无线自组织网络TCP性能分析及其改进
摘要
无线Ad hoc网络，又名无线自组织网络，是一种特殊的对等式网络。它没有固定的控制中心，各节点通过无线链路连接并在网络中作为路由器。传统的TCP协议在有线网络中能够良好地工作，但用于Ad hoc网络时则性能有很大下降。其原因在于，传统的TCP协议无法分辨网络丢包原因，如网络拥塞、链路断开、信道错误或者链路改变等。由于TCP协议应用的广泛性，如何提高TCP在Ad Hoc网络中的性能成为目前研究的热点问题。本论文围绕Ad hoc网络中TCP的性能展开了分析讨论，深入研究了TCP性能下降的原因并提出改进方案。
论文首先对Ad hoc网络的特性以及TCP协议作了简要介绍。然后，深入研究了TCP在Ad Hoc网络中的性能问题，并提出了一种新的TCP改进方案，即TCP Freeze-Probing，以有效地提高TCP在Ad hoc网络中的吞吐量。
从已有的TCP Reno协议吞吐量模型出发，本文还提出了一种基于TCP Freeze-Probing的吞吐量模型，并通过仿真方法验证了其有效性。
论文使用Network Simulator (NS2)作为仿真工具，并以吞吐量作为主要性能参数，验证了TCP Freeze-Probing协议的正确性和有效性。通过对不同的移动拓扑环境下的仿真结果进行分析，确认了TCP Freeze-Probing在移动Ad hoc网络环境下与传统TCP协议相比有很大的性能提高。而与其它改进方案相比较，由于TCP Freeze-Probing在端节点使用简单而有效的算法，不需要中间节点的配合，使得其更易于实现。
TCP在Ad hoc网络中的稳定性也是一个值得关注的问题。论文深入分析了TCP在静态Ad hoc网络中性能不稳定的原因，并根据已有的MAC层和路由层改进算法提出了改进方案。仿真结果表明，改进方案是正确而有效的。
最后，论文给出了研究工作总结，并提出了进一步工作的研究思路。
Wireless ad hoc network is a special peer-to-peer network without fixed infrastructure such as base stations. Mobile nodes are connected by wireless links and each node acts as a router in the network. Traditional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works well in wired network but suffers from performance degradation in wireless ad hoc networks due to the fact that it cannot distinguish packet losses due to congestion from packet losses due to link breakage, channel error and route changes. Due to the prevalence of TCP application, the research on TCP performance improvement in wireless ad hoc networks becomes a hot issue. This thesis analyzes the possible reasons of TCP's poor performance in ad hoc networks and proposes enhancements.
At first the thesis introduces briefly the characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks and the TCP protocol. Afterwards, the thesis investigates the TCP performance problem in mobile ad hoc networks and proposes an enhancement of TCP named TCP Freeze-Probing to effectively improve the TCP throughput.
Based on TCP Reno throughput model, the thesis introduces a new throughput model for TCP Freeze-Probing. The model is validated then through simulation.
Analysis and computer simulation in Network Simulator 2 have proved the correctness and the effectiveness of the TCP Freeze-Probing protocol by using throughput as a main performance metric. By analyzing the simulation results in various mobile topology environments, TCP Freeze-Probing has been proved to outperform traditional TCP protocol. Compared with other improved schemes, TCP Freeze-Probing is much easier to implement in real systems because it uses simple yet effective algorithms in end nodes and does not require the cooperation of intermediate nodes.
TCP instability in wireless ad hoc network is also a well-known problem. The thesis investigates the Teasons of TCP instability in static wireless ad hoc networks and proposes schemes combing MAC layer and route layer enhancements to solve this problem. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes are correct and efficient.
Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing the main contributions of the research and presenting directions for future work.
