电磁屏蔽用导电聚吡咯薄膜的研究
|
摘要
电磁干扰(EMI)对全社会造成了危害,同时由于环氧模塑料(EMC)在电子封装上的广泛使用,使电磁干扰问题越来越严重。从电磁屏蔽材料的研究现状与发展趋势来看,导电聚吡咯(PPy)以电导率高、环境稳定性好、易于掺杂等特点可成为理想的电磁屏蔽材料。本课题以电子封装用电绝缘性环氧模塑料作为沉积PPy薄膜的基底,通过除油、粗化对基片表面的预处理和硅烷偶联剂对基片的表面改性,采用化学聚合的方法,在附有硅烷自组装膜的EMC基片表面制备得到了与基片紧密结合的均匀、连续、致密、具有良好导电性能、电磁屏蔽效能的导电PPy薄膜和兼具有磁性能和电性能的Fe_3O_4/PPy复合薄膜。使电子塑封材料具有电磁屏蔽效果,有很重要的理论和实际意义。
研究了环氧模塑料表面除油和粗化处理的工艺条件,粗化温度为85℃,粗化30min可使环氧模塑料表面微观粗糙度达到最佳。硅烷偶联剂溶液中硅烷含量、pH值及基片在其中的浸渍时间等条件对硅烷自组装薄膜的质量有影响,一般浸渍时间为10s～20min。
吡咯溶液和氧化剂FeCl_3溶液的初始浓度决定着吡咯聚合反应和过氧化反应的速率,对聚合时间及PPy薄膜的厚度、电导率、微观形貌有很大影响。探讨了PPy薄膜在EMC基片和硅烷自组装膜表面的形成机理。经过大量试验研究表明,吡咯溶液浓度和FeCl_3溶液浓度分别为4.82mol/L和1.8mol/L时,制得的PPy薄膜性能良好,电磁屏蔽效能实测值在30MHz～250MHz频率范围内为22dB左右,250MHz～1.5GHz范围内,约在17.5dB～20dB。
掺杂阴离子存在最佳掺杂量(即饱和掺杂量),在饱和掺杂量下掺杂离子能有效提高PPy分子链排列的规整性,使载流子浓度和迁移率都增大,得到较好电导率和致密性的PPy薄膜。如用I2、HClO_4、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、对甲苯磺酸钠掺杂后得到的PPy薄膜的导电率均达到了35S/cm以上,电磁屏蔽效能计算值在100K～1GHz的频率范围内均大于20dB,其中I2掺杂的PPy薄膜在低频下屏蔽效能达到了37dB,高频下约为26dB。
合成出了Fe_3O_4粒子分散性好且粒径均匀的兼有磁性和导电性的Fe_3O_4/PPy复合薄膜,最大饱和磁化强度为10.59emu/g。不同电导率下复合膜呈现出不同的电磁屏蔽效果,低频下的SE计算值均大于25dB,频率达到10GHz时,Fe_3O_4含量为1.0g的复合膜的SE值接近100dB。
The electromagnetic interference (EMI) brought a lot of harm to the world. And the broad use of epoxy molding compound (EMC) in electronic packaging materials produced more and more EMI problems. According to the status and development trend of EMI shielding materials, polypyrrole (PPy) shows a favorable application in EMI shielding because of its high electrical conductivity, outstanding stability and easy doping. In this study, insulating epoxy molding compound were used as the substrates for the depositing of PPy films. Conducting polypyrrole films with high electrical conducting and EMI shielding effectiveness and Fe_3O_4/PPy composite film with both magnetoconductivity and electrical conductivity were synthesized on the surface of EMC substrate attached with silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by chemical polymerization, after the epoxy resin substrate surface being treated with contamination removing, coarsening and silane coupling agent modifying processes. The homogeneous, continuous and compact PPy film and Fe_3O_4/PPy composite film with EMI shielding effectiveness made the study have very important significance.
Contamination removing and coarsening treatment condition were studied, the roughness degree of EMC substrates is the best at the coarsening temperature of 85℃for 30min. The silane content, pH value of silane coupling agent and dipping time of substrates in silane solution influence the quality of silane SAMs. Dipping time always is in the range of 10s～20min.
The original concentration of pyrrole solution and oxidant FeCl_3 solution decide the rate of pyrrole polymerization and over oxidation reaction, and influence the polymerization time and the thickness, conductivity and morphology of PPy films greatly. The forming mechanism of PPy films on the surface of EMC substrates and silane self-assembled monolayers were discussed. Lots of experiments show that PPy films have favorite proerties when the concentration of pyrrole solution and FeCl_3 solution are 4.82mol/L and 1.8mol/L separately. And the measured EMI SE value of PPy film is about 22dB at the range of 30MHz～250MHz frequency and 17.5dB～20dB at the range of 250MHz～1.5GHz.
There is the optimum doping concentration every dopant. Doping anion can make the PPy molecular chains arrange more regular, increase the concentration and move ratio of charge carrier in PPy chain at this saturation state. As a result, conductivity and compactness of PPy film have prominent increase. Such as, conductivity of PPy films doped by I2, HClO_4, SDBS and STS are all above 35S/cm, and calculated SE value is more than 20dB. Among them, the SE value of I2-doped PPy film get to 37dB at low frequency and 26dB at high frequency.
Fe_3O_4/PPy composite films holding with magnetoconductivity and electrical conductivity were synthesized. Its saturation magnetization strength is 10.59emu/g. Particles of Fe_3O_4 with uniform size dispersed in the composite film. Fe_3O_4/PPy composite films with different conductivity show varied EMI shielding effectiveness. The SE values of composite films are more than 25dB at low frequency, and SE near to 100dB at 10GHz when the content of Fe_3O_4 is 1.0g.
