Dumuzi Became Inanna’s Victim: On the Formation of“Inanna’s Descent”[J], Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1979, 1: 93-102.
[24] Setsuko O. On the Function of the Ma?kim[J], Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1983, 5:113-126.
[25] Mcguige Gibson, Prosbert D. Biggs, The Organization of Power Aspects of Bureaucracy in theAncientNear East[M], Chicago,The University of Chicaglo, 1991.
[26] Douglas Frayne, Ur III Period [M], London, UniversityofToronto, 1997.
[27] Wilcke. C. Sumerische literarische Texte in Manchester und Liverpool [J], Graz, Archiv fürOrientforschung, 1973.
1.戴尔·布朗主编,王淑芳译:《苏美尔—伊甸园的城市》华夏出版社2001
2.刘家和廖学盛主编:《世界古代文明史研究导论》高等教育出版社2001
3.米辰峰主编:《世界古代史》中国人民大学出版社2001
4. H和H .A·法兰克福特,约翰·威尔森,陶克尔德·亚科布森著,郭丹彤译:《人类思想发展史—关于古代近东思辨思想》黑龙江出版社2005
5.刘文鹏:《古代西亚北非文明》中国社会科学出版社1999
6.拱玉书:《日出东方—苏美尔文明探秘》云南人民出版社2001
7. [英]哈里特·克劳福德著,张文立译:《神秘的苏美尔人》浙江人民出版社2000
8.吴于廑齐世荣朱寰:《世界史——古代史(上卷)》高等教育出版社1994
9.施治生郭方主编:《古代民主与共和制度》中国社会科学出版社1998
10.朱寰主编:《上古中世纪史》北京大学出版社1990
11.朱寰王建吉等主编:《世界上古中世史教学参考手册》北京大学出版社1990
12.威廉·兰格主编高望之等译:《世界史编年手册》三联书店1978
13.齐兵硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心运送官员那冉伊里的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2005年6月。
14.杨柳凌硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心羊圈管理官员乌尔库努那的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2006年6月。
15.杨勇硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心羊牲管理官员阿胡尼的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2007年12月。
16.齐宵硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心羊圈管理官员乌尔库努那的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2008年6月。
17.谢胜杰硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心牛圈管理官员恩里拉的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2006年5月。
18.王颖杰:《宁乌尔塔神小议》,《历史教学》2008年第12期。
19.刘文荣:《古代中国与古希腊祭祀对象之比较》,《安徽文学》,2009年第2期。
2刘文鹏主编:《古代西亚北非文明》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第242页。
1具体内容见Wu Yuhong, Naran-ili, ?u-Kabta and Nawir-lum in the Archives of ?ar?ana, Puzri?-Dagan and Umma, JAC, Changchun, 2008, vol. 23, p.1-36.
1关于这些地方月名的具体内容见吴宇虹:“Calendar Synchronization and Intercalary Months in Umma, Puzri?-Dagan,Nippur, Lagash and Ur during the Ur III Period”,《乌尔第三王朝时期温马、普孜瑞什达干、尼普尔、拉旮什和乌尔各城年历的同步和闰月研究》,JAC 17,《古代文明杂志》17卷, 2002年,113-134页。
2具体内容见吴宇虹:“How did they change from Mashda Calendar to Akiti Calendar from Shulgi 45-48 inPuzrish-Dagan”,《舒勒吉四十五年至四十八年间在普孜瑞什达干的发生的年历变化》JAC 15,《古代文明杂志》15卷,2000年, 79-92页。
1刘文鹏主编:《古代西亚北非文明》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1999年,两河流域部分:第242页。
1 Politi. J. &Verderame. L. The Drehem Texts in the British Museum, Nisaba 8, DI. Sc.A. M. Messina 2005, p. 1.
1 Tohru Gomi.“Bringing (mu-túm) livestock and the Puzurish-Dagan organization in the Ur III dynasty”, ASJ 11, 1989, p.69-110.
2关于那冉伊里的内容详见齐兵的硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心运送官员那冉伊里的档案重建》。
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[1] Wu Yuhong. The Ewes without Lambs and Lambs Cooked iné-uz-ga, The Private House of Kings, inthe Drehem Archives [J]. Changchun: The Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations, 1996 (2):65-111.
[2] Wu Yuhong. How did they change from Mashda Calendar to Akiti Calendar from Shulgi 45-48 inPuzri?-Dagan? [J]. Changchun:The Institute for the HistoryofAncient Civilizations, 2000 (15): 79-92.
[3] Wu Yuhong. Calendar Synchronizationand IntercalaryMonths inUmma, Puzri?-Dagan, Nippur, LagashandUr during the Ur III Period [J]. Changchun: The Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations, 2002(17): 113-134.
[4] Wu Yuhong. Narm-ili, ?u-Kabta and Nawir-ilum in the Archives of ?ar?ana, Puzri?-Dagan and Umma [J]. Changchun:The Institute for the HistoryofAncient Civilizations, 2008 (23): 1-37.