论文首先对Ad hoc网络的特性以及TCP协议作了简要介绍。然后，深入研究了TCP在Ad Hoc网络中的性能问题，并提出了一种新的TCP改进方案，即TCP Freeze-Probing，以有效地提高TCP在Ad hoc网络中的吞吐量。
从已有的TCP Reno协议吞吐量模型出发，本文还提出了一种基于TCP Freeze-Probing的吞吐量模型，并通过仿真方法验证了其有效性。
论文使用Network Simulator (NS2)作为仿真工具，并以吞吐量作为主要性能参数，验证了TCP Freeze-Probing协议的正确性和有效性。通过对不同的移动拓扑环境下的仿真结果进行分析，确认了TCP Freeze-Probing在移动Ad hoc网络环境下与传统TCP协议相比有很大的性能提高。而与其它改进方案相比较，由于TCP Freeze-Probing在端节点使用简单而有效的算法，不需要中间节点的配合，使得其更易于实现。
TCP在Ad hoc网络中的稳定性也是一个值得关注的问题。论文深入分析了TCP在静态Ad hoc网络中性能不稳定的原因，并根据已有的MAC层和路由层改进算法提出了改进方案。仿真结果表明，改进方案是正确而有效的。
最后，论文给出了研究工作总结，并提出了进一步工作的研究思路。
Wireless ad hoc network is a special peer-to-peer network without fixed infrastructure such as base stations. Mobile nodes are connected by wireless links and each node acts as a router in the network. Traditional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works well in wired network but suffers from performance degradation in wireless ad hoc networks due to the fact that it cannot distinguish packet losses due to congestion from packet losses due to link breakage, channel error and route changes. Due to the prevalence of TCP application, the research on TCP performance improvement in wireless ad hoc networks becomes a hot issue. This thesis analyzes the possible reasons of TCP's poor performance in ad hoc networks and proposes enhancements.
At first the thesis introduces briefly the characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks and the TCP protocol. Afterwards, the thesis investigates the TCP performance problem in mobile ad hoc networks and proposes an enhancement of TCP named TCP Freeze-Probing to effectively improve the TCP throughput.
Based on TCP Reno throughput model, the thesis introduces a new throughput model for TCP Freeze-Probing. The model is validated then through simulation.
Analysis and computer simulation in Network Simulator 2 have proved the correctness and the effectiveness of the TCP Freeze-Probing protocol by using throughput as a main performance metric. By analyzing the simulation results in various mobile topology environments, TCP Freeze-Probing has been proved to outperform traditional TCP protocol. Compared with other improved schemes, TCP Freeze-Probing is much easier to implement in real systems because it uses simple yet effective algorithms in end nodes and does not require the cooperation of intermediate nodes.
TCP instability in wireless ad hoc network is also a well-known problem. The thesis investigates the Teasons of TCP instability in static wireless ad hoc networks and proposes schemes combing MAC layer and route layer enhancements to solve this problem. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes are correct and efficient.
Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing the main contributions of the research and presenting directions for future work.
引文
[1] Project: Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/
[2] S. Corson and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations", IETF RFC2501, January 1999.http://www.ieff.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt
[3] W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated Volum 1: The protocols, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1996.
[4] M. Allman, V. Paxson and W. Stevens, "TCP Congestion Control", April 1999, RFC 2581.
[5] M. Mathis, J. Mahdvi, S. Floyd and A. Romanov, "TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options", October 1996, RFC 2018.
[6] Ruy de Oliveira and Torsten Braun, "TCP in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Technical Report, IAM-02-003, July 2002.
[7] J. Liu, S. Singh, "ATCP: TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 19, No. 7, Page(s): 1300-1315, July 2001.
[8] IEEE Std. 802.11. Wireless LAN Media Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, 1999.
[9] V. Bharghavan, A. Demers and S. Shenker, "MACAW: A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LANs", in Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'94, pp. 212-215, 1994.
[10] S. Xu, T. Saadawi, "Does IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Communication Magzine, Vol. 39, No.6. June, 2001.P130-137.
[11] R. Jiang, V. Gupta and C. V. Ravishankar, "Interaction Between TCP and the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protoeol", in Proceedings of the DARPA information Survivability Conference and Exposition, Page(s): 273-282 vol. 1, 2003.
[12] Y. Li, Q-B. Chen, K-P. Long and S-Q. Wu, "Analyzing and Improving the TCP Stability in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Journal of Software, 2003,14(6): 1178～1186.
[13] K. Tang and M. Gerla, "Fair Sharing of MAC under TCP in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks", in Proceedings of IEEE MMT'99, Vemce, Italy, Oct. 1999.