研究了环氧模塑料表面除油和粗化处理的工艺条件,粗化温度为85℃,粗化30min可使环氧模塑料表面微观粗糙度达到最佳。硅烷偶联剂溶液中硅烷含量、pH值及基片在其中的浸渍时间等条件对硅烷自组装薄膜的质量有影响,一般浸渍时间为10s～20min。
吡咯溶液和氧化剂FeCl_3溶液的初始浓度决定着吡咯聚合反应和过氧化反应的速率,对聚合时间及PPy薄膜的厚度、电导率、微观形貌有很大影响。探讨了PPy薄膜在EMC基片和硅烷自组装膜表面的形成机理。经过大量试验研究表明,吡咯溶液浓度和FeCl_3溶液浓度分别为4.82mol/L和1.8mol/L时,制得的PPy薄膜性能良好,电磁屏蔽效能实测值在30MHz～250MHz频率范围内为22dB左右,250MHz～1.5GHz范围内,约在17.5dB～20dB。
掺杂阴离子存在最佳掺杂量(即饱和掺杂量),在饱和掺杂量下掺杂离子能有效提高PPy分子链排列的规整性,使载流子浓度和迁移率都增大,得到较好电导率和致密性的PPy薄膜。如用I2、HClO_4、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、对甲苯磺酸钠掺杂后得到的PPy薄膜的导电率均达到了35S/cm以上,电磁屏蔽效能计算值在100K～1GHz的频率范围内均大于20dB,其中I2掺杂的PPy薄膜在低频下屏蔽效能达到了37dB,高频下约为26dB。
合成出了Fe_3O_4粒子分散性好且粒径均匀的兼有磁性和导电性的Fe_3O_4/PPy复合薄膜,最大饱和磁化强度为10.59emu/g。不同电导率下复合膜呈现出不同的电磁屏蔽效果,低频下的SE计算值均大于25dB,频率达到10GHz时,Fe_3O_4含量为1.0g的复合膜的SE值接近100dB。
The electromagnetic interference (EMI) brought a lot of harm to the world. And the broad use of epoxy molding compound (EMC) in electronic packaging materials produced more and more EMI problems. According to the status and development trend of EMI shielding materials, polypyrrole (PPy) shows a favorable application in EMI shielding because of its high electrical conductivity, outstanding stability and easy doping. In this study, insulating epoxy molding compound were used as the substrates for the depositing of PPy films. Conducting polypyrrole films with high electrical conducting and EMI shielding effectiveness and Fe_3O_4/PPy composite film with both magnetoconductivity and electrical conductivity were synthesized on the surface of EMC substrate attached with silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by chemical polymerization, after the epoxy resin substrate surface being treated with contamination removing, coarsening and silane coupling agent modifying processes. The homogeneous, continuous and compact PPy film and Fe_3O_4/PPy composite film with EMI shielding effectiveness made the study have very important significance.
Contamination removing and coarsening treatment condition were studied, the roughness degree of EMC substrates is the best at the coarsening temperature of 85℃for 30min. The silane content, pH value of silane coupling agent and dipping time of substrates in silane solution influence the quality of silane SAMs. Dipping time always is in the range of 10s～20min.
The original concentration of pyrrole solution and oxidant FeCl_3 solution decide the rate of pyrrole polymerization and over oxidation reaction, and influence the polymerization time and the thickness, conductivity and morphology of PPy films greatly. The forming mechanism of PPy films on the surface of EMC substrates and silane self-assembled monolayers were discussed. Lots of experiments show that PPy films have favorite proerties when the concentration of pyrrole solution and FeCl_3 solution are 4.82mol/L and 1.8mol/L separately. And the measured EMI SE value of PPy film is about 22dB at the range of 30MHz～250MHz frequency and 17.5dB～20dB at the range of 250MHz～1.5GHz.
There is the optimum doping concentration every dopant. Doping anion can make the PPy molecular chains arrange more regular, increase the concentration and move ratio of charge carrier in PPy chain at this saturation state. As a result, conductivity and compactness of PPy film have prominent increase. Such as, conductivity of PPy films doped by I2, HClO_4, SDBS and STS are all above 35S/cm, and calculated SE value is more than 20dB. Among them, the SE value of I2-doped PPy film get to 37dB at low frequency and 26dB at high frequency.
Fe_3O_4/PPy composite films holding with magnetoconductivity and electrical conductivity were synthesized. Its saturation magnetization strength is 10.59emu/g. Particles of Fe_3O_4 with uniform size dispersed in the composite film. Fe_3O_4/PPy composite films with different conductivity show varied EMI shielding effectiveness. The SE values of composite films are more than 25dB at low frequency, and SE near to 100dB at 10GHz when the content of Fe_3O_4 is 1.0g.
引文
[1] Lin Chhiu-Tsu, Swanson Barry, Kolody Mark, et al., Nanograin magnetoresistive manganite coatings for EMI shielding against directed energy pulses, Progress in Organic Coatings, 2003, 47(3-4): 190-197
[2] 郭银景,吕文红,唐富华,等,电磁兼容原理及应用教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2006,1
[3] Huang Jan-Chan, EMI Shielding Plastics: A review, Advances in Polymer Technology, 1995, 14(1): 137-150
[4] 高攸纲,电磁兼容总论,北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2001,4
[5] 吴良斌,高玉良,李延辉,现代电子系统的电磁兼容性设计,北京:国防工业出版社,2004,8
[6] 赵福辰,电磁干扰屏蔽材料的发展现状,材料开发与应用,2001,16(5):29-33
[7] 赖祖武,电磁干扰防护与电磁兼容,北京:原子能出版社,1993,16-22
[8] 凯瑟 B.E.著,肖华庭等译,电磁兼容原理,北京:电子工业出版社,1985,5-7
[9] 雷振烈,电子设备的防干扰设计,天津:天津科学技术出版社,1985,63-64
[10]张丰志,应用高分子手册,北京:化学工业出版社,2006,120
[11][日]荒木庸夫著,宋永林译,电磁干扰和防止措施,北京:计量出版社,1985,151-181
[12]王庆斌,刘萍,尤利文等,电磁干扰与电磁兼容技术,北京:机械工业出版社,1999,210
[13][日]雀部博之著,曹镛,叶成,朱道本译,导电高分子材料,北京:科学出版社,1989,327~341
[14]Lee C Y, Song H G, Jang K S, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of polyaniline mixtures and multiplayer films, Synthetic Metals, 1999, 102(1-3): 1346-1349
[15]Hong Y K, Lee C Y, Jeong C K, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics of fabric complexes coated with conductive polypyrrole and thermally evaporated Ag, Current Applied Physics, 2001, 1(6): 439-442
[16]Shirakawa H, Louis E L, MacDiarmid A G, et al., Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: Halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977(16): 578-580
[17]Chiang C K, Fincher Jr C R, Park Y W, et al., Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1977, 39: 1098
[18]Chiang C K, Heeger A J, MacDiarmid A G, Effect of uniaxial stress on electrical conductivity of sulphur nitride polymer, Physics Letters A, 1977, 60(4): 375-377
[19]万梅香,导电高分子,高分子通报,1999(3):47-53
[20]Kijima Masashi, Hasegawa Hideki, Shirakawa Hideki, Syntheses and propertied of liquid crystalline N-substitued pyrroles and their polymers, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 1998, 36(15): 2691-2698
[21]Epstein A J, MacDiarmid A G, Polyanilines: From solitons to polymer metal, from chemical cuttosity to technology, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 69(1-3): 179-182