[5] Yoshikawa Mamoru. An Agricultural Festival in Tummal in the Ur III Period [J]. Jounal of ACTASumerological, 1986 (8): 121-132.
[6]Yoshikawa Mamoru. Look forTummal [J]. Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1989, 11: 285-304.
[7] Yoshikawa Mamoru. Inanna Repenting: The Conclusion of Inanna’s Descent [J]. Jounal of ACTASumerological, 1996 (18): 1-18.
[8] Tohru Gomi. The Calendars of Ur and Puzri?-Dagān in the Early Ur-III Period [J]. Jounal of ACTA Sumerological, 1979, 1: 1-11.
[9] Tohru Gomi. Bringing (mu-túm) livestock and the Puzurish-Dagan organization in the Ur III dynasty [J].Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1989, 11: 69-110.
[10] Tonia Momi. Sharlach, Provincial Taxation and the Ur III State [M]. Netherland, Styx/koninklijke BrillNV, 2004, p.105-170.
[11] Amar A. The God Ninurtar——in the Mythology and Royal Ideology of Ancient Mesopotamia [M].Finland:The Neo-Assyrian TextCorpus Project , 2002.
[12] Diane W, Samuel N K. Inanna——Queen of Heaven and Earth [M]. New York: Harper & Row,Publishers, Inc, 1983.115-201.
[13] Samuel N K. The Sumerian——Their History, Culture, and Character [M], Chicago & London, TheUniversityof Chicago Press, 1963.
[14] Richard L. Field Plans fromthe Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur [J]. Jounal of ACTASumerological,1989, 11: 305-309.
[15] Kang, S T. Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive [M]. Chicago: University of IllinoisPress, 1972. 238-270.
[16] Henrietta M C. Mesopotamian Myths [M]. London:British Museum1995.
[17] Marcel Sigrist, Gomi Tohru. The Comprehensive Catalogue of Published Ur III Tablets [M], Maryland:CDLPress Bethesda, 1991.
[18] Bottéro J. Religion inAncient Mesopotamia [M], Chicago:The Universityof Chicago Press, 2001.
[19] Roux G.Ancient Iraq [M], GreatBritin: GeorgeAllen & Unwin Ltd, 1977.
[20] Roaf M. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East [M], New York: Equinox (Oxford)Ltd, 1990.
[21] Setsuku O.An Agricultural Festival in Tumma in the Ur III Period [J], Jounal ofACTASumerological,1986, 8:121-132.
[22] Bendt A. Inanna Repenting: The Conclusion of Inanna’s Descent [J], Jounal of ACTA Sumerological,1996, 18: 1-18.
[23] Dina K. How Dumuzi Became Inanna’s Victim: On the Formation of“Inanna’s Descent”[J], Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1979, 1: 93-102.
[24] Setsuko O. On the Function of the Ma?kim[J], Jounal ofACTASumerological, 1983, 5:113-126.
[25] Mcguige Gibson, Prosbert D. Biggs, The Organization of Power Aspects of Bureaucracy in theAncientNear East[M], Chicago,The University of Chicaglo, 1991.
[26] Douglas Frayne, Ur III Period [M], London, UniversityofToronto, 1997.
[27] Wilcke. C. Sumerische literarische Texte in Manchester und Liverpool [J], Graz, Archiv fürOrientforschung, 1973.
1.戴尔·布朗主编,王淑芳译:《苏美尔—伊甸园的城市》华夏出版社2001
2.刘家和廖学盛主编:《世界古代文明史研究导论》高等教育出版社2001
3.米辰峰主编:《世界古代史》中国人民大学出版社2001
4. H和H .A·法兰克福特,约翰·威尔森,陶克尔德·亚科布森著,郭丹彤译:《人类思想发展史—关于古代近东思辨思想》黑龙江出版社2005
5.刘文鹏:《古代西亚北非文明》中国社会科学出版社1999
6.拱玉书:《日出东方—苏美尔文明探秘》云南人民出版社2001
7. [英]哈里特·克劳福德著,张文立译:《神秘的苏美尔人》浙江人民出版社2000
8.吴于廑齐世荣朱寰:《世界史——古代史(上卷)》高等教育出版社1994
9.施治生郭方主编:《古代民主与共和制度》中国社会科学出版社1998
10.朱寰主编:《上古中世纪史》北京大学出版社1990
11.朱寰王建吉等主编:《世界上古中世史教学参考手册》北京大学出版社1990
12.威廉·兰格主编高望之等译:《世界史编年手册》三联书店1978
13.齐兵硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心运送官员那冉伊里的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2005年6月。
14.杨柳凌硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心羊圈管理官员乌尔库努那的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2006年6月。
15.杨勇硕士论文《乌尔第三王朝贡牲中心羊牲管理官员阿胡尼的档案重建》东北师范大学古典所,2007年12月。
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