[14] K. Xu, S. Bae, S. Lee, and M. Gerla, "TCP behavior aoross multihop witless networks and the wired internet", The Fifth International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Multimedia, WOWMOM 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, Pages: 41 - 48, 28 September 2002.
[15] K. Xu and M. Gerla, "TCP over IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks: Unfairness Problems and Solutions", UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report-020019, May 2002.
[16] K. Xu, M. Gerla, L. Qi and Y. Shu, "Enhancing TCP Fairness in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Using Neighborhood RED", ACM MobiCom'03. San Diego, CA. Pages: 16 -
28, Sep. 2003.
[17] Y. Wang, J.J.Garcia-Luna_Aceves, "Channel Sharing of Competing Flows in Ad Hoc Networks", Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communications, Kemer-Antalya, Turkey, Page(s): 189-196, June 30 - July 03, 2003.
[18] D. B. Johnson, D. A. Maltz, and J. Broch, "DSR : The dynamic source routing protocol for multiple wireless ad hoc networks", Ad Hoc Networking, pp139-172, 2001.
[19] Perkins C, Royer E, Das S. Ad Hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing (work in progress). Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, 2003. http://www.ieff.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-adov- 13.txt
[20] E.M. Royer and C.-K. Toh, "A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks", IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, April 1999, pp. 46-55.
[21] T. D. Dyer, R. V. Boppana, "A Comparison of TCP Performance over Three Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", ACM Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing -Mobihoc, Pages: 56 - 66, October 2001.
[22] A. Ahuja et al., "Performance of TCP over different routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks," Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2000), Tokyo, Japan, Page(s): 2315-2319 vol.3, May 2000.
[23] J. Broch, D. A. Maltz, D. B. Johnson, Y. C. Hu, and J. Jetcheva, "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols," In proc. of the ACM/IEEE MobiCom, Pages: 85 - 97, October 1998.
[24] G. Holland and N. H. Vaidya, "Impacts of Routing and Link Layers on TCP Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Pages:1323 - 1327 vol.3, Sept. 1999.
[25] Ching-Hua Chuan and Sy-Yen Kuo, "Cache Management of Dynamic Source Routing for Fault Tolerance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," 2001 Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, Seoul, Korea, Pages: 199 - 205,December 17 - 19, 2001.
[26] Jin-Hee Choi and Chuck Yoo, "FCP-aware Source Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Computes and Communications, Kemer-Antalya, Turkey, Pages: 69 - 75, June 30 - July 03, 2003.
[27] G. Holland and N. H. Vaidya, "Analysis of TCP Performance over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," 5th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Pages: 219 - 230, August 1999.
[28] K. Chandran, S. Raghunathan, S. Venkatesan, R. Prakash, "A Feeback Based Scheme For Improving TCP Performance In Ad-Hoc Wireless ,Networks," In Proceedings of International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems-ICDCS'98.pp. 472-479, 1997.
[29] D. Kim, C.-K. Toh, and Y. Choi, "TCP BuS: Improving TCP performance in wireless ad hoc networks," Journal of Communications and Networks, vol.3, no.2, 2001.
[30] D. Sun and H. Man, "ENIC - an improved reliable transport scheme for mobile ad
hoc networks," in Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Conference, Pages: 2852 - 2856vol.5, Nov.2001.
[31] M. Günes and D. Vlahovic, "The Performance of the TCP/RCWE Enhancement for Ad-Hoc Networks," Seventh International Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC'02), Pages: 43 - 48, July 01 - 04, 2002.
[32] Z. Fu, X. Meng, S. Lu, "How bad TCP can perform in wireless ad hoc network," IEEE ISCC (IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications), Pages: 298 - 303,July 01 - 04, 2002.
[33] Z. Fu, B. Greenstein, X. Meng, S. Lu, "Design and implementation of a TCP-Friendly transport protocol for ad hoc networks," IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP'02), Pages: 216-225, 2002, Paris, France.
[34] F. Wang and Y. Zhang, "Improving TCP Performance over Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks with Out-of-Order Detection and Response," In Proceeding of Mobihoc'02,Pages: 217 - 225, June 2002.