[22]Su W P, Schrieffer J R, Heeger A J, Solitons in polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1979, 42(25): 1698-1701
[23]Schlereth D D, Schuhmann W, Schmidt H L, Spectroelectrochemical characteri- zation of ultra-thin films formed by electropolymerization of phenothiazine derivatives on transparent gold electrodes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemmistry, 1995, 381(1-2): 63-70
[24]Bredas J L, Themans B, Andre J M, et al., The role of mobile organic radicals and ions (solitons, polarons and bipolarons) in the transport properties of doped conjugated polymers, Synthetic Metals, 1984, 9(2): 265-274
[25]Bredas J L, Electronic properties of doped organic polymers: A quantum- chemical study, Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem, 1984, 107: 169-180
[26]Svetli?i? Vesna, Clavilier Jean, ?uti? Vera, et al., Chevalet J, Electrochemical evidence of two-dimensional surface compounds of heterocyclic molecules at sulphur-covered gold and platinum: Part I. Methylene blue, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemmistry, 1991, 312(1-2): 205-218
[27]Girotto E M, Poaoli M-A D, Polypyrrole color modulation and electrochromic contrast enhancement by doping with a dye, Adv. Mater., 1998, 10(10): 790-793
[28]万梅香,李永舫,有机固体,朱道本,王佛松主编,上海:上海科学出版社,1999,110
[29]赵择卿,陈小立,高分子材料材料导电和抗静电技术及应用,中国纺织出版社,2006,71
[30]Coleman L B, Yamagishi F G, Garito A F, et al., TIF-TCNQ: Evidence of alternating chains in a derivative salt, Physica Letters A, 1975, 51(7): 412-414
[31]Wan Meixiang, Wang Ping, Cao Yong, et al., On the metallic temperature dependence of the conductivity of doped polyacetylene, Solid State Communications, 1983, 47(10): 759-761
[32]王萍,万梅香,毕先同,等,掺杂聚吡咯薄膜的金属电导,物理学报,1984,33(12):1771-1775
[33]Wan Meixiang, Cao Yong, Li Junchao, et al., Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 1991, 9(3): 209
[34]Li Yongfang, Ouyang Jianyong, Yang Jing, Two doping structures and structural anisotropy revealed by the mass loss and shrinkage of polypyrrole films on alkali treatment, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 74(1): 49-51
[35]Dall’olio A, Dascola G, Varacca V, et al., Seances. Acad. Sci. Ser., 1968, C267: 433; Dall’olio A, Dascola G, Varacca V, EPR evidence of exchange-coupled ion pairs and of isolated ions in some chlorosubstituted cupric acetates, Physica Status Solidi (b), 1967, 22(2): 365-370
[36]Kanazawa K K, Diaz A F, Gill W D, et al., Polypyrrole: An electrochemically synthesized conducting organic polymer, Synthetic Metals, 1980, 1(3): 329-336
[37]Diaz A F, Castillo J I, Logan J A, et al., Electochemistry of conducting polypyrrole films, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1981, 129(1-2): 115-132
[38]花文廷,杂环化学,北京:北京大学出版社,1991,107
[39]Paasch G, Schmeiβer D, Bartl A, et al., Structrue-conductivity relation for polypyrrole with a two-dimensional microscopic structure, Synth. Met., 1994, 66 (2): 135-142;
[40]Schmeiβer D, Bartl A, Naarmann H, et al., Electronic and magnetic properties of polypyrrole films depending on their one-dimensional and two-dimensional microstructures. Synth. Met., 1998, 93(1): 43-58
[41]Appel G, B?hme O, Mikalo R, et al., The polaron and bipolaron contributions to the electronic structure of polypyrrole films, Chemical Physics Letters, 1999, 313 (3-4): 411-415
[42]Bengoechea M, Boyano I, Miguel O, et al., Chemical reduction method for industrial application of undoped polypyrrole electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 160(1): 585-591
[43]Rapta Peter, Neudeck Andreas, Bartl Anton, et al., Microstructured conducting polypyrrole electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, 1999, 44(20): 3483-3489
[44]Chen Cheng, Jiang Yan, Kan Jingqing, A noninterference polypyrrole glucose biosensor, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2006, 22(5): 639-643
[45]Wang Joseph, Musameh Mustafa, Carbon-nanotubes doped polypyrrole glucose biosensor, Analytica Chimica Acta, 2005, 539(1-2): 209-213
[46]Melo C P, Neto B B, Lima E G, et al., Use of conducting polypyrrole blends as gas sensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2005, 109(2): 348-354
[47]Jun Hee-Kwon, Hoh Yong-Su, Lee Byung-Soo, et al., Electrical properties of polypyrrole gas sensors fabricated under various pretreatment conditions, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2003, 96: 576-581
[48]MacDiarmid A G, Polyaniline and polypyrrole: Where are we headed?, Synthetic Metals, 1997, 84(1-3): 27-34
[49]Dall’Acqua L, Tonin C, Peila R, et al., Performances and properties of intrinsic conductive cellulose-polypyrrole textiles, Synthetic Metals, 2004, 146(2): 213-221
[50]Kim Jinyeol, Sohn Daewon, Sung Yuneyoung, et al., Fabrication and characterization of conductive polypyrrole thin film prepared by in situ vapor-phase polymerization, Synth. Met., 2003, 132(3): 309-313
[51]Kudoh Y, Kojima T, Fukuyama M, et al., Covering anodized aluminum with electropolymerized polypyrrole via manganese oxide layer and application to solid electrolytic capacitor, Journal of Power Sources, 1996, 60(2): 157-163
[52]叶成,高分子科学的今天与明天,施良和,胡汉杰主编,北京:化学工业出版社,1994,55
[53]Kim M S, Kim H K, Byun S W, et al., PET fabric/polypyrrole composite with high electrical conductivity for EMI shielding, Synth. Met., 2002, 126(2-3): 233-239
[54]H?kansson Eva, Amiet Andrew, Nahavandi Saeid, et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding and radiation absorption in thin polypyrrole films, European Polymer Journal, 2006, In Press
[55]Chia F S, Zheng Y, Liu J, et al., Influence of polymer I–polymer II compatibility on conductivity in low-dimensional polymer electrolyte blends, Solid State Ionics, 2002, 147(3-4): 275-280
[56]Collins G E, Buckley L J, Conductive polymer-coated fabrics for chemical sensing, Synthetic Metals, 1996, 78(2): 93-101
[57]吉野胜美,导电性高分子及其应用,日本:产业图书出版社,1992
[58]Epstein A J, Joo J, Kohlman R S, et al., Inhomogeneous disorder and the modified Drude metallic state of conducting polymers, Synthetic Metals, 1994, 65(2-3): 149-157
[59]Kaynak A, Unsworth J, Clout R, et al, A study of microwave transmission, reflection, absorption, and shielding effectiveness of conducting polypyrrole films, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1994, 54(3): 269~278
[60]Kaynak A, Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of galvanostatically synthesized conducting polypyrrole films in the 300-2000 MHz frequency range, Materials Research Bulletin, 1996, 31(7): 845-860
[61]Wang Linxia, Li Xingui, Yang Yuliang, Preparation, properties and applications of polypyrroles, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2001, 47(2): 125-139
[62]Qian Renyuan, Qiu Jinjin, Electrochemically prepared polypyrroles from aqueous solutions, Polymer Journal, 1987, 19(1): 157-172
[63]Toshima N, Ihata O, Catalytic synthesis of conductive polypyrrole using iron (III) catalyst and molecular oxygen, Synthetic Metals, 1996, 79(2): 165-172
[64]Toshima Naoki, Hara Susumu, Direct synthesis of conducting polymers from simple monomers, Progress in Polymer Science, 1995, 20(1): 155-183
[65]李林楷,电子封装用环氧树脂的研究进展,国外塑料,2005,23(9):41-43,46
[66]阳范文,赵耀明,电子封装用环氧树脂的研究现状与发展趋势,电子工艺技术,2001,22(6):238-241
[67]Claude P, Andrieux, Audebert P, et al, Indentification of the first steps of the electrochemical polymerization of pyrroles by means of fast potential step techniques, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1991, 95(24): 10158
[68]周宁琳,有机硅聚合物导论,北京:科学出版社,2000,168
[69]Ulman Abraham, Thermal stability of Langmuir-Blodgett and self-assembled films: A possible scenario for order-disorder transitions, Advanced Materials, 1991, 3(6): 298-303
[70]Ladam Guy, Schaaf Pierre, Decher Gero, et al., Protein adsorption onto auto- assembled polyelectrolyte films, Biomolecular Engineering, 2002, 19(2-6): 273-280
[71]Schmelmer Ursula, Paul Anne, Küller Alexander, et al., Surface-initiated polymerization on self-assembled monolayers: effect of reaction conditions, Macromolecular Symposia, 2004, 217(1): 223-230
[72]Zhao Ruihong, Guo Fen, Hu Yongqi, et al., Self-assembly synthesis of organized mesoporous alumina by precipitation method in aqueous solution, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2006, 93(1-3): 212-216
[73]Kraus T, Malaquin L, Delamarche E, et al., Closing the gap between self-assembly and microsystems using self-assembly, transfer, and integration of particles, Advanced Materials, 2005, 17(20): 2438-2442
[74]Machida S, Miyata S, Techagumpuch A, Chemical synthesis of highly electrically conductive polypyrrole, Synthetic Metals, 1989, 31(3): 311-318
[75]Dubitsky Y A, Zhubanov B A, Maresch G G, Synthesis of polypyrroles in the presence of ferric tetrafluoroborate, Synthetic Metals, 1991, 41(1-2): 375-376
[76]吴双成,塑料粗化原理与实践,材料保护,2000,33(10):20
[77]Arkles B, Tailoring Surfaces with Silanes Chem. Tech., 1977, 7: 766
[78]张会臣,佘云川,刘世永,等,自组装 OTS 分子膜的成膜过程与形貌特征,大连海事大学学报,2002,28(2):85-88
[79](a)Davidovits J V, Pho V, Silberzan P, et al., Temperature influence on the formation of silanized monolayers on silica: an atomic force microscopy study, Surface Science, 1996, 352-354: 369-373; (b)Goldmann M, Davidovits J V, Silberzan P, Kinetics of self-assembled silane monolayers at various temperatures: evidence of 2D foam, Thin Solid Films, 1998, 372-329: 166-171
[80]幸松民,王一璐,有机硅合成工艺及产品应用,北京:化学工业出版社,2000,271
[81]Zhang C P, Van Ooij W J, Mark J E, Hydrolysis kinetics and stability of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane in water-ethanol solution by FTIR spectroscopy, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 1977, 11(1): 29-47
[82]Susac D, Sun X, Mitchell K A R, Adsorption of BTSE and γ-APS organosilanes on different microstructural regions of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, Applied Surface Science, 2003, 207(1-4): 40-50
[83]Marie-Christine Brochier Salon, Makki Abdelmouleh, Sami Boufi, et al., Silane adsorption onto cellulose fibers: Hydrolysis and condensation reactions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2005, 289(1): 249-261
[84]Ji Weigang, Hu Jiming, Liu Liang, et al., Water uptake of epoxy coatings modified with γ-APS silane monomer, Progress in Organic Coatings, 2006, 57(4): 439-443
[85]Quyang Jianyong, Li Yongfang, Effect of electrolyte solvent on the conductivity and structure of as-prepared polypyrrole films, Polymer, 1997, 38(8): 1971
[86]Thiéblemont J C, Gabelle J L, Planche M F, Polypyrrole overoxidation during its chemical synthesis, Synthetic Metals, 1994, 66(3): 243-247
[87]Skotheim T A, Elsenbaumer R L, Reynolds J R, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 2nd ed, New York: Dekker, 1998, 267
[88]Li Yongfang, Ouyang Jianyong, Yang Jing, Two doping structures and structured anisotropy revealed by the mass loss and shrinkage of polypyrrole films on alkali treatment, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 74(1): 49-53
[89]陈泳,唐威等,合成工艺对聚吡咯电导率及可溶性的影响,科技进展,2003,17(11):42-45
[90]Kang H C, Geckeler K E, Enhanced electrical conductivity of polypyrrole prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization: effect of the preparation technique and polymer additive, Polymer, 2000, 41(18): 6931-6934
[91]Wang R P, He Y J, Ruan Y Z, Research of conducting mechanism of polypyrrole films under de electric field. Chinese Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 1997, 19(1): 45-47
[92]Li Yongfang, Qian Renyuan, Studies on the chemical compensation of conducting polypyrrole by NaOH solution, Synthetic Metals, 1988, 26(2): 139-151
[93]Qian R Y, Li Y F, Yan B Z, et al, Electrochemical aspects of polypyrrole, Synthetic Metals, 1989, 28(1-2): 51-58
[94]Pei Qibing, Qian Renyuan, Protonation and deprotonation of polypyrrole chain in aqueous solutions, Synthetic Metals, 1991, 45(1): 35-48
[95]Li Yongfang, Liu Zhongfan, Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies on the two reduction processes of conducting polypyrrole nitrate films in aqueous solutions, Synthetic Metals, 1998, 94(1): 131-133