[35] K. Sundaresan, V. Anatharaman, H. Hsieh and R. Sivahkumr, "ATP: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Ad-hoc Networks," MobiHoc'03, Pages: 64 - 75, June 1-3, 2003,Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
[36] J. Monks, P. Sinha and V. Bharghavan, "Limitation of TCP-ELFN for ad hoc networks," MOMUC'00.
[37] H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, E. Amir, and R. Katz, "Improving TCP/IP performance over wireless networks," MOBICOM'95, Pages: 2 - 11, 1995.
[38] H. Balakrishnan, and R. Katz, "Explicit loss notification and wireless web performances," Globecom'98.
[39] P. Sinha, N. Venkitaraman, R. Sivakumar and V. Bharghavan, "WTCP: A reliable transport protocol for wireless wide area networks," MOBICOM'99, Pages: 231 - 241,1999.
[40] C. Casetti, M. Gerla, S. Mascolo, M. Y. Sanadidi, and R. Wang, "TCP Westwood: Bandwidth Estimation for Enhanced Transport over Wireless Links", ACM Mobicom 2001, Pages: 287 - 297.
[41] Floyd S, Henderson T, "The newreno modification to TCP's fast recovery algorithm," Technique Report, RFC 2582, Internet Engineering Task Force, 1999.
[42] V. Tsaoussidis, H. Badr, "TCP-Probing: Towards an Error Control Schema with Energy and Throughput Performance Gains," The 8th IEEE Conference on Network Protocols, ICNP 2000, Pages: 12-21, Osaka, Japan, November 2000.
[43] J.Padhye, V.Firoiu, D.Towsley and J.Kurose, "Modeling TCP Reno Performance: A simple Model and its Empirical Validation," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol.8, no.2,pp. 133-145, Apr.2000.
[44] F. Zheng, M. Li and C. Gao, "An Analytic Throughput Model for TCP Reno over Wireless Networks," 2001 International Conference on Computer Networks and Mobile Computing (ICCNMC'01), Pages: 111-116, Beijing, CHINA, October 16 - 19, 2001.
[45] The NS-2 Simulator is available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/.
[46] K. Fall and K. Varadhan, "The ns Manual", Feb.2002. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html
[47] Marc Greis, "Tutorial for the Network Simulator NS". Available Web: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html
[48] E. Altman and T. Jimenez, "NS Simulator for beginners". Available Web: http://www-sop.inria.fr/mistral/personnel/Eitan.Altman/ns.htm
[49] W. R. Stevens, "TCP slow start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms," IETF, RFC2001, 1997-01.
[50] Binachi G, "Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2000, 18(3): 535～547.
[51] C-X Wu, J-H Feng and P-Z Fan, "On a New Queue Backoff Fair Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks," 《Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies》,IEEE Press (03EX684), ISBN: 0-7803-7840-7, pp.335-339, August 2003.
[52] M. Günes, M. Hecker and I. Bouazizi, "Influence of adaptive RTS/CTS retransmissions on TCP in wireless and ad-hoc networks," In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Symposium on Computer and Communications, (ISCC 2003), Pages:855 - 860, July 2003.
[53] K. Xu, M. Gerla and Sang Bae, "How Effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS Handshake in Ad Hoc Networks?", IEEE GLOBECOM'02, Pages:72 - 76 vol.1, Nov. 2002.
[2] S. Corson and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations", IETF RFC2501, January 1999.http://www.ieff.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt
[3] W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated Volum 1: The protocols, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1996.
[4] M. Allman, V. Paxson and W. Stevens, "TCP Congestion Control", April 1999, RFC 2581.
[5] M. Mathis, J. Mahdvi, S. Floyd and A. Romanov, "TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options", October 1996, RFC 2018.
[6] Ruy de Oliveira and Torsten Braun, "TCP in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Technical Report, IAM-02-003, July 2002.
[7] J. Liu, S. Singh, "ATCP: TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 19, No. 7, Page(s): 1300-1315, July 2001.
[8] IEEE Std. 802.11. Wireless LAN Media Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, 1999.