[96]Joo J, Lee J K, Baeck J S, et al., Electrical, magnetic and structural properties of chemically and electrochemically synthesized polypyrroles, Synthetic Metals, 2001, 117(1-3): 45-51
[97]张玉龙,李长德,等,纳米技术与纳米塑料,北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002,342
[98]Salmón M, Kanazawa K Keiji, Diaz A F, et al., A chemical route to pyrrole polymer films, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition, 1982, 20(3): 187-193
[99]毕先同,姚幼新,笪有仙,等,聚吡咯的研究,高分子通讯,1985(6):445~451
[100]Neoh K G, Kang E T, Tan K L, Limitations of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique in the study of electroactive polymers, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101(5): 726-731
[101]Lei Junting, Cai Zhihua, Matin R Charles, Effect of reagent concentrations used to synthesize polypyrrole on the chemcial characteristics and optical and electronic properties of the resulting polymer, Synthetic Metals, 1992, 46: 53-69
[102]Moreno J D, Marcos M L, Agulló-Rueda F, et al., A galyanostatic study of the electrodeposition of polypyrrole into porous silicon, Thin Solid Films, 1999, 348(1-2): 152-156
[103]Kawai T, Okazaki S, Mizobuchi H, et al., Novel ferromagnetic behavior of conducting polymers doped with fullerene and TDAE, Synthetic Metals, 1997, 86(1-3): 2333-2334
[104]Sassella A, Borghesi A, Meinardi F, et al., Optical properties of thin films of oligothiophenes deposited by organic molecular beam deposition, Synthetic Metals, 2001, 116(1-3): 213-216
[105]Tao Ruojie, Li Fuan, Zang Shuangquan, et al., Syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two heterometallic coordination polymers, Polyhedron, 2006, 25(10): 2153-2159
[106]Porter R S, Kanamoto T, Zachariades A E, Property opportunities with polyolefins: a review. Preparations and applications of high stiffness and strength by uniaxial draw, Polymer, 1994, 35(23): 4979-4984
[107]Ohkoshi Shin-ichi, Einaga Yasuaki, Fujishima A, et al., Magnetic properties and optical control of electrochemically prepared iron–chromium polycyanides, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1999,473(1-2): 245-249
[108]?zlem Y, Manoj K R, Matt A, et al., Polypyrrole composites for shielding applications, Synth. Met., 2005, 151(3): 211-217
[109]?ík G, ?er?eň F, Dlháň L,et al., Anomaly in magnetic properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s depending on alkyl chain length, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 75(1): 43-48
[110]Lenz Denise M, Ferreira Carlos A, Delamar Michel, Distribution analysis of TiO2 and commercial zinc phosphate in polypyrrole matrix by XPS, Synthetic Metals, 2002, 126(2-3): 179-182
[111]Liu Y C, Hwang B J, Interaction of copper(I)-polypyrrole complexes prepared by depositing–dissolving copper onto and from polypyrroles, Thin Solid Films, 1999, 339(1-2): 233-239
[112]Rupali Gangopadhyay, Amitabha De, Polypyrrole-ferric oxide conducting nanocomposites 1: Synthesis and characterization, European Polymer Journal, 1999, 35(11): 1985-1992
[113]Butterworth M D, Bell S A, Armes S P, et al, Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole-magnetite-silica particles, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1996, 183(1): 91-99
[114]陈爱华,王海侨,赵彬,等,Fe_3O_4/聚吡咯复合材料的制备及表征,复合材料学报,2004,21(2):157
[115]Chen Wei, Li Xingwei, Wang Zhaoqun, et al., Magnetic and conducting particles: preparation of polypyrrole layer on Fe_3O_4 nanosheres, Applied Surface Science, 2003, 218: 215-221
[116]Bergamaski F O F, Santos M C, Nascente P A P, et al., Electrochemical behavior of Ni particles modified polypyrrole films studied by EQCN technique, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2005, 583: 162-166
[117]Migahed M D, Fahmy T, Ishra M, et al., Preparation, characterization, and electrical conductivity of polypyrrole composite films, Polymer Testing, 2004, 23: 361-365
[118]刘喜军,常铁军,材料近代分析测试方法(第 3 版),哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2005,29
[119]Gangopadhyay R, De A, Polypyrrole-ferric oxide conducting nanocomposites 1: Synthesis and characterization, European Polymer Journal, 1999, 35(11): 1985-1992
[120]北京大学物理系《铁磁学》编写组,铁磁学,科学出版社,1976
[121]大森曲明主编,刘代琦等译,磁性材料手册,北京:机械工业出版社,1987
[122]申泮文,无机化学,北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[123]E. P. Wohlfarth 主编,刘增民等译,铁磁材料 磁有序物质特性手册(卷 II),北京:电子工业出版社,1993
[124]Wan Meixiang, Li Junchao, Synthesis and electrical-magnetic properties of polyaniline composites, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 1998, 36(15): 2799-2805
[125]Chen Aihua, Wang Haiqiao, Li Xiaoyu, Influence of concentration of FeCl3 solution on properties of polypyrrole-Fe_3O_4 composites prepared by common ion absorption effect, Synthetic Metals, 2004, 145(2-3): 153-157
[126]Chen Aihua, Wang Haiqiao, Zhao Bin, et al., The preparation of polypyrrole-Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites by the use of common ion effect, Synthetic Metals, 2003, 139(2): 411-415
[127]邓建国,贺传兰,龙新平,等,纳米Fe_3O_4-聚吡咯的相互作用,高分子材料科学与工程,2004,20(4):149
[128]程明军,吴雄英,张宁等,抗电磁辐射织物屏蔽效能的测试方法,印染,2003,29(9):31-35
[129]中华人民共和国电子工业部,SJ 20524-1995,中华人民共和国电子行业军用标准,北京:电子工业部标准化研究所,1995-05-25
[130]中国航天工业总公司,QJ 2809-96,中国航天工业总公司航天工业行业标准,北京:中国航天工业总公司第七零八研究所,1996-03-21
[2] 郭银景,吕文红,唐富华,等,电磁兼容原理及应用教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2006,1
[3] Huang Jan-Chan, EMI Shielding Plastics: A review, Advances in Polymer Technology, 1995, 14(1): 137-150
[4] 高攸纲,电磁兼容总论,北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2001,4
[5] 吴良斌,高玉良,李延辉,现代电子系统的电磁兼容性设计,北京:国防工业出版社,2004,8
[6] 赵福辰,电磁干扰屏蔽材料的发展现状,材料开发与应用,2001,16(5):29-33
[7] 赖祖武,电磁干扰防护与电磁兼容,北京:原子能出版社,1993,16-22
[8] 凯瑟 B.E.著,肖华庭等译,电磁兼容原理,北京:电子工业出版社,1985,5-7
[9] 雷振烈,电子设备的防干扰设计,天津:天津科学技术出版社,1985,63-64
[10]张丰志,应用高分子手册,北京:化学工业出版社,2006,120
[11][日]荒木庸夫著,宋永林译,电磁干扰和防止措施,北京:计量出版社,1985,151-181
[12]王庆斌,刘萍,尤利文等,电磁干扰与电磁兼容技术,北京:机械工业出版社,1999,210
[13][日]雀部博之著,曹镛,叶成,朱道本译,导电高分子材料,北京:科学出版社,1989,327~341
[14]Lee C Y, Song H G, Jang K S, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of polyaniline mixtures and multiplayer films, Synthetic Metals, 1999, 102(1-3): 1346-1349
[15]Hong Y K, Lee C Y, Jeong C K, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics of fabric complexes coated with conductive polypyrrole and thermally evaporated Ag, Current Applied Physics, 2001, 1(6): 439-442
[16]Shirakawa H, Louis E L, MacDiarmid A G, et al., Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: Halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977(16): 578-580
[17]Chiang C K, Fincher Jr C R, Park Y W, et al., Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1977, 39: 1098
[18]Chiang C K, Heeger A J, MacDiarmid A G, Effect of uniaxial stress on electrical conductivity of sulphur nitride polymer, Physics Letters A, 1977, 60(4): 375-377
[19]万梅香,导电高分子,高分子通报,1999(3):47-53
[20]Kijima Masashi, Hasegawa Hideki, Shirakawa Hideki, Syntheses and propertied of liquid crystalline N-substitued pyrroles and their polymers, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 1998, 36(15): 2691-2698
[21]Epstein A J, MacDiarmid A G, Polyanilines: From solitons to polymer metal, from chemical cuttosity to technology, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 69(1-3): 179-182
[22]Su W P, Schrieffer J R, Heeger A J, Solitons in polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1979, 42(25): 1698-1701
[23]Schlereth D D, Schuhmann W, Schmidt H L, Spectroelectrochemical characteri- zation of ultra-thin films formed by electropolymerization of phenothiazine derivatives on transparent gold electrodes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemmistry, 1995, 381(1-2): 63-70
[24]Bredas J L, Themans B, Andre J M, et al., The role of mobile organic radicals and ions (solitons, polarons and bipolarons) in the transport properties of doped conjugated polymers, Synthetic Metals, 1984, 9(2): 265-274
[25]Bredas J L, Electronic properties of doped organic polymers: A quantum- chemical study, Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem, 1984, 107: 169-180
[26]Svetli?i? Vesna, Clavilier Jean, ?uti? Vera, et al., Chevalet J, Electrochemical evidence of two-dimensional surface compounds of heterocyclic molecules at sulphur-covered gold and platinum: Part I. Methylene blue, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemmistry, 1991, 312(1-2): 205-218
[27]Girotto E M, Poaoli M-A D, Polypyrrole color modulation and electrochromic contrast enhancement by doping with a dye, Adv. Mater., 1998, 10(10): 790-793
[28]万梅香,李永舫,有机固体,朱道本,王佛松主编,上海:上海科学出版社,1999,110
[29]赵择卿,陈小立,高分子材料材料导电和抗静电技术及应用,中国纺织出版社,2006,71
[30]Coleman L B, Yamagishi F G, Garito A F, et al., TIF-TCNQ: Evidence of alternating chains in a derivative salt, Physica Letters A, 1975, 51(7): 412-414
[31]Wan Meixiang, Wang Ping, Cao Yong, et al., On the metallic temperature dependence of the conductivity of doped polyacetylene, Solid State Communications, 1983, 47(10): 759-761
[32]王萍,万梅香,毕先同,等,掺杂聚吡咯薄膜的金属电导,物理学报,1984,33(12):1771-1775
[33]Wan Meixiang, Cao Yong, Li Junchao, et al., Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 1991, 9(3): 209
[34]Li Yongfang, Ouyang Jianyong, Yang Jing, Two doping structures and structural anisotropy revealed by the mass loss and shrinkage of polypyrrole films on alkali treatment, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 74(1): 49-51
[35]Dall’olio A, Dascola G, Varacca V, et al., Seances. Acad. Sci. Ser., 1968, C267: 433; Dall’olio A, Dascola G, Varacca V, EPR evidence of exchange-coupled ion pairs and of isolated ions in some chlorosubstituted cupric acetates, Physica Status Solidi (b), 1967, 22(2): 365-370
[36]Kanazawa K K, Diaz A F, Gill W D, et al., Polypyrrole: An electrochemically synthesized conducting organic polymer, Synthetic Metals, 1980, 1(3): 329-336
[37]Diaz A F, Castillo J I, Logan J A, et al., Electochemistry of conducting polypyrrole films, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1981, 129(1-2): 115-132
[38]花文廷,杂环化学,北京:北京大学出版社,1991,107
[39]Paasch G, Schmeiβer D, Bartl A, et al., Structrue-conductivity relation for polypyrrole with a two-dimensional microscopic structure, Synth. Met., 1994, 66 (2): 135-142;
[40]Schmeiβer D, Bartl A, Naarmann H, et al., Electronic and magnetic properties of polypyrrole films depending on their one-dimensional and two-dimensional microstructures. Synth. Met., 1998, 93(1): 43-58
[41]Appel G, B?hme O, Mikalo R, et al., The polaron and bipolaron contributions to the electronic structure of polypyrrole films, Chemical Physics Letters, 1999, 313 (3-4): 411-415
[42]Bengoechea M, Boyano I, Miguel O, et al., Chemical reduction method for industrial application of undoped polypyrrole electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 160(1): 585-591
[43]Rapta Peter, Neudeck Andreas, Bartl Anton, et al., Microstructured conducting polypyrrole electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, 1999, 44(20): 3483-3489
[44]Chen Cheng, Jiang Yan, Kan Jingqing, A noninterference polypyrrole glucose biosensor, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2006, 22(5): 639-643
[45]Wang Joseph, Musameh Mustafa, Carbon-nanotubes doped polypyrrole glucose biosensor, Analytica Chimica Acta, 2005, 539(1-2): 209-213
[46]Melo C P, Neto B B, Lima E G, et al., Use of conducting polypyrrole blends as gas sensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2005, 109(2): 348-354
[47]Jun Hee-Kwon, Hoh Yong-Su, Lee Byung-Soo, et al., Electrical properties of polypyrrole gas sensors fabricated under various pretreatment conditions, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2003, 96: 576-581
[48]MacDiarmid A G, Polyaniline and polypyrrole: Where are we headed?, Synthetic Metals, 1997, 84(1-3): 27-34
[49]Dall’Acqua L, Tonin C, Peila R, et al., Performances and properties of intrinsic conductive cellulose-polypyrrole textiles, Synthetic Metals, 2004, 146(2): 213-221
[50]Kim Jinyeol, Sohn Daewon, Sung Yuneyoung, et al., Fabrication and characterization of conductive polypyrrole thin film prepared by in situ vapor-phase polymerization, Synth. Met., 2003, 132(3): 309-313
[51]Kudoh Y, Kojima T, Fukuyama M, et al., Covering anodized aluminum with electropolymerized polypyrrole via manganese oxide layer and application to solid electrolytic capacitor, Journal of Power Sources, 1996, 60(2): 157-163