[9] V. Bharghavan, A. Demers and S. Shenker, "MACAW: A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LANs", in Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'94, pp. 212-215, 1994.
[10] S. Xu, T. Saadawi, "Does IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Communication Magzine, Vol. 39, No.6. June, 2001.P130-137.
[11] R. Jiang, V. Gupta and C. V. Ravishankar, "Interaction Between TCP and the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protoeol", in Proceedings of the DARPA information Survivability Conference and Exposition, Page(s): 273-282 vol. 1, 2003.
[12] Y. Li, Q-B. Chen, K-P. Long and S-Q. Wu, "Analyzing and Improving the TCP Stability in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Journal of Software, 2003,14(6): 1178～1186.
[13] K. Tang and M. Gerla, "Fair Sharing of MAC under TCP in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks", in Proceedings of IEEE MMT'99, Vemce, Italy, Oct. 1999.
[14] K. Xu, S. Bae, S. Lee, and M. Gerla, "TCP behavior aoross multihop witless networks and the wired internet", The Fifth International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Multimedia, WOWMOM 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, Pages: 41 - 48, 28 September 2002.
[15] K. Xu and M. Gerla, "TCP over IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks: Unfairness Problems and Solutions", UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report-020019, May 2002.
[16] K. Xu, M. Gerla, L. Qi and Y. Shu, "Enhancing TCP Fairness in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Using Neighborhood RED", ACM MobiCom'03. San Diego, CA. Pages: 16 -
28, Sep. 2003.
[17] Y. Wang, J.J.Garcia-Luna_Aceves, "Channel Sharing of Competing Flows in Ad Hoc Networks", Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communications, Kemer-Antalya, Turkey, Page(s): 189-196, June 30 - July 03, 2003.
[18] D. B. Johnson, D. A. Maltz, and J. Broch, "DSR : The dynamic source routing protocol for multiple wireless ad hoc networks", Ad Hoc Networking, pp139-172, 2001.
[19] Perkins C, Royer E, Das S. Ad Hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing (work in progress). Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, 2003. http://www.ieff.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-adov- 13.txt
[20] E.M. Royer and C.-K. Toh, "A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks", IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, April 1999, pp. 46-55.
[21] T. D. Dyer, R. V. Boppana, "A Comparison of TCP Performance over Three Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", ACM Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing -Mobihoc, Pages: 56 - 66, October 2001.
[22] A. Ahuja et al., "Performance of TCP over different routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks," Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2000), Tokyo, Japan, Page(s): 2315-2319 vol.3, May 2000.
[23] J. Broch, D. A. Maltz, D. B. Johnson, Y. C. Hu, and J. Jetcheva, "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols," In proc. of the ACM/IEEE MobiCom, Pages: 85 - 97, October 1998.
[24] G. Holland and N. H. Vaidya, "Impacts of Routing and Link Layers on TCP Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Pages:1323 - 1327 vol.3, Sept. 1999.
[25] Ching-Hua Chuan and Sy-Yen Kuo, "Cache Management of Dynamic Source Routing for Fault Tolerance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," 2001 Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, Seoul, Korea, Pages: 199 - 205,December 17 - 19, 2001.
[26] Jin-Hee Choi and Chuck Yoo, "FCP-aware Source Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Computes and Communications, Kemer-Antalya, Turkey, Pages: 69 - 75, June 30 - July 03, 2003.
[27] G. Holland and N. H. Vaidya, "Analysis of TCP Performance over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," 5th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Pages: 219 - 230, August 1999.
[28] K. Chandran, S. Raghunathan, S. Venkatesan, R. Prakash, "A Feeback Based Scheme For Improving TCP Performance In Ad-Hoc Wireless ,Networks," In Proceedings of International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems-ICDCS'98.pp. 472-479, 1997.
[29] D. Kim, C.-K. Toh, and Y. Choi, "TCP BuS: Improving TCP performance in wireless ad hoc networks," Journal of Communications and Networks, vol.3, no.2, 2001.
[30] D. Sun and H. Man, "ENIC - an improved reliable transport scheme for mobile ad
hoc networks," in Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Conference, Pages: 2852 - 2856vol.5, Nov.2001.