[52]叶成,高分子科学的今天与明天,施良和,胡汉杰主编,北京:化学工业出版社,1994,55
[53]Kim M S, Kim H K, Byun S W, et al., PET fabric/polypyrrole composite with high electrical conductivity for EMI shielding, Synth. Met., 2002, 126(2-3): 233-239
[54]H?kansson Eva, Amiet Andrew, Nahavandi Saeid, et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding and radiation absorption in thin polypyrrole films, European Polymer Journal, 2006, In Press
[55]Chia F S, Zheng Y, Liu J, et al., Influence of polymer I–polymer II compatibility on conductivity in low-dimensional polymer electrolyte blends, Solid State Ionics, 2002, 147(3-4): 275-280
[56]Collins G E, Buckley L J, Conductive polymer-coated fabrics for chemical sensing, Synthetic Metals, 1996, 78(2): 93-101
[57]吉野胜美,导电性高分子及其应用,日本:产业图书出版社,1992
[58]Epstein A J, Joo J, Kohlman R S, et al., Inhomogeneous disorder and the modified Drude metallic state of conducting polymers, Synthetic Metals, 1994, 65(2-3): 149-157
[59]Kaynak A, Unsworth J, Clout R, et al, A study of microwave transmission, reflection, absorption, and shielding effectiveness of conducting polypyrrole films, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1994, 54(3): 269~278
[60]Kaynak A, Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of galvanostatically synthesized conducting polypyrrole films in the 300-2000 MHz frequency range, Materials Research Bulletin, 1996, 31(7): 845-860
[61]Wang Linxia, Li Xingui, Yang Yuliang, Preparation, properties and applications of polypyrroles, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2001, 47(2): 125-139
[62]Qian Renyuan, Qiu Jinjin, Electrochemically prepared polypyrroles from aqueous solutions, Polymer Journal, 1987, 19(1): 157-172
[63]Toshima N, Ihata O, Catalytic synthesis of conductive polypyrrole using iron (III) catalyst and molecular oxygen, Synthetic Metals, 1996, 79(2): 165-172
[64]Toshima Naoki, Hara Susumu, Direct synthesis of conducting polymers from simple monomers, Progress in Polymer Science, 1995, 20(1): 155-183
[65]李林楷,电子封装用环氧树脂的研究进展,国外塑料,2005,23(9):41-43,46
[66]阳范文,赵耀明,电子封装用环氧树脂的研究现状与发展趋势,电子工艺技术,2001,22(6):238-241
[67]Claude P, Andrieux, Audebert P, et al, Indentification of the first steps of the electrochemical polymerization of pyrroles by means of fast potential step techniques, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1991, 95(24): 10158
[68]周宁琳,有机硅聚合物导论,北京:科学出版社,2000,168
[69]Ulman Abraham, Thermal stability of Langmuir-Blodgett and self-assembled films: A possible scenario for order-disorder transitions, Advanced Materials, 1991, 3(6): 298-303
[70]Ladam Guy, Schaaf Pierre, Decher Gero, et al., Protein adsorption onto auto- assembled polyelectrolyte films, Biomolecular Engineering, 2002, 19(2-6): 273-280
[71]Schmelmer Ursula, Paul Anne, Küller Alexander, et al., Surface-initiated polymerization on self-assembled monolayers: effect of reaction conditions, Macromolecular Symposia, 2004, 217(1): 223-230
[72]Zhao Ruihong, Guo Fen, Hu Yongqi, et al., Self-assembly synthesis of organized mesoporous alumina by precipitation method in aqueous solution, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2006, 93(1-3): 212-216
[73]Kraus T, Malaquin L, Delamarche E, et al., Closing the gap between self-assembly and microsystems using self-assembly, transfer, and integration of particles, Advanced Materials, 2005, 17(20): 2438-2442
[74]Machida S, Miyata S, Techagumpuch A, Chemical synthesis of highly electrically conductive polypyrrole, Synthetic Metals, 1989, 31(3): 311-318
[75]Dubitsky Y A, Zhubanov B A, Maresch G G, Synthesis of polypyrroles in the presence of ferric tetrafluoroborate, Synthetic Metals, 1991, 41(1-2): 375-376
[76]吴双成,塑料粗化原理与实践,材料保护,2000,33(10):20
[77]Arkles B, Tailoring Surfaces with Silanes Chem. Tech., 1977, 7: 766
[78]张会臣,佘云川,刘世永,等,自组装 OTS 分子膜的成膜过程与形貌特征,大连海事大学学报,2002,28(2):85-88
[79](a)Davidovits J V, Pho V, Silberzan P, et al., Temperature influence on the formation of silanized monolayers on silica: an atomic force microscopy study, Surface Science, 1996, 352-354: 369-373; (b)Goldmann M, Davidovits J V, Silberzan P, Kinetics of self-assembled silane monolayers at various temperatures: evidence of 2D foam, Thin Solid Films, 1998, 372-329: 166-171
[80]幸松民,王一璐,有机硅合成工艺及产品应用,北京:化学工业出版社,2000,271
[81]Zhang C P, Van Ooij W J, Mark J E, Hydrolysis kinetics and stability of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane in water-ethanol solution by FTIR spectroscopy, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 1977, 11(1): 29-47
[82]Susac D, Sun X, Mitchell K A R, Adsorption of BTSE and γ-APS organosilanes on different microstructural regions of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, Applied Surface Science, 2003, 207(1-4): 40-50
[83]Marie-Christine Brochier Salon, Makki Abdelmouleh, Sami Boufi, et al., Silane adsorption onto cellulose fibers: Hydrolysis and condensation reactions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2005, 289(1): 249-261
[84]Ji Weigang, Hu Jiming, Liu Liang, et al., Water uptake of epoxy coatings modified with γ-APS silane monomer, Progress in Organic Coatings, 2006, 57(4): 439-443
[85]Quyang Jianyong, Li Yongfang, Effect of electrolyte solvent on the conductivity and structure of as-prepared polypyrrole films, Polymer, 1997, 38(8): 1971
[86]Thiéblemont J C, Gabelle J L, Planche M F, Polypyrrole overoxidation during its chemical synthesis, Synthetic Metals, 1994, 66(3): 243-247
[87]Skotheim T A, Elsenbaumer R L, Reynolds J R, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 2nd ed, New York: Dekker, 1998, 267
[88]Li Yongfang, Ouyang Jianyong, Yang Jing, Two doping structures and structured anisotropy revealed by the mass loss and shrinkage of polypyrrole films on alkali treatment, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 74(1): 49-53
[89]陈泳,唐威等,合成工艺对聚吡咯电导率及可溶性的影响,科技进展,2003,17(11):42-45
[90]Kang H C, Geckeler K E, Enhanced electrical conductivity of polypyrrole prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization: effect of the preparation technique and polymer additive, Polymer, 2000, 41(18): 6931-6934