[31] M. Günes and D. Vlahovic, "The Performance of the TCP/RCWE Enhancement for Ad-Hoc Networks," Seventh International Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC'02), Pages: 43 - 48, July 01 - 04, 2002.
[32] Z. Fu, X. Meng, S. Lu, "How bad TCP can perform in wireless ad hoc network," IEEE ISCC (IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications), Pages: 298 - 303,July 01 - 04, 2002.
[33] Z. Fu, B. Greenstein, X. Meng, S. Lu, "Design and implementation of a TCP-Friendly transport protocol for ad hoc networks," IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP'02), Pages: 216-225, 2002, Paris, France.
[34] F. Wang and Y. Zhang, "Improving TCP Performance over Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks with Out-of-Order Detection and Response," In Proceeding of Mobihoc'02,Pages: 217 - 225, June 2002.
[35] K. Sundaresan, V. Anatharaman, H. Hsieh and R. Sivahkumr, "ATP: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Ad-hoc Networks," MobiHoc'03, Pages: 64 - 75, June 1-3, 2003,Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
[36] J. Monks, P. Sinha and V. Bharghavan, "Limitation of TCP-ELFN for ad hoc networks," MOMUC'00.
[37] H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, E. Amir, and R. Katz, "Improving TCP/IP performance over wireless networks," MOBICOM'95, Pages: 2 - 11, 1995.
[38] H. Balakrishnan, and R. Katz, "Explicit loss notification and wireless web performances," Globecom'98.
[39] P. Sinha, N. Venkitaraman, R. Sivakumar and V. Bharghavan, "WTCP: A reliable transport protocol for wireless wide area networks," MOBICOM'99, Pages: 231 - 241,1999.
[40] C. Casetti, M. Gerla, S. Mascolo, M. Y. Sanadidi, and R. Wang, "TCP Westwood: Bandwidth Estimation for Enhanced Transport over Wireless Links", ACM Mobicom 2001, Pages: 287 - 297.
[41] Floyd S, Henderson T, "The newreno modification to TCP's fast recovery algorithm," Technique Report, RFC 2582, Internet Engineering Task Force, 1999.
[42] V. Tsaoussidis, H. Badr, "TCP-Probing: Towards an Error Control Schema with Energy and Throughput Performance Gains," The 8th IEEE Conference on Network Protocols, ICNP 2000, Pages: 12-21, Osaka, Japan, November 2000.
[43] J.Padhye, V.Firoiu, D.Towsley and J.Kurose, "Modeling TCP Reno Performance: A simple Model and its Empirical Validation," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol.8, no.2,pp. 133-145, Apr.2000.
[44] F. Zheng, M. Li and C. Gao, "An Analytic Throughput Model for TCP Reno over Wireless Networks," 2001 International Conference on Computer Networks and Mobile Computing (ICCNMC'01), Pages: 111-116, Beijing, CHINA, October 16 - 19, 2001.
[45] The NS-2 Simulator is available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/.
[46] K. Fall and K. Varadhan, "The ns Manual", Feb.2002. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html
[47] Marc Greis, "Tutorial for the Network Simulator NS". Available Web: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html
[48] E. Altman and T. Jimenez, "NS Simulator for beginners". Available Web: http://www-sop.inria.fr/mistral/personnel/Eitan.Altman/ns.htm
[49] W. R. Stevens, "TCP slow start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms," IETF, RFC2001, 1997-01.
[50] Binachi G, "Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2000, 18(3): 535～547.
[51] C-X Wu, J-H Feng and P-Z Fan, "On a New Queue Backoff Fair Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks," 《Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies》,IEEE Press (03EX684), ISBN: 0-7803-7840-7, pp.335-339, August 2003.
[52] M. Günes, M. Hecker and I. Bouazizi, "Influence of adaptive RTS/CTS retransmissions on TCP in wireless and ad-hoc networks," In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Symposium on Computer and Communications, (ISCC 2003), Pages:855 - 860, July 2003.
[53] K. Xu, M. Gerla and Sang Bae, "How Effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS Handshake in Ad Hoc Networks?", IEEE GLOBECOM'02, Pages:72 - 76 vol.1, Nov. 2002.