[91]Wang R P, He Y J, Ruan Y Z, Research of conducting mechanism of polypyrrole films under de electric field. Chinese Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 1997, 19(1): 45-47
[92]Li Yongfang, Qian Renyuan, Studies on the chemical compensation of conducting polypyrrole by NaOH solution, Synthetic Metals, 1988, 26(2): 139-151
[93]Qian R Y, Li Y F, Yan B Z, et al, Electrochemical aspects of polypyrrole, Synthetic Metals, 1989, 28(1-2): 51-58
[94]Pei Qibing, Qian Renyuan, Protonation and deprotonation of polypyrrole chain in aqueous solutions, Synthetic Metals, 1991, 45(1): 35-48
[95]Li Yongfang, Liu Zhongfan, Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies on the two reduction processes of conducting polypyrrole nitrate films in aqueous solutions, Synthetic Metals, 1998, 94(1): 131-133
[96]Joo J, Lee J K, Baeck J S, et al., Electrical, magnetic and structural properties of chemically and electrochemically synthesized polypyrroles, Synthetic Metals, 2001, 117(1-3): 45-51
[97]张玉龙,李长德,等,纳米技术与纳米塑料,北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002,342
[98]Salmón M, Kanazawa K Keiji, Diaz A F, et al., A chemical route to pyrrole polymer films, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition, 1982, 20(3): 187-193
[99]毕先同,姚幼新,笪有仙,等,聚吡咯的研究,高分子通讯,1985(6):445~451
[100]Neoh K G, Kang E T, Tan K L, Limitations of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique in the study of electroactive polymers, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101(5): 726-731
[101]Lei Junting, Cai Zhihua, Matin R Charles, Effect of reagent concentrations used to synthesize polypyrrole on the chemcial characteristics and optical and electronic properties of the resulting polymer, Synthetic Metals, 1992, 46: 53-69
[102]Moreno J D, Marcos M L, Agulló-Rueda F, et al., A galyanostatic study of the electrodeposition of polypyrrole into porous silicon, Thin Solid Films, 1999, 348(1-2): 152-156
[103]Kawai T, Okazaki S, Mizobuchi H, et al., Novel ferromagnetic behavior of conducting polymers doped with fullerene and TDAE, Synthetic Metals, 1997, 86(1-3): 2333-2334
[104]Sassella A, Borghesi A, Meinardi F, et al., Optical properties of thin films of oligothiophenes deposited by organic molecular beam deposition, Synthetic Metals, 2001, 116(1-3): 213-216
[105]Tao Ruojie, Li Fuan, Zang Shuangquan, et al., Syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two heterometallic coordination polymers, Polyhedron, 2006, 25(10): 2153-2159
[106]Porter R S, Kanamoto T, Zachariades A E, Property opportunities with polyolefins: a review. Preparations and applications of high stiffness and strength by uniaxial draw, Polymer, 1994, 35(23): 4979-4984
[107]Ohkoshi Shin-ichi, Einaga Yasuaki, Fujishima A, et al., Magnetic properties and optical control of electrochemically prepared iron–chromium polycyanides, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1999,473(1-2): 245-249
[108]?zlem Y, Manoj K R, Matt A, et al., Polypyrrole composites for shielding applications, Synth. Met., 2005, 151(3): 211-217
[109]?ík G, ?er?eň F, Dlháň L,et al., Anomaly in magnetic properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s depending on alkyl chain length, Synthetic Metals, 1995, 75(1): 43-48
[110]Lenz Denise M, Ferreira Carlos A, Delamar Michel, Distribution analysis of TiO2 and commercial zinc phosphate in polypyrrole matrix by XPS, Synthetic Metals, 2002, 126(2-3): 179-182
[111]Liu Y C, Hwang B J, Interaction of copper(I)-polypyrrole complexes prepared by depositing–dissolving copper onto and from polypyrroles, Thin Solid Films, 1999, 339(1-2): 233-239
[112]Rupali Gangopadhyay, Amitabha De, Polypyrrole-ferric oxide conducting nanocomposites 1: Synthesis and characterization, European Polymer Journal, 1999, 35(11): 1985-1992
[113]Butterworth M D, Bell S A, Armes S P, et al, Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole-magnetite-silica particles, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1996, 183(1): 91-99
[114]陈爱华,王海侨,赵彬,等,Fe_3O_4/聚吡咯复合材料的制备及表征,复合材料学报,2004,21(2):157
[115]Chen Wei, Li Xingwei, Wang Zhaoqun, et al., Magnetic and conducting particles: preparation of polypyrrole layer on Fe_3O_4 nanosheres, Applied Surface Science, 2003, 218: 215-221
[116]Bergamaski F O F, Santos M C, Nascente P A P, et al., Electrochemical behavior of Ni particles modified polypyrrole films studied by EQCN technique, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2005, 583: 162-166
[117]Migahed M D, Fahmy T, Ishra M, et al., Preparation, characterization, and electrical conductivity of polypyrrole composite films, Polymer Testing, 2004, 23: 361-365
[118]刘喜军,常铁军,材料近代分析测试方法(第 3 版),哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2005,29
[119]Gangopadhyay R, De A, Polypyrrole-ferric oxide conducting nanocomposites 1: Synthesis and characterization, European Polymer Journal, 1999, 35(11): 1985-1992
[120]北京大学物理系《铁磁学》编写组,铁磁学,科学出版社,1976
[121]大森曲明主编,刘代琦等译,磁性材料手册,北京:机械工业出版社,1987
[122]申泮文,无机化学,北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[123]E. P. Wohlfarth 主编,刘增民等译,铁磁材料 磁有序物质特性手册(卷 II),北京:电子工业出版社,1993
[124]Wan Meixiang, Li Junchao, Synthesis and electrical-magnetic properties of polyaniline composites, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 1998, 36(15): 2799-2805
[125]Chen Aihua, Wang Haiqiao, Li Xiaoyu, Influence of concentration of FeCl3 solution on properties of polypyrrole-Fe_3O_4 composites prepared by common ion absorption effect, Synthetic Metals, 2004, 145(2-3): 153-157
[126]Chen Aihua, Wang Haiqiao, Zhao Bin, et al., The preparation of polypyrrole-Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites by the use of common ion effect, Synthetic Metals, 2003, 139(2): 411-415
[127]邓建国,贺传兰,龙新平,等,纳米Fe_3O_4-聚吡咯的相互作用,高分子材料科学与工程,2004,20(4):149
[128]程明军,吴雄英,张宁等,抗电磁辐射织物屏蔽效能的测试方法,印染,2003,29(9):31-35
[129]中华人民共和国电子工业部,SJ 20524-1995,中华人民共和国电子行业军用标准,北京:电子工业部标准化研究所,1995-05-25
[130]中国航天工业总公司,QJ 2809-96,中国航天工业总公司航天工业行业标准,北京:中国航天工业总公司第七零八研究所,1996-03-21